Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T22:27:16.434Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Metamorphoses: The Concept of Labour in the History of Political Economy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

Nicholas J. Theocarakis
Nicholas J. Theocarakis*
Affiliation:
UADPhilEcon, Department of Political Economy, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Athens
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The emergence of an understanding of labour as the basis of value is traced from ancient Greek authors to classical political economy and Karl Marx, and the subsequent eclipse of the theory in neoclassical economics is then charted. While the ancient Greeks did not have a concept of labour as a measure of value, in Scholastic authors the notion was fixed that labour and cost of production determine value. Labour assumed a central role in Adam Smith, but it was with David Ricardo that a fully blown labour theory of value was achieved. Marx gave the concept its philosophical dimension, tying it to a critique of classical political economy. The labour theory of value came under attack in neoclassical formulations which in the end effected the analytical disappearance of labour in several ways. Labour became just another factor of production, with marginal productivity regulating its price. Then factors of production and final goods became analytically equivalent as sources of subjective utility, especially in the context of general equilibrium theory. In disutility models of labour supply, labour was substituted by its absence, ‘leisure’. Finally, attempts were made to explain the employment relationship as an application of agency theory, moving away from the pure commodity model of labour. Nevertheless, all these theories failed to account for what became the Achilles' heel of neoclassicism — namely the indeterminacy of the labour contract.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Economic and Labour Relations Review , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , July 2010 , pp. 7 - 37
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akerlof, G. A., Yellen, J. L. (eds) (1986), Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Applebaum, H. (1992), The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, State University of New York Press, Albany, N.Y. Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1926) Nicomachean Ethics, with an English translation by Rackham, H. , Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1932) The Politics, with an English translation by Rackham, H. , Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Arrow, K. J., Debreu, G. (1954) ‘Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy’, Econometrica, 22(3), pp. 265–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aspromourgos, T. (1996), On the Origins of Classical Economics: Distribution and Value from William Petty to Adam Smith, Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Aspromourgos, T. (2009), The Science of Wealth: Adam Smith and the Framing of Political Economy, Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (1887) De opere monachorum in Migne, J.-P. (ed.) Patrologiae Cursus Completus …, Garnier fraters, Paris, vol. 40, coll. pp. 547–582.Google Scholar
Baeck, L. (1994), The Mediterranean Tradition in Economic Thought, Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Baeck, L. (1999) ‘The legal and scholastic roots of Leonardus Lessius's economic thought’, Storia del Pensiero Economico, no. 37, available: http://www.dse.unifi.it/spe/indici/numero37/baeck.htm [accessed 17 September 2009].Google Scholar
Baldamus, W. (1961), Efficiency and Effort, Tavistock, London.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. W. (1959) ‘The medieval theories of the just price: Romanists, Canonists, and Theologians in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s. 49(4), pp. 1–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbash, Jack (1994) ‘Americanizing the labor problem: The Wisconsin School’, in Kerr, C., Staudohar, P. D. (eds), pp. 41–65.Google Scholar
Barbon, N. (1690) A Discourse of Trade, Tho. Milbourn, London [Reprint, Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, MD, 1905].Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1965) ‘A theory of the allocation of time’, Economic Journal, 40(299), pp. 493–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1976), The Economic Approach to Human Behavior, Chicago University Press, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bharadwaj, K. (1987) ‘Wages in classical economics' in Eatwell, J., et al , vol. 4, pp. 843–846.Google Scholar
v. Böhm-Bawerk, E. (1894–5) ‘The ultimate standard of value’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 5(2), pp. 149–208.Google Scholar
v. Böhm-Bawerk, E. (1896/1949) Karl Marx and the Close of his System, in Sweezy, P. M. (1949), pp. 1–118.Google Scholar
v. Böhm-Bawerk, E. (1921) Kapital und Kapitalzins, G. Fischer, Jena, 3 vols., Fourth edition.Google Scholar
v. Böhm-Bawerk, E. (1921/1959) Capital and Interest, translated by Huncke, G.D., Sennholz, H.F. , Libertarian Press, South Holland, Ill., 3 vols.Google Scholar
Booth, A. L. (1995), The Economics of the Trade Union, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Braverman, H. (1974), Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, Monthly Review Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, W. A. (1979) ‘Social determinants of pay’ in Stephenson, G. M., Brotherton, C. J. (eds) Industrial Relations: A Social Psychological Approach, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 115–130.Google Scholar
Brown, W. A. (1989) ‘Managing remuneration’ in Sisson, K. (ed.) Personnel Management in Britain, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 249–270.Google Scholar
Brown, W. A. (2004) ‘Industrial relations and the economy’ in Floud, R., Johnson, P. A. (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 3: Structural Change and Growth, 1939–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 399–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, W. A., Nolan, P. (1988) ‘Wages and labour productivity: The contribution of industrial relations research to the understanding of pay determination’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 26(3), pp. 339–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahuc, P., Zylberberg, A. (2004), Labor Economics, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Cantillon, R. (1755) Essai sur la nature du commerce en général, edited and translated by Higgs, H. , Macmillan, London, 1931.Google Scholar
Carmichael, G. (1724) Supplements and Observations upon Samuel Pufendorf's On the Duty of Man and Citizen… Moore, J., Silverthorne, M. (eds) Natural Rights on the Threshold of the Scottish Enlightenment: The Writings of Gershom Carmichael, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 2002.Google Scholar
Cartledge, P. (2002) ‘The political economy of Greek slavery’ in Cartledge, P., Cohen, E. E., Foxhall, L. (eds) Money, Labour and Land: Approaches to the Economies of Ancient Greece, Routledge, London, pp. 156–166.Google Scholar
Cicero, M. T. (1945) Tusculan Disputations, translated by King, J.E. , Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Clark, J. B. (1883) ‘Recent theories of wages', New Englander and Yale Review, 42(174), pp. 354–364.Google Scholar
Commons, J. R. (1934), Myself, Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Davanzati, B. (1588) Lezione delle monete, in idem, Scisma d'Inghilterra con altre operette, Giuseppe Comino, Padova, 1727.Google Scholar
Debreu, G. (1959), Theory of Value: An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
Derobert, L. (2001) ‘The genesis of the canonical labor supply model’, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 23(2), pp. 197–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobb, M. (1973), Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory, Cambridge University Press, London.Google Scholar
Doeringer, P. B., Piore, M. J. (1971), Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis, D.C. Heath, Lexington, Mass.Google Scholar
Dorfman, R. (1987) ‘Marginal productivity theory’, in Eatwell, , et al , vol. 3, pp. 323–325. Google Scholar
Douglas, P. H. (1934), The Theory of Wages, Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., Newman, P. (eds) (1987), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Macmillan, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgeworth, F. Y. (1881), Mathematical Psychics, Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Edgeworth, F. Y. (1889) ‘The mathematical theory of political economy: Review of Léon Walras, Éléments d'économie politique pure, (Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1889)’, Nature, 40(1036), pp. 434–436.Google Scholar
Edgeworth, F. Y. (1894/1926) ‘Agents of production’ in Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, Macmillan, London, vol. 1, pp. 21–22.Google Scholar
Fehr, E., Gächter, S. (2000) ‘Fairness and retaliation: The economics of reciprocity’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), pp. 159–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, C. E. (1966), Microeconomic Theory, R. D. Irwin, Homewood, Ill.Google Scholar
Fox, A. (1974), Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations, London, Faber.Google Scholar
Franklin, B. (1729) ‘A modest inquiry into the nature and necessity of a paper currency’ in Sparks, J. (ed.) The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Hilliard, Gray, and Company, Boston, Mass., 1836, vol. II, pp. 253–277.Google Scholar
Friedman, M. (1951) ‘Some comments on the significance of labor unions for economic policy’ in Wright, D. M. (ed.) The Impact of the Union, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, pp. 204–234.Google Scholar
Gaius, (1904) Gaii Institutiones or Institutes of Roman Law by Gaius, with a Translation and Commentary by the late Edward Poste, M.A. Clarendon Press, Oxford, Fourth edition.Google Scholar
Galiani, F. (1751) [appears as 1750] Della moneta, libri cinque, G. Raimondi, Naples.Google Scholar
Garlan, Y. (1980) ‘Le travail libre en Grèce ancienne’ in Garnsey (1980), pp. 6–22.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (ed.) (1980), Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge Philological Society, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (2007), Thinking about Property: From Antiquity to the Age of Revolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilibert, G. (1998) ‘Necessary price’ in Kurz, H., Salvadori, N. (eds) The Elgar Companion to Classical Economics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 166–177.Google Scholar
Gossen, H. H. (1854/1983) The Laws of Human Relations: and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom, translated by Blitz, R.C. , MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Groenewegen, P. D. (1969) ‘Labour and the classical economists', Labour History, 16, pp. 20–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grotius, H. (1625) De ivre belli ac pacis libris tres …, Nicolaus Buon, Paris.Google Scholar
Grotius, H. (1625/2005) The Rights of War and Peace, edited and with an Introduction by Richard Tuck, from the edition by Barbeyrac, Jean , Liberty Fund, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Hamermesh, D. S. (1993), Labor Demand, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamesse, J. (1990) ‘Le travail chez les auteurs philosophiques du 12e et du 13e siècle’ in Hamesse, J., Muraille-Samaran, C. (eds) Le travail au moyen âge: une approche interdisciplinaire, Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp. 115–127.Google Scholar
Hicks, J. R. (1932/1963) The Theory of Wages, Macmillan, London, Second edition.Google Scholar
Hicks, J. R. (1934) ‘Léon Walras', Econometrica, 2(4), in H. W. Spiegel (1952) The Development of Economic Thought, Wiley, New York, pp. 338–348.Google Scholar
Hilferding, R. (1904/1949) ‘Böhm-Bawerk's criticism of Marx’, in Sweezy, P. M. (1949), pp. 119–196.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1642/1760) Elementa philosophica de cive. Editio nova accuratior. Juxta exemplar Amsterodami, [Grasset], [Lausanne].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1642/1998) On the Citizen, edited and translated by Tuck, Richard, Silverthorne, Michael , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651/1841) Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society in Molesworth, W. (ed.) The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, J. Bohn, London, vol. 2.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651/1991) Leviathan, edited by Tuck, Richard , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hull, C. (1899) The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2 vols. [Reprinted in one volume Augustus M. Kelley, Fairfield, N.J., 1986].Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1752/1987) Essays Moral, Political, Literary, edited by Miller, E.F. , revised edition, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Hutcheson, F. (1726/1897) An Inquiry Concerning the Original of Our Ideas of Virtue or Moral Good in Selby-Bigge, L. A. (ed.) British Moralists, Being Selections from Writers Principally of the Eighteenth Century, Clarendon Press, Oxford, vol. 1, pp. 67–177.Google Scholar
Hutcheson, F. (1742) Philosophiae moralis institutio compendiaria …, R. Foulis, Glasgow.Google Scholar
Hutcheson, F. (1772) A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy …, R. and A. Foulis, Glasgow, Fourth edition.Google Scholar
Hyman, R., Brough, I. (1975), Social Values and Industrial Relations: A Study of Fairness and Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isnard, A. N. (1781/2006) Traité des richesses in R. van den Berg At the Origins of Mathematical Economics: The Economics of A.N. Isnard (1748–1803) , Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Jevons, W. S. (1871/1888) The Theory of Political Economy, Macmillan, London, Third edition.Google Scholar
Kaufman, B. E. (ed.) (1988), How Labor Markets Work: Reflections on Theory and Practice by John Dunlop, Clark Kerr, Richard Lester, and Lloyd Reynolds, Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass.Google Scholar
Kaufman, B. E. (1993), The Origins and Evolution of the Field of Industrial Relations in the United States, ILR Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Kaufman, B. E. (1994) ‘The evolution of thought on the competitive nature of labor markets', in Kerr, C., Staudohar, P. D. (eds), pp. 145–188.Google Scholar
Kaye, J. (1998), Economy and Nature in the Fourteenth Century: Money, Market Exchange, and the Emergence of Scientific Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, C. (1988) ‘The neoclassical revisionists in labor economics [1940–1960]: R.I.P.’ in Kaufman, B.E. , pp. 1–46.Google Scholar
Kerr, C. (1994) ‘The social economics revisionists: The “real world” study of labor markets and institutions' in Kerr, C., Staudohar, P. D. (eds), pp. 66–108.Google Scholar
Kerr, C., Staudohar, P. D. (eds) (1994) Labor Economics and Industrial Relations: Markets and Institutions, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Keynes, J. M. (1936), The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Kliman, A. (2007), Reclaiming Marx's ‘Capital’: A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Krimpas, G. E. (1975), Labour Input and the Theory of the Labour Market, Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Laffont, J.-J. (ed.) (2003), The Principal Agent Model: The Economic Theory of Incentives, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.Google Scholar
Law, J. (1705) Considérations sur le numéraire et le commerce in Daire, E. (ed.) Économistes-financiers du XVIIIe siècle, Guillaumin, Paris, 1843.Google Scholar
Lazear, E. P. (1999) ‘Personnel economics: Past lessons and future directions', Journal of Labor Economics, 17(2), pp. 199–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazear, E.P., McNabb, R. (eds) (2004) Personnel Economics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2 vols.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. (1980), Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages, Chicago University Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. (1988), Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages, Zone Books, New York.Google Scholar
Lester, R. A. (1946) ‘Shortcomings of marginal analysis for wage employment problems', American Economic Review, 36(1), pp. 63–82.Google Scholar
Littler, C. R., Salaman, G. (1982) ‘Bravermania and beyond: Recent theories of the labour process', Sociology, 16(2), pp. 251–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, J. (1689/1988) Two Treatises of Government, edited by Laslett, Peter , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Student edition.Google Scholar
Locke, J. (1691/1824) Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money , in The Works of John Locke in Nine Volumes, Rivington, London, Twelfth edition, vol. 4.Google Scholar
Machlup, F. (1946) ‘Marginal analysis and empirical research’, American Economic Review, 36(4), pp. 519–554.Google Scholar
Malcomson, J. M. (1999) ‘Individual employment contracts' in Ashenfelter, O. C., Card, D. (eds) Handbook of Labor Economics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 2291–2372.Google Scholar
Marchionatti, R. (2007) ‘On the application of mathematics to political economy: The Edgeworth-Walras-Bortkievicz controversy, 1889–1891’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 31(2), pp. 291–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, A. (1979), Concise Encyclopedia of Industrial Relations, Gower, Westmead.Google Scholar
Marshall, A. (1890/1920) Principles of Economics, Macmillan, London, Eighth edition.Google Scholar
Marshall, A., Paley Marshall, M. (1879), The Economics of Industry, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Mandel, E., Freeman, A. (eds) (1984), Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa: The Langston Memorial Volume, Verso, London.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1859) Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, vol. 13 in Marx-Engels.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1863) Theorien über den Mehrwert, vol. 26.1 in Marx-Engels.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1867) Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Erster Band, vol. 23 in Marx-Engels.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1867/1909) Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Capitalist Production, translated by Moore, S., Aveling, E., Charles, H. Kerr and Co., Chicago.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1875) Kritik des Gothaer Programms, vol. 19 in Marx-Engels.Google Scholar
Marx, K., Engels, F. (1894) Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Dritter Band, vol. 25 in Marx-Engels.Google Scholar
Marx, K., Engels, F. (1962) Karl Marx — Friedrich Engels Werke, edited by the Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus beim ZK der SED, Dietz Verlag, Berlin (DDR).Google Scholar
Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M. D., Green, J. R. (1995), Microeconomic Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
McCulloch, J. R. (1825), Principles of Political Economy; With a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Science, W. and C. Tait, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
McNulty, P. J. (1980), The Origins and Development of Labor Economics: A Chapter in the History of Social Thought, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Meek, R. L. (1973) Studies in the Labour Theory of Value, Lawrence and Wishart, London, Second edition.Google Scholar
Meikle, S. (1995), Aristotle's Economic Thought, Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Menger, A. (1899/1970), The Right to the Whole Produce of Labour, Augustus M. Kelley, New York.Google Scholar
Menger, C. (1871), Grundsätze der Volkswirthschafslehre, Braumüller, Vienna.Google Scholar
Menger, C. (1871/2004) Principles of Economics, translated by Dingwall, J., Hoselitz, B.F. , Ludwig von Mises Institute electronic online edition, available: http://mises.org/Books/Mengerprinciples.pdf [accessed 17 September 2009].Google Scholar
Milgate, M., Stimson, S. C. (2009), After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, J. S. (1902) Principles of Political Economy, vol. I, Adam and Charles Black, London, Second edition.Google Scholar
Parsons, D. O. (1986) ‘The employment relationship: Job attachment, work effort, and the nature of contracts' in Ashenfelter, O. C., Layard, R. (eds) Handbook of Labor Economics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 789–848.Google Scholar
Pasinetti, L. L., Scazzieri, R. (1987) ‘Capital theory: Paradoxes' in Eatwell, J., et al , vol. 1, pp. 363–367.Google Scholar
Petridis, R. (1996) ‘Brassey's law and the economy of high wages in nineteenth-century economics', History of Political Economy, 28(4), pp. 583–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petty, W. (1662) A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions in Hull, C. (1899), vol. 1, pp. 1–97.Google Scholar
Petty, W. (1690) Political Arithmetick in Hull, C. (1899), vol. 1, pp. 232–313.Google Scholar
Petty, W. (1691) The Political Anatomy of Ireland in Hull, C. (1899), vol. 1, pp. 121–223.Google Scholar
Plato, (1937) The Republic with an English translation by Shorey, Paul , Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Plato, (1925) The Statesman; Philebus with an English translation by Fowler, Harold N. , Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
v. Pufendorf, S. (1673/2003) The Whole Duty of Man According to the Law of Nature, translated by Tooke, Andrew , ed. Hunter, Ian, Saunders, David , with Two Discourses and a Commentary by Jean Barbeyrac, translated by Saunders, David , Liberty Fund, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
v. Pufendorf, S. (1737) S. Pufendorfii De officio hominis & civis juxta legem naturalem libri duo, Gul. Thurlbourn, London, Second edition.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L. G. (1956) ‘The problem of relative wage rates' in Reynolds, L.G., Taft, C.H., MacDonald, R.M. The Evolution of Wage Structure, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Ricardo, D. (1951) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in Sraffa, P. (ed.) with the collaboration of M. H. Dobb, The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, vol. 1.Google Scholar
Robertson, H. M., Taylor, W. L. (1957) ‘Adam Smith's approach to the theory of value’, Economic Journal, 67(266), pp. 181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. V. (1934) ‘Euler's theorem and the problem of distribution’, Economic Journal, 44(175), pp. 398–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roncaglia, A. (1985), Petty: The Origins of Political Economy, University College Cardiff Press, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Ross, S. A. (1973) ‘The economic theory of agency: The principal's problem’, American Economic Review, 63(2), pp. 134–139.Google Scholar
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Prize Committee of the (2007) Scientific background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007: Mechanism Design Theory, available: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2007/ecoadv07.pdf [accessed 17 September 2009].Google Scholar
Rubin, I. I. (1972) Essays on Marx's Theory of Value, Black-Red, Detroit , translated from the third Russian edition, 1928.Google Scholar
Sadlek, G. M. (2004), Idleness Working: The Discourse of Love's Labor from Ovid Through Chaucer and Gower, Catholic University of America Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Say, J.-B. (1803/2006) Traité d'économie politique, variorum edition by Mouchot, C., Say, J.-B. , Œuvres Complètes, vol. 1, Economica, Paris.Google Scholar
Screpanti, E., Zamagni, S. (2005) An Outline of the History of Economic Thought, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Second edition.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senior, N. W. (1836), An Outline of the Science of Political Economy, W. Clowes & Sons, London.Google Scholar
Sewall, H. R. (1901), The Theory of Value Before Adam Smith, Macmillan for the American Economic Association, New York.Google Scholar
Shaftesbury, Lord (1699/1897) An Inquiry Concerning Virtue or Merit in Selby-Bigge, L. A. (ed.) British Moralists, Being Selections from Writers Principally of the Eighteenth Century, Clarendon Press, Oxford, vol. 1, pp. 1–66.Google Scholar
Sidgwick, H. (1887) The Principles of Political Economy, Macmillan, London, Second edition.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776/1976) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Campbell, R.H., Skinner, A.S. (general editors), W. B. Todd (textual editor), Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Clarendon, Oxford, vol. 2.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. A. (2003) ‘“The labor-less labor supply model” in the era before Philip Wicksteed’, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(4), pp. 505–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sraffa, P. (1925/1997) ‘On the relations between cost and quantity produced’ in Pasinetti, L. L. (ed.) Italian Economic Papers, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 322–363.Google Scholar
Steedman, I., et al (1981) The Value Controversy, Verso, London.Google Scholar
Stigler, G. J. (1941), Production and Distribution Theories, Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E. (1987) ‘Principal and agent (ii)’ in Eatwell, J., et al , vol. 3, pp. 966–972.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E. (1991) ‘Symposium on organizations and economics', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(2), pp. 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E. (2002) ‘Information and the change in the paradigm in economics', American Economic Review, 92(3), pp. 460–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirati, A. (1994), The Theory of Wages in Classical Economics: A Study of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and their Contemporaries, Elgar, Aldershot.Google Scholar
Sweezy, P. M. (ed.) (1949) Karl Marx and the Close of His System by Eugen Von Böhm-Bawerk and Böhm-Bawerk's Criticism of Marx by Rudolf Hilferding, Augustus M. Kelley, New York, pp. 1–118.Google Scholar
Theoc[h]arakis, N. J. (1991) An Investigation of the Relationship Between Responsibility and Pay, PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Theocarakis, N. J. (2006) ‘Nicomachean ethics in political economy: The trajectory of the problem of value’, History of Economic Ideas, 14(1), pp. 9–53.Google Scholar
Thucydides, (1648/1843), Eight Books on the Peloponnesian War … interpreted … by Thomas Hobbes … in Molesworth, W. (ed.) The English Works of Thomas Hobbes J. Bohn, London, 1843, vols. 8 and 9.Google Scholar
Tortajada, R. (1991) ‘Justes prix, usure et monnaie’, Economies et Sociétés, Série PE, 15, pp. 61–91.Google Scholar
Tucker, J. ([1755]/1931) The Elements of Commerce and Theory of Taxes in Schuyler, R. L. (ed.) Josiah Tucker: A Selection from His Economic and Political Writings, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 51–219.Google Scholar
Vernant, J. P. (1965) Mythe et pensée chez les Grecs: études de psychologie historique, F. Maspero, Paris.Google Scholar
Veyne, P. (1997) The Roman Empire, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. (Original French edition 1985).Google Scholar
Walker, F. A. (1876/1888), The Wages Question: A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Class, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Walras, A. (1832), De la nature de la richesse et de l'origine de la valeur, Furne, Paris.Google Scholar
Walras, L. (1926) Éléments d'économie politique pure: ou, Théorie de la richesse sociale, Pichon, R., Durand-Auzias, R. , Paris, ‘édition definitive’.Google Scholar
Walras, L. (1926/1954) Elements of Pure Economics: The Theory of Social Wealth, (edited and translated by Jaffé, W. ), Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, Ill.Google Scholar
Whately, R. (1831), Introductory Lectures on Political Economy, B. Fellowes, London.Google Scholar
Wicksteed, P. H. (1894/1992) The Coordination of the Laws of Distribution, edited by Steedman, I. , Elgar, Aldershot.Google Scholar
Wicksteed, P. H. (1910/1933), The Common Sense of Political Economy, George Routledge and Sons, London.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. W. (1975) ‘The economics of the just price’, History of Political Economy, 7(1), pp. 56–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, A. W. (2004) Karl Marx, Routledge, New York, Second edition.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worland, S. T. (1977) ‘Justum pretium: One more round in an “endless series”’, History of Political Economy, 9(4), pp. 504–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xenophon, (1923) Memorabilia and Oeconomicus, with an English translation by Marchant, E.C. , Heinemann, London.Google Scholar