Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-vt8vv Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-08-07T15:12:10.304Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The ‘Colores Rhetorici’ in the Investiture Contest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

I. S. Robinson
I. S. Robinson*
Affiliation:
Trinity College, Dublin
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The polemics of the investiture contest, both those of German and those of Italian origin, in most cases owe their survival to the copying activity of scribes in the monasteries and cathedral chapters of Germany during the twelfth century. This survival is in itself unexpected: the Libelli de lite continued to be copied at a period when their argumentation and critical apparatus must have appeared unsophisticated by comparison with the canonical and theological textbooks of the mid-twelfth century. The polemics seem to have been preserved not for their erudition but for their literary qualities. Thus the two most famous twelfth-century collections of eleventh-century libelli — that of the Codex Udalrici and that transcribed in the sixteenth-century codex, Hanover, Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek XI. 671 — are found to exploit the polemics for teaching purposes: not for the elucidation of the rights of King Henry IV or of Pope Gregory VII (as their contents might suggest), but as models of epistolary style for the instruction of the twelfth-century pupils of the cathedral school of Bamberg. ‘Codex I’ of the composite Hanover letter collection — which, like the Codex Udalrici, seems to have originated in Bamberg — contains an important group of pro-Henrician and anti-papal materials: the only extant exemplar of the Defensio Heinrici IV regis of Petrus Crassus, the decrees of the imperialist synods of Worms and Brixen, the encyclical of 1089 of the antipope Wibert of Ravenna, and the treatise of Pseudo-Udalric in favour of clerical marriage. However, ‘Codex I’ also includes pro-papal materials: the two letters of Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg in support of Gregory VII, letters of Gregory VII himself concerning German ecclesiastical politics, a well-known letter of Urban II and the decrees of the reforming council of Piacenza of 1095. The eclectic nature of the compilation of ‘Codex I’ suggests that the polemical works were regarded by the compiler primarily as model performances in the rhetorical art of the trivium.

Type
Articles
Information
Traditio , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , 1976 , pp. 209 - 238
Copyright
Copyright © The Fordham University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 MS Hanover XI.671, fol. 65r-75 v, 78r-89v (Crassus); 49r-52r (Worms, Brixen); 54v-58r (Wibert); 1r-5r (Udalric). Cf. Erdmann, C., ‘Die Bamberger Domschule im Investiturstreit,’ Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 9 (1936) 10–17.Google Scholar

2 Fol. 6r-22 r, 46v (Gebhard); 23r-25 r, 28r-36 v, 44r-46r (Gregory VII); 60v-61v (Urban II: JL 5393); 62 r-v (Piacenza). A full description of the Hanover codex is given by Hauthaler, W., ‘Die grosse Briefhandschrift zu Hanover,’ Neues Archiv 20 (1894) 209–220.Google Scholar

3 ed. Jaffé, P., Bibliotheca rerum germanicarum 5 (Berlin 1869) 17.Google Scholar

4 Nos. 10-14 (Epitaphia); 16, 17 (Trier); 2, 3 (Altercatio, De papa Gregorio: [MGH] Libelli [de lite imperatorum et pontificum] 2.170-2). The original order of the material in the Codex Udalrici, according to Vienna, Nationalbibliothek MS 398 (the order which Jaffé's partial edition abandons) can be consulted in the edition of Eccard, J. G., Corpus Historicum Medii Aevi 2 (Leipzig 1723) cols. 1-374.Google Scholar

5 Codex , no. 22: Eccard, cols. 7-12.Google Scholar

6 Codex , no. 9: Eccard, cols. 21-2. Cf. Krause, H.-G., Das Papstwahldekret von 1059 und seine Rolle im Investiturstreit (Studi Gregoriani 7.240 et seq.).Google Scholar

7 ed. von Heinemann, L., Libelli 1 462-70.Google Scholar

8 Epistolae Heinrici IV , no. 12, ed. Erdmann, C. and F.- Schmale, J. Quellen zur Geschichte Kaiser Heinrichs IV., Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters. Freiherr vom Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe 12 (Darmstadt 1968) 68 n.; Erdmann, C., ‘Die Anfänge der staatlichen Propaganda im Investiturstreit,’ Historische Zeitschrift 154 (1936) 492.Google Scholar

9 On medieval use of the cursus dispondaicus, see Arbusow, L., Colores Rhetorici (Göttingen 1963) 79; and on metalempsis, ibid. 47.Google Scholar

10 Quellen … Heinrichs IV. 52, 88-9, 92-100, 102-6, 110-2; Codex Udalrici, nos. 188, 191-7, 212, 140, 210, 211.Google Scholar

11 Schmale, F.-J., ‘Fiktionen im Codex Udalrici,’ Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 20 (1957) 453 et seq., 467 et seq. Google Scholar

12 Cf. Bresslau, H., Handbuch der Urkundenlehre, 2. i. (Leipzig 1915) 249.Google Scholar

13 Cf. Hirsch, H., ‘Reichskanzlei und Reichspolitik im Zeitalter der salischen Kaiser,’ Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung 42 (1927) 14 et seq. Google Scholar

14 Pivec, K., ‘Studien und Forschungen zur Ausgabe des Codex Udalrici. II.,’ ibid. 46 (1932) 309–21.Google Scholar

15 The poems are printed by Dümmler, E., ‘Zu Udalrich von Bamberg,’ Neues Archiv 19 (1893) 222–7.Google Scholar

16 Ibid. 224. Cf. Arbusow, L., Colores Rhetorici 78-9.Google Scholar

17 Cf. Faider, P., Catalogue des manuscrits conservés à Namur (Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques de Belgique 1 Gembloux 1934) 200–1.Google Scholar

18 The letter is printed in Sancti Anselmi … Opera Omnia, ed. Schmitt, F. S. 2 (Edinburgh 1946) 222 et seq. For Walram's polemic, see Libelli 2.286-7.Google Scholar

19 Cf. Traube, L., MGH, Poetae Latini aevi Carolini 3.152.Google Scholar

20 Libelli 3.726 et seq., 714 et seq., 706 et seq., 721 et seq. Google Scholar

21 Catalogus … Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis , ed. Halm, C. and Meyer, W. 2. iii (Munich 1878) 83.Google Scholar

22 Libelli 1.430–1. A problem is raised by v. 30, which the editor, Dümmler, reads as Turbantum turbasse fidem, non credo negabis. The line would make better sense if the first word read (as in the earlier edition of Wattenbach, W., Sb. Akad. Munich [ 1873] 732) Turbanum — the nickname applied to Pope Urban II by his critics (e.g. the schismatic cardinals, Libelli 2.408 et seq.). This reading would imply a date of composition after 1088; while the two references to ‘Hildebrandus’ in the vocative case suggest that the poem was written in the lifetime of Gregory VII. The simplest explanation is that vv. 30-1, with the reference to Turbanus, are an interpolation made in the poem of ‘Hugo orthodoxus’ after 1088.Google Scholar

23 Edited from the Schäftlarn codex by Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum 17.24-8.Google Scholar

24 Cf. Erdmann, C., ‘Briefsammlungen,’ Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter. Die Zeit der Sachsen und Salier, ed. Wattenbach, W. and Holtzmann, R. 2 (new ed., Cologne 1967) 434–5.Google Scholar

25 Haskins, C. H., Studies in Mediaeval Culture (Oxford 1929) 172.Google Scholar

26 Catalogus … Bibliothecae Reg. Monacensis 1. ii 233 (cod. lat. 14784) and 2. iii 242-3 (cod. lat. 19411). Cf. Haskins, Studies 172nn.Google Scholar

27 Manitius, K., MGH, Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte 2.86-90.Google Scholar

28 Cf. Fleckenstein, J., Die Hofkapelle der deutschen Könige 2 (Schriften der MGH 16. ii) 96 et seq., 188 et seq., 255 et seq. Bresslau, H., MGH, Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germaniae 3.xx et seq. (Einleitung).Google Scholar

29 Catalogue général des … bibliothèques des départements 3.118–9 (St. Omer, MS 228); Reindel, K., ‘Studien zur Überlieferung der Werke des Petrus Damiani. II.,’ Deutsches Archiv 16 (1960) 90–125. Cf. Erdmann, C., ‘Briefsammlungen,’ 434; Dressler, F., Petrus Damiani: Leben und Werk (Studia Anselmiana 34 Rome 1954) 188 et seq. Google Scholar

30 Sigebert, , De scriptoribus cap. 162, PL 160.585A.Google Scholar

31 Ibid. cap. 161 585A.Google Scholar

32 Bernheim, E., Libelli 1 519; Canisius, H., Antiquae lectionis tomus VI (Ingolstadt 1604) 199. To the codices consulted by Bernheim for his edition should be added Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale MS 18644-52.Google Scholar

33 Die Hildesheimer Briefe , nos. 1, 21, ed. Erdmann, C., Briefsammlungen der Zeit Heinrichs IV., MGH, Die Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit 5.15-7, 50-2.Google Scholar

34 Paul of Bernried, Vita Gregorii VII , ed. Watterich, J. M., Pontificum Romanorum Vitae 1 (Leipzig 1862) 541.Google Scholar

35 ed. Ettlinger, E., Der sog. Anonymus Mellicensis De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis (diss., Karlsruhe 1896) 89.Google Scholar

36 Pásztor, E., ‘Motivi dell’ ecclesiologia di Anselmo di Lucca in margine a un sermone inedito,’ Bullettino dell' Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo 77 (1965) 45 et seq. Cf. van den Gheyn, J., Catalogue … Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique 5.249 no. 3242. The shorter recension of the Vita Anselmi was edited from this manuscript by W. Arndt, MGH Scriptores 20.693-6.Google Scholar

37 Perels, E., Bonizo: Liber de vita Christiana xlv et seq., describes the three manuscripts (Vatican. Ross., Brescia, Florence Laurent.) of one recension. Miccoli, G., ‘Un nuovo manoscritto del Liber de vita christiana di Bonizone di Sutri,’ Studi Medievali, ser. 3.7 ( 1966) 371–98, described Mantua, Bibl. Comunale, cod. 439, originating in the monastery of Polirone and containing a separate recension of the work. A fifth, partial exemplar in the twelfth-century Italian codex Heythrop College (London) MS Z. 105. BON., is of the same recension as the Mantua codex: see Robinson, I. S., ‘A Manuscript of the Liber de vita christiana of Bonizo of Sutri,’ Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, new ser. 3 (1973) 135-9.Google Scholar

38 The Sermo de penitentia is edited by Berschin, W., Bonizo von Sutri (Berlin 1972) 161–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Jordan, K., ‘Ravennater Fälschungen aus den Anfängen des Investiturstreites,’ Archiv für Urkundenforschung 15 (1938) 427–9, describes the exemplars in the MSS Vienna, Nationalbibliothek 2213, Bamberg Staatsbibliothek P. I. 9 and Q. VI. 31. A fourth German exemplar, Stuttgart, Landesbibliothek cod. theol. 206, is described by Hartmann, W., ‘Eine unbekannte Überlieferung der falschen Investiturprivilegien,’ Deutsches Archiv 24 (1968) 498-504.Google Scholar

40 ed. Francke, K., Libelli 2.369-422. On the provenance of this codex, see Schlechte, H., Erzbischof Bruno von Trier (diss., Leipzig 1934) 71.Google Scholar

41 A passage in Balderic's Gesta Alberonis archiepiscopi Treverensis suggests an acquaintance with the Trier codex of the polemics of the schismatic cardinals: ‘Multi autem ex cardinalibus regi adheserunt, et de clero Romano atque de populo. Quorum contra papam Hildebrandum plurima exstant scripta mordacia’ (ed. Kallfelz, H., Lebensbeschreibungen einiger Bischöfe des 10.-12. Jahrhunderts), Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters. Freiherr vom Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe 22 (Darmstadt 1973) 552.Google Scholar

42 van de Vyver, A. and Verlinden, C., ‘L'auteur et la portée du conflictus ovis et lini,’ Revue belge de philosophie et d'histoire 12 (1933) 71. On the Basle codex, see Werner, J., ‘Verse auf Papst Innocenz IV. und Kaiser Friedrich II.,’ Neues Archiv 32 (1907) 603.Google Scholar

43 Conflictus ovis et lini , vv. 298-302, ed. Haupt, M., Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 11 (Berlin 1859) 224; where, however, the poem is attributed to Herman Contractus, on the authority of Wolfger of Prüfening, De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis cap. 91, ed. Ettlinger, E. (Karlsruhe 1896) 85.Google Scholar

44 Conflictus w. 307-20, ed. Haupt, 224.Google Scholar

45 Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Digby 25. Fol. 35v (rubric) and fol. 38 r: ‘Deusdedit hoc carmen qui canit exiguum / Qui tibi militat in cardine romuleo. …’ Cf. Holtzmann, W., ‘Kardinal Deusdedit als Dichter,’ Historisches Jahrbuch 57 (1937) 217 et seq. Google Scholar

46 Fol. 39 r-v: ‘Quedam comparatio trinitatis et solis sumpta ex sermone augustini cuius initium est, “legimus sanctum moysen'’ ' (i.e. Ps.-Augustine, Sermo 245, De mysteriis trinitatis et incarnationis, PL 39 2196 et seq.).Google Scholar

47 Reggio Emilia, Biblioteca municipale MS Turri E. 52, fol. 78r-86 v. For an edition of this text, see Robinson, I. S., ‘The Metrical Commentary on Genesis of Donizo of Canossa: Bible and Gregorian Reform,’ Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale 41 (1974) 5–37.Google Scholar

48 Boutemy, A., ‘Fragments d'une œuvre perdue de Sigebert de Gembloux,’ Latomus 2 (1938) 196–220. Sigebert gave a description of his commentary in De scriptoribus cap. 171, PL 160 588A.Google Scholar

49 Fragment III vv. 105-8, ed. Boutemy, 215.Google Scholar

50 Sigebert, , De scriptoribus cap. 171, cols. 587-8.Google Scholar

51 Ibid. , cap. 160, col. 584C. Cf. Cicero, De inventione rhetorica 1, 31, 51; Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 5, 10, 73.Google Scholar

52 De scriptoribus cap. 165, col. 585C. Cf. Cicero, De oratore 1, 33, 150.Google Scholar

53 De scriptoribus cap. 167, col. 586A. Cf. Ivonis epistola ad Hugonem Lugdunensem, Libelli 2.642-7.Google Scholar

54 Manegold, , Liber contra Wolfelmum cap. 24, ed. Hartmann, W., MGH, Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte 8.107: ‘more scolarium rethorum.’ Cf. Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 2, 2, 1.Google Scholar

55 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum, Libelli 1.310-3. Cf. Damian, Damian, Epistolae V. 13, PL 144. 359A.Google Scholar

56 Ad Gebehardum cap. 1 315.Google Scholar

57 Ibid. cap. 2 315-6.Google Scholar

58 E.g. Cicero, , Oratio pro M. Caelio 3, 6; De oratore 2, 79, 321; Tusculanae Disputationes 4, 8, 18.Google Scholar

59 Ad Gebehardum cap. 3 316-7.Google Scholar

60 Manegold, , Contra Wolfelmum cap. 24 107. Cf. Wenrich, , Epistola cap. 3, Libelli 1.288.Google Scholar

61 Sigebert, , De scriptoribus cap. 161 cols. 584C-585A.Google Scholar

62 Manegold, , Contra Wolfelmum cap. 24 107.Google Scholar

63 Anselm von Besate, Rhetorimachia , ed. Manitius, K., MGH, Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte 2. 103.Google Scholar

64 Wenrich, , Epistola cap. 2 286.Google Scholar

65 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum cap. 3 315.Google Scholar

66 Benzo, , Ad Heinricum imperatorem libri VII II. 4, 16, 17, MGH, Scriptores 11.614, 619.Google Scholar

67 Ibid. II. 6 615.Google Scholar

68 On the connection of Benzo with Anselm of Besate, see Fleckenstein, J., Die Hofkapelle der deutschen Könige 2.258.Google Scholar

69 Crassus, Crassus, Defensio Heinrici IV cap. 6 Libelli 1.446.Google Scholar

70 Lamperti Annales , ed. Holder-Egger, O. and Fritz, W. D., Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters. Freiherr vom Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe 13 (Darmstadt 1962) 400 Google Scholar

71 Quellen … Heinrichs IV. , Anhang A 474.Google Scholar

72 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum cap. 29 363.Google Scholar

73 Gerhoh, , Epistola ad Innocentium papam II, Libelli 3.232-3.Google Scholar

74 E.g. Gellius, Gellius, Noctes Atticae 3, 1, 6; Lactantius, , Institutiones Divinae 5, 2.Google Scholar

75 Ad Gebehardum cap. 29 363.Google Scholar

76 Damian, Damian, Opusculum 18 cap. 7, PL 144.410. On Alberic's use of Peter Damian (in a hitherto unpublished part of the Breviarium), see Dressler, F., Petrus Damiani 192, 215 n. 11.Google Scholar

77 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum cap. 23 353-4.Google Scholar

78 Cf. ibid. cap. 70 421. I hope shortly to publish a study of the writings of the ‘South German Gregorian friendship circle': that is, of Bernold of St. Blasien, Bernhard of Hildesheim, Manegold of Lautenbach, Gebhard of Salzburg, ‘the Swabian annalist’ and the anonymous polemicist of Hirsau. Google Scholar

79 Bernold, , De excommunicatis vitandis, Libelli 2.119. For Bernold's use of the polemics of Jerome, see Apologeticus, Libelli 2.73-4, 76-9.Google Scholar

80 Sigebert, , De scriptoribus cap. 165 col. 585C. Bernhard, , Liber canonum cap. 42, Libelli 1. 512.Google Scholar

81 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum, prefatio 313. Damian, Damian, Opusculum 11, PL 145.232-3.Google Scholar

82 Codex Udalrici no. 10.Google Scholar

83 The polemic of 1081 is described as an epistola in the twelfth-century codices Montpellier, H. 221, Rein 23, Kloster Admont 352. For the epistola of 1085, see Codex Udalrici no. 167 and Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon, MGH, Scriptores 8.459-60. Google Scholar

84 Brussels, , Bibliothèque Royale MS 5576-604, fol. 196 r.Google Scholar

85 Brussels, MS 5576-604, fol. 201 v; Codex Udalrici no. 234.Google Scholar

86 For the correspondence De damnatione scismaticorum as it appears in Stuttgart cod. HB. VI. 107, see Autenrieth, J., Die Domschule von Konstanz (Stuttgart 1956) 110 et seq. Google Scholar

87 Libelli 3.2 et seq., 12 et seq. Cf. Ott, L., Untersuchungen zur theologischen Briefliteratur der Frühscholastik (Münster 1937) 6 et seq. Google Scholar

88 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum, prefatio 310; Bernhard, , Liber canonum, prefatio 472; Deusdedit, , Libellus, prologus, Libelli 2.300; Beno, , Gesta I, Libelli 2.369; Bruno, , Libellus de symoniacis, Libelli 2.546.Google Scholar

89 Bonizo, , Ad amicum, Libelli 1.571, 620.Google Scholar

90 Anselm of Lucca, Contra Wibertum, Libelli 1.519-20. Google Scholar

91 Vaticanus lat. 3797 (eleventh century), ed. Cantin, A., Pierre Damien: Lettre sur la toutepuissance divine (Paris 1972) 472. Cf. ibid. 480: ‘vitamus volumen extensum, qui proposuimus epistolare compendium.’Google Scholar

92 Ibid. 472: ‘ne legenti fastidium stili valeat prolixitas generare.’ This rhetorical convention is found among the early Christian writers: e.g. Arnobius, Adversus Nationes III. 42: ‘brevitatis et fastidii causa’ (CSEL 4.139).Google Scholar

93 Gebhard, , Epistola cap. 14, Libelli 1.269.Google Scholar

94 Bernold, , Libellus VI, Libelli 2.101-2. Cf. Libellus VII, ibid. 105.Google Scholar

95 Quellen … Heinrichs IV. , Anhang A 470.Google Scholar

96 Urbani II Epistolae : JL 5743, PL 151.533A.Google Scholar

97 Munich, Staatsbibliothek, cod. lat. 618, fol. 29 v, 32 v. This anti-papal libellus survives only in twenty-two excerpts quoted by the pro-papal author of Cum rerum omnium, who intended to refute the arguments of the supporter of Wibert. (I hope shortly to publish a full description of the anonymous polemic Cum rerum omnium.)Google Scholar

98 Damian, Damian, Opusculum 18, PL 145.831A.Google Scholar

99 E.g. Bernaldi libelli, Libelli 2.11, 16, 26 (Alboin); 19, 24, 47 (Bernold); 29 (Bernhard).Google Scholar

100 De damnatione scismaticorum III, Libelli 3.47.Google Scholar

101 Munich, Staatsbibliothek cod. lat. 618, fol. 27v (exordium): ‘mirabiliter operatrix … misericorditer reparatrix.’ Examples of traductio: fol. 31 r: ‘Domini inimicis vestram inimiciciam copulare'; fol. 32 r: ‘videndi maliciam tacere et tacendo consentientes videri'; fol. 37 r: ‘ne heretici suam heresim per hereticos confirmare.’ For Meinhard's use of these colores, see Erdmann, C., Studien zur Briefliteratur Deutschlands im elften Jahrhundert (Schriften der MGH 1 Stuttgart 1938) 64–71.Google Scholar

102 Die Regensburger rhetorischen Briefe , ed. Fickermann, N., Briefsammlungen der Zeit Heinrichs IV. 300-12, 320-29.Google Scholar

103 Ibid. 265-6.Google Scholar

104 Ibid. 268 et seq. Google Scholar

105 Ibid. 271 et seq. Google Scholar

106 Ibid. 302.Google Scholar

107 Colores Rhetorici , ed. Wattenbach, W., ‘Magister Onulf von Speyer,’ Sb. Akad. Berlin ( 1894) 386.Google Scholar

108 Ibid. 367. (R. Holtzmann, in Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen 2 454, assumed from Wattenbach's remarks that the work must be dated c. 1050.) Cp. Erdmann, C., Forschungen zur politischen Ideenwelt des Frühmittelalters (Berlin 1951) 126–8.Google Scholar

109 Colores Rhetorici 1.2, 7, 13, 26, ed. Wattenbach, 369, 371, 374, 380.Google Scholar

110 Ibid. 1.25: ‘seu dici mavis epistolam,’ 380. On dubitacio, cf. Auctor ad Herennium 4, 29, 40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

111 Cf. Curtius, E. R., ‘Dichtung und Rhetorik im Mittelalter,’ Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 16 (1938) 440.Google Scholar

112 Colores Rhetorici , ed. Wattenbach, 371, 373, 374-6, 377-8.Google Scholar

113 Ibid. 1.9, 12, 13, pp. 372-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

114 Vita Burchardi episcopi cap. 18, MGH, Scriptores 4.840-1.Google Scholar

115 For an opposite opinion, see Erdmann, C., Forschungen zur politischen Ideenwelt 128; Fickermann, N., Briefsammlungen 268.Google Scholar

116 Manegold, , Contra Wolfelmum cap. 23 100-1. Koch, G., Manegold von Lautenbach und die Lehre von der Volkssouveränität (Historische Studien 34 1902) 109 et seq., believed that this hystoria was an historical work by Gebhard, no longer extant; but R. Holtzmann in Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen 2 398n. 124 identified the hystoria with Gebhard's first epistola to Herman of Metz. It should be noticed, in support of this identification, that in the same passage in which Manegold referred to the hystoria, he also cited one of the principal auctoritates of Gebhard's epistola, the text Matt. 10.24 (Epistola capp. 16, 25, Libelli 1.270, 274).Google Scholar

117 Manegold, , Ad Gebehardum 313.Google Scholar

118 Isidori Hispalensis Etymologiae sive Origines 1.40, ed. Lindsay, W. M. (Oxford 1911 ). On Isidore's conception of historia, see Smalley, B., Historians in the Middle Ages (London 1974) 22-5.Google Scholar

119 Manegold, , Contra Wolfelmum cap. 24 105, 107.Google Scholar

120 Ibid. Google Scholar

121 ed. Jaffé, , Bibliotheca 5.129-30 (no. 62); 127-9 (no. 61). Cf. Meyer von Knonau, G., Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V. 3 (Leipzig 1900) 280–1.Google Scholar

122 Codex Udalrici no. 160 = Jaffé no. 61, p. 128. Cf. Onulf, Colores Rhetorici 1.1, ed. Wattenbach, 369.Google Scholar

123 Codex Udalrici no. 159 = Jaffé no. 62, pp. 129-30. Cf. Onulf, Colores 1.5, 6, pp. 370-1.Google Scholar

124 Codex Udalrici no. 158 = Jaffé no. 63, p. 132. On the consecration of Egilbert, see Epistolae Heinrici IV, no. 18, Quellen … Heinrichs IV. 84. For similiter cadens, see Onulf, Colores 1.12 373-4.Google Scholar

125 Fickermann, N., Briefsammlungen 271.Google Scholar

126 Quellen … Heinrichs IV. , Anhang A 470 et seq. Google Scholar

127 Deposition-letter of Worms: ‘dominus et redemptor noster, pacis et caritatis … fidelibus suis caracterem impresserit'; Codex Udalrici no. 160: ‘Christi caracterem, id est pacem et caritatem, quam Christus suis militibus impressit.’Google Scholar

Deposition-letter: ‘dum profanis studes novitatibus, dum magis amplo quam bono nomine delectaris, dum inaudita elatione distenderis'; Codex no. 160: ‘qui inaudita elatione effertur, qui profanis novitatibus studet, amplo nomine delectetur.’

Deposition-letter: ‘velut quidam signifer scismatis omnia membra ecclesie … lacerasti'; Codex no. 160: ‘per hunc quasi signiferum … membra Christi … sunt dilacerata.’

128 Cf. Haskins, C. H., Studies in Medieval Culture 171n.Google Scholar

120 On Bernhard and Meinhard, see Erdmann, C., Studien zur Briefliteratur Deutschlands 218-21 and Exkurs V 308-11.Google Scholar

130 Munich, cod. lat. 618, fol. 35 r.Google Scholar