Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T10:26:50.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Persistent Dyskinesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

George E. Crane
George E. Crane*
Affiliation:
Spring Grove State Hospital, Catonsville, Maryland 21228, U.S.A
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The first three cases of tardive dyskinesia were described in a brief communication by Schonecker (1957), and in the following ten years some 600 new cases were reported in 37 papers. Since the literature up to 1967 has been reviewed by Ayd (1967a) and myself (1968a), this communication will deal mainly with the publications of the last five years. I will also report a few personal observations of the last two years, hitherto unpublished.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 122 , Issue 569 , April 1973 , pp. 395 - 405
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1973 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angle, C. R., and McIntire, M. S. (1968). ‘Persistent dystonia in a brain-damaged child after ingestion of phenothiazine.’ Journal of Pediatrics, 73, 124–6.Google Scholar
Appenzeller, O., and Biehl, J. P. (1967). ‘Mouthing in the elderly.’ Neurology, 17, 290.Google Scholar
Ayd, F. J. Jr. (1967a). ‘Persistent dyskinesia: a further report.’ International Drug Therapy Newsletter, May.Google Scholar
Ayd, F. J. Jr. (1967b). ‘Persistent dyskinesia: a neurologic complication of major tranquilizers.’ Medical Science, 18, 32–40.Google Scholar
Ayd, F. J. Jr. (1970). Prevention of recurrence (maintenance therapy)’, in Clinical Handbook of Psychopharmacology, pp. 297–310 (eds. A. Di Mascio, and R. I. Shader). New York: Science House.Google Scholar
Baker, A. B. (1969). ‘Discussion of Degkwitz's paper, Extrapyramidal motor disorders following long-term treatment with neuroleptic drugs’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, p. 30 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Barbeau, A. (1969). ‘L-Dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Review of nine years experience.’ Canandian Medical Association Journal, 101, 791–800.Google Scholar
Bordeleau, J. M., Albert, J. M., Hillel, J., and Tetreault, L. (1967). ‘Médication antiparkin-sonienne et bilan extrapyramidal, étude de trihexphendyl.’ Can. Psychiat. Ass. J., 12, 585–95.Google Scholar
Brandon, S., McClelland, H. A., and Protheroe, C. (1971). ‘A study of facial dyskinesia in a mental hospital population.’ British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 171–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucci, L. (1971). ‘The dyskinesias: a new therapeutic approach.’ Diseases of the Nervous System, 32, 324–7.Google Scholar
Carruthers, S. G. (1971). ‘Persistent tardive dyskinesia.’ British Medical Journal, 572.Google Scholar
Castaigne, P., Lapresle, J., and Chain, F. (1969). ‘Dyskinésie complexe persistante secondaire à un traitement neuroleptique.’ Revue Neurologique, 120, 215–19.Google Scholar
Chase, T. (1971). ‘Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.’ Research Publ. Assn. Nerv. Ment. Dis., in press.Google Scholar
Christensen, E., Moller, J. E., and Faurbye, A. (1970). ‘Neuropathological investigation of 28 brains from patients with dyskinesia.’ Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 46, 14–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, G. E., and Paulson, G. (1967). ‘Involuntary movements in a sample of chronic mental patients and their relation to the treatment with neuroleptics.’ Int. J. Neuropsychiat., 3, 286–91.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1968a). ‘Tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with major neuroleptics.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 124 (Supp.), 40–8.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1968b). ‘Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients treated with psychotropic drugs.’ Aggressologie, 9, 209–18.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1968c). ‘Dyskinesia and neuroleptics.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 19, 700–3.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., ruiz, P., Kernohan, W. J., Wilson, W., and Royalty, N. (1969). ‘Effects of drug withdrawal on tardive dyskinesia.’ Activitas Nerv. Sup. 11, 30–5.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1969). Discussion of Degkwitz's paper, ‘Extrapyramidal motor disorders following long-term treatment with neuroleptic drugs’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, p. 30 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1970). ‘High doses of trifluperazine and tardive dyskinesia.’ Arch. Neurol., 33, 176–80.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., Turek, I. S., and Kurland, A. A. (1970). ‘Failure of pyridoxine to reduce drug-induced dyskinesias.’ J. of Neurol. Neurosurg. and Psychiat., 33, 511–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, G. E., and Naranjo, E. R. (1971). ‘Motor disorders induced by neuroleptics: a proposed new classification.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 24, 179–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, G. E., (1971a). ‘Persistence of neurological symptoms due to neuroleptic drugs.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 1407–10.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1971b). ‘Neuroleptics and proneness to motor disorders.’ Scientific Proceedings (Abstracts), 124th Annual Meeting, Amer. Psychiat. Assn., 112–13.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1971c). ‘More about the use of Amantadine in tardive dyskinesia.’ N. Eng. J. of Med., 285, 1150.Google ScholarPubMed
Crane, G. E. (1972a). ‘Tardive dyskinesia and Huntington's Chorea. Centennial Symposium on Huntington's Chorea, Columbus, Ohio, 26–28 March, in press.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1972b). ‘Pseudoparkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.’ Arch. Neurol., 27, 426–30.Google Scholar
Crane, G. E., (1972c). ‘Prevention and management of tardive dyskinesia.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 129, 466–7.Google Scholar
Critchley, E. U. R. (1970). ‘Naturally occurring dyskinesias.’ Lancet, ii, 1082–3.Google Scholar
Decker, B. L., Davis, J. M., Janowsky, D. S., Yousef, M. K., and Sekerke, H. J. (1971). ‘Amantadine hydrochloride treatment of tardive dyskinesia.’ N. Eng. J. Med., 285, 860.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R., Wenzel, W., Binsack, K. F., Herkert, H., and Luxenburger, O. (1966). ‘Zum Probleme der terminalen extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen an Hand von 1600 langfristig mit Neuroleptika Behandelten.’ Arnzneimittelforschung, 16, 276–8.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R. (1967). ‘Über die Ursachen der persistierenden extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen nach langfristiger Anwendung von Neuroleptika.’ Acta. Nerv. Sup., 389–99. Sept.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R. and Wenzel, W. (1967). ‘Persistent extrapyramidal side effects after long-term application of neuroleptics’, in Neuropsychopharmacology (International Congress Scries # 129) (eds. H. Brill, J. O. Cole, P. Deniker, H. Hippius, and P. B. Bradley). Amsterdam: Mouton and Co.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R. Binsack, K. F., Herkert, H., Luxenburger, O., and Wenzel, W. (1967). ‘Zum Probleme der persistierend Hyperkinesen nach langfristiger Anwendung von Neuroleptika.’ Nervenarzt, 38, 170–4.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R. Bauer, M., Luxenburger, O., Richartz, M., and Wenzel, W. (1968). ‘Über die Bedeutung der neuroleptischen Schwelle für das Auftreten von persistierenden extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen.’ Proceedings of the VI International Congress of the C.I.N.P., Tarragona, April 1968. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 180, 472–3.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R. (1969). ‘Extrapyramidal motor disorders following long-term treatment with neuroleptic drugs’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 22–32 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Degkwitz, R. Gruber, M., Hampel, G., Luxenburger, O., Richartz, H., and Wenzel, W. (1970). ‘Der zeitliche Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftrcten persistierenden extrapyramydaler Hyperkinesen und Psycho-recidiven nach abrupter langfristiger Behandlung chronisch schizophrener Kranken.’ Arzneimittelfrschg., 20, 890–3.Google Scholar
Delay, J., Deniker, P., Dalle, B., and Colonna, L. (1967). ‘Syndrome choréique idiopathique rappelant la sémiologie d'impregnation chronique par les neuroleptiques.’ Ann. médico-psychol., 125, 784–8.Google Scholar
Demars, J. C. A. (1966). ‘Neuromuscular effects of long-term phenothiazine medication, electroconvulsive therapy and leucotomy.’ J. new. ment. Dis., 143, 73–9.Google Scholar
Di Mascio, A., and Shader, R. I. (1970). Clinical Handbook of Psychopharmacology, pp. 302–6. New York: Science House.Google Scholar
Duvoisin, R. (1968). ‘Neurological reactions to psychotropic drugs’, in Psychopharmacology, pp. 561–73 (ed. D. H. Efron). Public Health Service Publication, 1836. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Dynes, J. B. (1968). ‘Drug-induced parkinsonism-like syndrome.’ Virginia med. Monthly, 95, 746.Google Scholar
Dynes, J. B. (1970). ‘Oral dyskinesias, occurrence and treatment.’ Dis. nerv. Syst., 31, 854–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Eckman, F. (1968). ‘Zur Problematik von Dauerschaden nach neuroleptischer Langzeitbehandlung.’ Therapie der Gegenwart 107, 316–23.Google Scholar
Edwards, H. (1970). ‘The significance of brain damage in persistent oral dyskinesia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 116, 271–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ettinger, M., and Curran, J. (1970). ‘Liver disease and phenothiazines.’ Minnesota Med., 53, 731–6.Google Scholar
Eveloff, H. H. (1968). ‘A case of amphetamine-induced dyskinesia.’ J.A.M.A., 204, 993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fann, W. E., Davis, J. M., Janowsky, D. S. (1972). ‘The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in mental hospital patients.’ Dis. nerv. System., 33, 182–6.Google Scholar
Faurbye, A. (1965). ‘Discussion’, in Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 4, pp. 183–6 (eds. D. Bente, and P. B. Bradley). Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Faurbye, A. (1970). ‘The structural and biochemical basis of movement disorders in treatment with neuroleptic drugs and in extrapyramidal diseases.’ Comp. Psychiat., 11, 205–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, S. M., O'Rourke, R. A., and Bucksbaum, H. W. (1971). ‘Choreoathetosis as a manifestation of thyrotoxicosis.’ Neurology, 21, 55–7.Google Scholar
First Workshop of Tardive Dyskinesia (1967). St. Louis, Missouri. (Proceedings edited by G. E. Crane, unpublished.)Google Scholar
Grahmann, H. (1967). ‘Mittel überdauernde Nebenwirkungen nach langfristiger Behandlung mit Psychopharmaka.’ Naunyn Schmiedeberg Arch. exp. Path., 257, 23.Google Scholar
Graux, P., Arnott, G., Petit, H., and Piquet, B. (1969). ‘Dyskinésies bucco-linguales reversibles des personnes âgées.’ Seance May, 8, 1969. Societe Française de Neurologie. Google Scholar
Greenblatt, D. L., Dominick, J. R., Di Mascio, A. (1969). ‘Extrapyramidal side effects of psychotropic drugs.’ Conn. Med., 33, 197–201.Google ScholarPubMed
Greenblatt, D. L., Shader, R. I., and Di Mascio, A. (1970). ‘Extrapyramidal Effects’, in Psychotropic Drug Side Effects, pp. 92–106 (eds. R. I. Shader, and A. Di Mascio). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, D. L., Shader, R. I., Stotsky, B. A., and Di Mascio, A. (1968). ‘Phenothiazine-induced dyskinesia in nursing home patients.’ J. Amer. Geriatrics Soc., 16, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harenko, A. (1967). ‘Retrocollis as an irreversible late complication of neuroleptic medication.’ Acta Neurol. Scand., 43 (Suppl. 31), 145–6.Google Scholar
Heinrich, K., Wegener, I., and Bender, H. J. (1968). ‘Späte extrapyramydale Hyperkinesen bei neuroleptischer Langzeit-therapie. Pharmakopsychiatrie, Neuro-Psychopharmakologie, 1, 169–95.Google Scholar
Hershon, H. L., Kennedy, P. F., and McGuire, R. J. (1972). ‘Persistence of extrapyramidal disorders and psychiatric relapse after long-term phenothiazine therapy.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 120, 41–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hippius, H. and Lange, J. (1970). ‘Zur Problematik der späten extrapyramydalen Hyperkinesen nach langfristiger neuroleptischer Therapie.’ Arzneimittelfschng., 20, 888–90.Google Scholar
Hippius, H. and Longemann, G. (1970). ‘Zur Wirkung der Dioxyphenilanin auf extrapyramidal motorische Hyperkinesen nach langfristiger neuroleptischer Therapie.’ Arzneimittelfschng., 20, 894–5.Google Scholar
Hoff, H., and Hoffman, G. (1967). ‘Das persistierende extrapyramidale Syndrom bei neuroleptika Therapie.’ Wien. med. Wschr., 117, 14–17.Google Scholar
Hornikiewicz, O. (1968). ‘Gegenwartiger Stand der biochemisch-pharmakologischen Erforschung des extrapyramidaler motorischen Systems.’ Pharmakopsych. Neuropharmak., 1, 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holden, J. M. C., Itil, T. M., Caraher, F. (1968). ‘An unusual neurologic side-effect of psychotropic drug treatment.’ Can. psych. Ass. J., 13, 565–69.Google Scholar
Hunter, R., Blackwood, W., Smith, M. C., and Cumings, J. N. (1968). ‘Neuropathological findings in three cases of persistent dyskinesia following phenothiazine medication.’ J. neurol. Sciences, 7, 263–73.Google Scholar
Jones, M., and Hunter, R. (1969). ‘Abnormal movements in patients with chronic psychiatric illness’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 53–8 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Washington D.C.: Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Kennedy, P. F. (1969). ‘Chorea and phenothiazines.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 115, 103–4.Google Scholar
Kennedy, P. F. Hershon, H. I., and McGuire, R. J. (1971). ‘Extrapyramidal disorders after prolonged phenothiazine therapy.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 118, 509–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, D. F., and Davis, J. M. (1969). Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, pp. 99–101 (eds. D. F. Klein, and J. M. Davis). Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins Co. Google Scholar
Klawans, H. L., and McKendall, R. R. (1971). ‘Observations on the effect of L-Dopa on tardive lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesia.’ J. neurol. Science, 14, 189–92.Google Scholar
Kline, N. S. (1968). ‘On the rarity of irreversible oral dyskinesia following phenothiazines.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 124 (Suppl), 48–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurland, A. A., and Turek, I. S. (1969). ‘Persistent dyskinesia in chronically hospitalized mental patients,’ in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 4–9 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Public Health Service Publication 1938. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Lambert, P., Crane, G. E., and Midinet, J. (1969). ‘Lingual dyskinesia in six patients receiving fluphenazine enanthate’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 10–11 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Lee, H. (1967). ‘Use of haloperidol in a hard-core chronic schizophrenic population.’ Psychosomatic, 9, 267–71.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. L., Ban, T. A., and Saxena, B. M. (1970). ‘A survey of extrapyramidal manifestations in the inpatient population of a psychiatric hospital.’ Laval Médical, 41, 909–16.Google Scholar
McCallum, W. A. G. (1970). ‘Tetrabenazine for extrapyramidal movement disorders.’ Brit. med. J., 1, 760.Google Scholar
Malin, V. (1970). ‘Intramuscular long-acting fluphenazine in the treatment of schizophrenia.’ Acta psychiat. Scand., 46, 225–37.Google Scholar
Massengill, R. Jr., and Nashold, B. (1969). ‘A swallowing disorder denoted in tardive dyskinesia patients.’ Acta otolaryngol., 68, 457–8.Google Scholar
Mattson, R. H., and Calverly, J. R. (1968). ‘Dextroamphetamine sulphate induced dyskinesias.’ J.A.M.A., 204, 400–2.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S., Massengill, R. Jr., and Nashold, B. (1970). ‘Tardive dyskinesia.’ J. Speech Hearing Dis., 35, 33–36.Google Scholar
Myerndorf, R. (1969). ‘Extrapyramidale Hyperkinese nach zerebraler Vorschädigung und Langzeitbehandlung mit Neuroleptika.’ Schweiz. Arch. Neurol., 105, 165–76.Google Scholar
Nashold, B. S. (1969). ‘The effects of central tegmental lesions on tardive dyskinesia’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 111–13 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Nehil, M. J. (1969). ‘Syndrome extrapyramidal durable après traitement neuroleptique.’ Séance 27 March, 1969 Société de Neurologie.Google Scholar
Papavasiliou, P. S., Gellene, R., and Cotzias, G. C. (1969). ‘Modification of parkinsonism: dyskinesias accompanying treatment with dopa’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 140–3 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Paulson, G. W. (1968). ‘Permanent or complex dyskinesias in the aged.’ Geriatrics, 23, 105–10.Google Scholar
Paulson, G. W. (1970) ‘Use of pyridoxine in chorea.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 1091.Google Scholar
Pind, K., and Faurbye, A. (1970). ‘Concentration of homovanillic acid and 5 HIAA in CSF after treatment with probenecid.’ Acta psychiat. Scand., 46, 323–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pletscher, A. (1969). ‘Pharmacological changes in dopamine metabolism in the basal ganglia’, in Psychotropic Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia, pp. 122–30 (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Pryce, I. J., and Edwards, H. (1966). ‘Persistent oral dyskinesia in female mental hospital patients.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 112, 983–7.Google Scholar
Psychiatric Drugs and Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia (1969) (eds. G. E. Crane, and Gardner, R. Jr.).Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service Publication, 1938.Google Scholar
Roxburgh, P. A. (1970). ‘Treatment of phenothiazine-induced oral dyskinesia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 116, 277–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubovitz, R., Patil, B. C., Klawans, H. L. (1972). ‘Amphetamine induced stereotyped behavior as a model of tardive dyskinesia.’ Centennial Symposium on Huntington's Chorea, Columbus, Ohio, 26–28 March, in press.Google Scholar
Sato, S., Daly, R., and Peters, H. (1971). ‘Reserpine therapy of phenothiazine-induced dyskinesia.’ Dis. nerv. Syst., 32, 680–5.Google Scholar
Schonecker, M. (1957). ‘Ein eigentümliches Syndrom im oralen Bereich bei Megaphen Applikation.’ Nervenarzt, 28, 35.Google Scholar
Shader, R. I., and Di Mascio, A. (eds.) (1970). Psychotropic Drugs Side Effects. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins Co.Google Scholar
Siede, H., and Muller, H. F. (1967). ‘Choreiform movements as side effects of phenothiazine medication in geriatric patients.’ J. Amer. geriat. Soc., 15, 517–22.Google Scholar
Singer, K., and Wong, M. (1970). ‘Severe persistent chorea with phenothiazine therapy—report of a case.’ Post-grad. Med. J., 146, 633–4.Google Scholar
Sutcher, H. D., Underwood, R. B., Beatty, R., and Sugar, D. (1971). ‘Orofacial dyskinesia.’ J.A.M.A., 216, 1459–63.Google Scholar
Turunen, S., and Achte, K. A. (1967). ‘The buccolingual-masticatory syndrome as side effect of neuroleptic therapy.’ Psychiat. Quart., 41, 268–80.Google Scholar
Vale, S., and Espejel, M. A. (1971). ‘Amantadine for dyskinesia tarda.’ N. England J. Med., 284, 1091.Google Scholar
Villeneuve, A., Lavallee, J. C., and Lemieux, L. H. (1969). ‘Dyskinésie tardive post-neuroleptique.’ Laval medical, 40, 832–7.Google Scholar
Villeneuve, A., and Boszormenyi, Z. (1970). ‘Treatment of drug-induced dyskinesias.’ Lancet, i, 353–4.Google Scholar
Villeneuve, A., Boszormenyi, Z., Deschambault, M., and Lachance, R. (1970). ‘Tentative de traitement de la dyskinésie post-neuroleptique de type permanent.’ Laval Medical, 41, 923–33.Google Scholar
Yarden, P. E., and Di Scipio, W. J. (1971). ‘Abnormal movements and prognosis in schizophrenia.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 128, 317–23.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.