Article contents
Recognizing the Martuwarra's First Law Right to Life as a Living Ancestral Being
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 September 2020
Abstract
Traditional custodians of the Martuwarra (Fitzroy River) derive their identity and existence from this globally significant river. The First Laws of the Martuwarra are shared by Martuwarra Nations through a common songline, which sets out community and individual rights and duties. First Law recognizes the River as the Rainbow Serpent: a living ancestral being from source to sea. On 3 November 2016, the Fitzroy River Declaration was concluded between Martuwarra Nations. This marked the first time in Australia when both First Law and the rights of nature were recognized explicitly in a negotiated instrument. This article argues for legal recognition within colonial state laws of the Martuwarra as a living ancestral being by close analogy with the case concerning the Whanganui River. We seek to advance the scope of native title water rights in Australia and contend that implementation of First Law is fundamental for the protection of the right to life of the Martuwarra.
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Footnotes
This contribution is part of a collection of articles growing out of a Research Workshop on ‘Indigenous Water Rights in Comparative Law’, held at the University of Canterbury School of Law, Christchurch (New Zealand), on 7 Dec. 2018, funded by the New Zealand Law Foundation.
We acknowledge the equal contribution of all authors to engage in a patient and exploratory, reiterative process of evidence, theory and legal principle-gathering, both domestic and transnational. This research is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. We would like to thank Erin O'Donnell, Ian Perdrisat, and the three reviewers for TEL and our independent reviewers for their helpful comments and feedback.
References
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107 Waitangi Tribunal, ‘The Whanganui River Report, Case WAI167’, available at: https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68450539/Whanganui%20River%20Report%201999.pdf (Waitangi Tribunal (1999)).
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113 Ibid., p. 337.
114 Ibid., pp. 338 and 343.
115 Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act, available at: https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/bills-and-laws/bills-proposed-laws/document/00DBHOH_BILL68939_1/te-awa-tupua-whanganui-river-claims-settlement-bill. The Act declares that Te Awa Tupua is ‘an indivisible and living whole and comprises the Whanganui River from the mountains to the sea, incorporating all its physical and metaphysical elements and is a legal person with all the rights, powers, duties and liabilities of a legal person’. The Act received Royal Assent on 20 Mar. 2017, and gives effect to the Whanganui River Deed of Settlement signed on 5 Aug. 2014, which implemented the Waitangi Tribunal decision (Case WAI167) in 1999.
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117 Ibid., p. 39.
118 Mabo (No.2), n. 80 above, per Brennan J. Yet, to date in Australia, as it has not been challenged, native title water rights have been administered in terms of the common law dissected view, contrary to the native title doctrine principle that such title must be recognized in customary law terms.
119 Waitangi Tribunal (1999), n. 107 above, p. xiv.
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121 Ibid., p. 335.
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136 Fortescue Metals Group, ibid., per Jagot and Mortimer JJ at [288], with Robertson and Griffiths JJ concurring at [397], and White J concurring at [528] (emphasis added).
137 Fortescue Metals Group, n. 86 above, [81].
138 Western Australia v. Fazeldean (No. 2) [2013] FCAFC 58; 211 FCR 150, [35].
139 Fortescue Metals Group, n. 86 above, [140] (emphasis added).
140 In Birtchnell v. Equity Trustees, Executors & Agency Co Ltd (1929) 42 CLR 38, p. 407, Dixon J held that the relationship of mutual agency between partners meant they are under a fiduciary duty to refrain from actions which conflict, or which might possibly conflict, with the interests of those they are bound to protect. Also, in United Dominions Corporation Ltd v. Brian Pty Ltd [1983] 1 NSWLR 490, p. 506, Samuels JA concluded that ‘joint venturers owe to one another the duty of utmost good faith due from every member of a partnership towards every other member’.
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143 Ibid., p. xxi.
144 NTA 1993, sub-s. 4(6).
145 See the High Court in Wik Peoples v. Queensland (1996) 187 CLR 1.
146 Yanner v. Eaton (1999) CLR 351 (Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, Kirby and Hayne JJ), p. 369, [28] and [37].
147 Contrast the High Court in Ward, n. 40 above. The current approach to determining extinguishment by necessary implication is outlined in Akiba, n. 126 above: legislation that is regulatory rather than prohibitory is consistent with the ongoing exercise and recognition of native title rights and interests; therefore there is no extinguishment. See also Karpany (2013) 303 ALR 216, p. 224, [32].
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149 Fortescue Metals Group, n. 86 above; Akiba, n. 126 above; also, Western Australia v. Brown [2014] HCA 8.
150 Keon-Cohen, n. 127 above, p. 30.
151 Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act 2016 (WA); see also O'Bryan, n. 148 above, p. 73.
152 O'Bryan, ibid., p. 73.
153 O'Bryan, ibid.
154 Brierley, G. et al. , ‘A Geomorphic Perspective on the Rights of the River in Aotearoa New Zealand’ (2018) 35(10) River Research and Applications, pp. 1–12Google Scholar.
155 Note that this governance model would also effectively implement the concept of ‘Earth Community’ as advocated by Burdon, P., ‘Earth Jurisprudence and the Murray Darling: The Future of a River’ (2012) 37(2) Alternative Law Journal, pp. 82–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar, as Indigenous custodians manage Country in a way that values and respects ecological integrity and equilibrium within connected systems: ‘Earth Jurisprudence seeks to catalyse a paradigm shift in law from anthropocentrism to the eco-centric concept of “Earth Community”. This term refers specifically to two ideas. First, human beings exist as one interconnected part of a broader community that includes both living and nonliving entities. Second, the Earth is a community of subjects and not a collection of objects that exist for human use and exploitation’ (ibid., p. 84); ‘Earth Jurisprudence advocates the concept of Earth Community as an alternative paradigm for law and recognises the intrinsic value of ecosystems. This alternative focus offers a unique holistic insight into the management of the Basin and suggests modelling founded on the principle of ecological integrity’ (ibid., p. 85).
156 Watson, n. 43 above, p. 15.
157 See, e.g., O'Donnell, E. & Talbot-Jones, J., ‘Creating Legal Rights for Rivers: Lessons from Australia, New Zealand and India’ (2018) 23(1) Ecology and Society online articles, Art. 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar, available at: https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss1/art7; O'Donnell, E. & Macpherson, E., ‘Voice, Power and Legitimacy: The Role of the Legal Person in River Management in New Zealand, Chile and Australia (2019) 23(1) Australasian Journal of Water Resources, pp. 35–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
158 See Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature, available at: http://therightsofnature.org.
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