Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T11:28:43.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Picturing an industrial city: green and modern? Postcards from Chemnitz and Lodz (1880s–1980s)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2021

Piotr Kisiel*
Affiliation:
Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Flakenstraße 29–31, 15537 Erkner, Germany
*
*Corresponding author. Email: piotr.kisiel@eui.eu

Abstract

A pictorial postcard condenses a cityscape into one iconic image, which claims to summarize the place, usually in a highly aestheticized version. If that is the case, how does one present an industrial city: with factories and worker housing or rather with churches and the palaces of industrial tycoons? Using four digitalized collections (over 700 postcards) this article analyses images of industrialized cities from the late nineteenth century until the end of the Cold War. The main argument is that this idealized depiction does not focus on industry, but rather taps into the imagination of the European city.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to thank Gruia Bădescu (University of Konstanz) for his insightful comments, which helped to improve this article. An early version of this article was presented at the IX AISU Congress – The Global City: Urban Condition as a Pervasive Phenomenon (2019) and all the feedback I received there helped to improve the quality of this article. In particular, I want to extend my thanks to Jeffrey Cohen (Bryn Mawr College), Christina E. Kramer (University of Toronto) and Nancy Stieber (University of Massachusetts Boston). This research was supported by the Fondazione Internazionale Premio Balzan (2017 Balzan Prize (for Aleida and Jan Assmann)) and Thyssen-Krupp Stiftung (2019 for Aleida and Jan Assmann) and is a part of the Balzan project ‘Memory in the City’ at the University of Konstanz.

References

1 DeBres, K. and Sowers, J., ‘The emergence of standardized, idealized, and placeless landscapes in midwestern main street postcards’, The Professional Geographer, 61 (2009), 218–19Google Scholar.

2 Riley, R., Burdack, J. and Niżnik, A.M., Łódź: ‘Transformation einer Altindustriellen Stadt in der Postsozialistischen Periode’, Europa Regional, 7 (1999), 25Google Scholar; Viertel, G. and Weingart, S., Geschichte der Stadt Chemnitz: Vom ‘locus Kameniz’ zur Industriestadt (Gudensberg-Gleichen, 2002), 98100Google Scholar; Erdmann, A., Städtische Transformationsprozesse in Mittel- und Osteuropa: Stadtentwicklung Zwischen Wachstum und Schrumpfung Am Beispiel von Łódź Und Gdańsk (Wiesbaden, 2014), 165Google Scholar.

3 P. Kisiel, ‘Invisible cities: postcard writing in industrial cities (1956–1988)’, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change (2020), https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1849245.

4 P. Kisiel, ‘Likeable pasts: historical urban views on Facebook’, EuropeNow, 29 (2019), www.europenowjournal.org/2019/09/09/likeable-pasts-historical-urban-views-on-facebook/.

5 Weidlich, B., Chemnitz in alten Ansichtskarten (Frankfurt am Main, 1976)Google Scholar; R. Bonisławski, Łódź na starych pocztówkach = The Łódź of Old Postcards = Łódź auf den alten Ansichtskarten (Łódź, 2013).

6 Mellinger, W.M., ‘Toward a critical analysis of tourism representations’, Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (1994), 756–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Markwick, M., ‘Postcards from Malta – image, consumption, context’, Annals of Tourism Research, 28 (2001), 417CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Milman, A., ‘The symbolic role of postcards in representing a destination image: the case of Alanya, Turkey’, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 12 (2011), 144–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Francesconi, S., ‘Multimodally expressed humour shaping Scottishness in tourist postcards’, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 9 (2011), 117Google Scholar.

8 Arreola, D.D. and Burkhart, N., ‘Photographic postcards and visual urban landscape’, Urban Geography, 31 (2010), 885904CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kowal, T., ‘Changes in a landscape: a case study of three postcards from Risan’, Novensia, 24 (2013), 4160Google Scholar.

9 DeBres and Sowers, ‘The emergence of standardized, idealized, and placeless landscapes in midwestern main street postcards’.

10 Sigel, L.Z., ‘Filth in the wrong people's hands: postcards and the expansion of pornography in Britain and the Atlantic World, 1880–1914’, Journal of Social History, 33 (2000), 859–85Google Scholar.

11 Moors, A. and Machlin, S., ‘Postcards of Palestine: interpreting images’, Critique of Anthropology, 7 (1987), 6177Google Scholar.

12 Banaś, P., Orbis pictus: świat dawnej karty pocztowej (Wrocław, 2005), 55Google Scholar.

13 Roszkowska, T. (ed.), Miasto zachwycaja̜cego szczegółu: Katowice na dawnej pocztówce z kolekcji Biblioteki Śla̜skiej (Katowice, 2007)Google Scholar,

14 Pletzer, K., Album starých pohlednic Českobudějovicko = Album alter Ansichtskarten von Böhmisch Budweis und Umgebung (Liberec, 2001)Google Scholar.

15 Knebel, H., Schlesien in alten Ansichtskarten (Würzburg, 1992)Google Scholar.

16 Kossert, A., ‘“Promised land”? Urban myth and the shaping of modernity in industrial cities: Manchester and Lodz’, in Emden, C., Keen, C. and Midgley, D.R. (eds.), Imagining the City: The Politics of Urban Space, vol. II (Oxford, 2006), 169–92Google Scholar.

17 Hirt, S., Ferenčuhová, S. and Tuvikene, T., ‘Conceptual forum: the “post-socialist” city’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57 (2016), 499CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Mah, A., ‘Ruination and post-industrial urban decline’, in Hall, S. and Burdett, R. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of the 21st Century City (London, 2018), 207Google Scholar.

19 Savitch, H.V., Post-Industrial Cities: Politics and Planning in New York, Paris, and London (Princeton, 1988)Google Scholar.

20 Shaw, D.V., ‘The post-industrial city’, in Paddison, R. (ed.), Handbook of Urban Studies (London, 2001), 284Google Scholar.

22 Marcin Fastyn, email 11 Oct. 2019.

24 J. Rink, ‘Volltextbibliothek Zeno.org startet mit kostenlosem Lesematerial’, Heise Online, www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Volltextbibliothek-Zeno-org-startet-mit-kostenlosem-Lesematerial-180521.html, accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

25 Walter, K., ‘Widokówka i fotografia’, in Jaworski, R. and Molik, W. (eds.), Miasto na pocztówce: Poznań na tle porównawczym (Poznań, 1999), 27Google Scholar.

26 Kowal, ‘Changes in a landscape’.

27 Hasan-Rokem, G., ‘Jews as postcards, or postcards as Jews: mobility in a modern genre’, Jewish Quarterly Review, 99 (2009), 505–46Google Scholar; Moors and Machlin, ‘Postcards of Palestine’.

28 Milman, ‘The symbolic role of postcards in representing a destination image’; Milman, A., ‘Postcards as representation of a destination image: the case of Berlin’, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18 (2012), 157–70Google Scholar.

29 Markwick, ‘Postcards from Malta – image, consumption, context’; Larsen, L. and Swanbrow, L., ‘Postcards of Phoenix: images of desert ambivalence and homogeneity’, Landscape Journal, 25 (2006), 205–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Abernethy, A.M. and Franke, G.R., ‘The information content of advertising: a meta-analysis’, Journal of Advertising, 25 (1996), 7Google Scholar.

31 Marshall, M.N., ‘Sampling for qualitative research’, Family Practice, 13 (1996), 523Google Scholar.

32 Ludwig, J., ‘“Gruß aus Meißen” – Das Ansichtskartenarchiv der Firma Brück & Sohn’, Sächsisches Archivblatt, 2 (2009), 20–1Google Scholar.

34 Popławska, I. and Muthesius, S., ‘Poland's Manchester: 19th-century industrial and domestic architecture in Lodz’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 45 (1986), 151CrossRefGoogle Scholar; S. Liszewski, ‘The origins and stages of development of industrial Łódź and the Łódź urban region’, in S. Liszewski and C. Young (eds.), A Comparative Study of Łódź and Manchester: Geographies of European Cities in Transition (Łódź, 1997), 11.

35 Riley, Burdack and Niżnik, ‘Łódź’, 25; Erdmann, Städtische Transformationsprozesse in Mittel- und Osteuropa, 165.

36 A. Grzegorczyk, ‘Pierwsza połowa XIX wieku: narodziny przemysłu’, Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łodzi, 5 (n.d.), 96–101.

37 Rosset, E., Mały rocznik statystyczny miasta Łodzi 1936 (Łódź, 1938), 1415Google Scholar; Ratecka, B., ‘Zur Lage der deutschen Minderheit in Łódź vor dem ersten Weltkrieg unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Situation der Frauen’, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica, 3 (2002), 179Google Scholar; J. Dzieciuchowicz et al., ‘Religion at the times of changes in Łódź organizational, spatial and social structures’, Space – Society – Economy, 28 (2005), 4–5; Lagzi, G., ‘Łódź – négy nemzet városa (Łódź – city of four nations)’, Comitatus Önkormányzati Szemle, 2–3 (2014), 44Google Scholar.

38 Erdmann, Städtische Transformationsprozesse in Mittel- und Osteuropa, 163; Gałuszka, J., ‘Multikulturowa przeszłość – nadzieja na przyszłość? Przestrzenne reprezentacje historii Łodzi jako próba przeobrażenia wizerunku i tożsamości miasta’, Seria Publikacji Elektronicznych Centrum Historii Miejskiej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 11 (2013), 1011Google Scholar.

39 Bräuer, H., Karl-Marx-Stadt: Geschichte d. Stadt in Wort u. Bild (Berlin, 1988), 816Google Scholar; Viertel and Weingart, Geschichte der Stadt Chemnitz, 8–11.

40 Bräuer, Karl-Marx-Stadt, 114; Eichhorn, J. (ed.), Leben auf dem Sonnenberg. Zur Geschichte und Gegenwart eines Chemnitzer Stadtteiles (Chemnitz, 1997), 52; Viertel and Weingart, Geschichte der Stadt Chemnitz, 64Google Scholar; Kassner, J., Chemnitz-Architektur: Stadt der Moderne (Leipzig, 2009), 17Google Scholar.

41 Bräuer, Karl-Marx-Stadt, 110.

42 Kassner, Chemnitz-Architektur, 17.

43 Diamant, A., Chronik der Juden in Chemnitz: Heute Karl-Marx-Stadt. Aufstieg und Untergang einer jüdischen Gemeinde in Sachsen (Frankfurt am Main, 1983), 20Google Scholar.

44 Banaś, Orbis pictus: świat dawnej karty pocztowej, 54.

45 Brück&Sohn, Chemnitz: Garnisonslazarett – Krankenblock I, 1909, DF, Aufn.-Nr.: df_bs_0010949, www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/obj/71832710.

46 Polskie Tow. Księgarni Kolejowych ‘Ruch’ Sp. akc., Łódź: Plac Wolności, 1918–39, Biblioteka Narodowa (BN), syg. DŻS XII 8b/p.10/14, polona.pl/item/70891394.

47 Machel, G., ‘Idealny obraz miasta na karcie pocztowej’, in Banaś, P. (ed.), Aksjosemiotyka karty pocztowej (Wrocław, 1992), 200Google Scholar.

48 DeBres and Sowers, ‘The emergence of standardized, idealized, and placeless landscapes in midwestern main street postcards’, 218.

49 W. Molik, ‘Poznańskie pocztówki z końca XIX i początku XX wieku na tle porównawczym’, in Jaworski and Molik (eds.), Miasto na pocztówce, 126.

50 Lindner, Ernst-Thälmann-Stadion, 1957, DDR Postkarten Museum (DDR PM), www.ddr-postkarten-museum.de/picture.php?/780/category/574.

51 Brück&Sohn, Chemnitz: Hartmannstraße mit Straßenbahn (1910), DF, Aufn.-Nr.: df_bs_0012143_postkarte, www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/obj/71833901.

52 G.A. Restel, Lodz: Gazovye Zavody = Łódź: Gazownia = Lodz: Gas – Anstalten., 1912–16, BN, syg. DŻS XII 8b/p.10/14, http://polona.pl/item/70467088.

53 J. Mucha et al., Łódzkie Zakłady Obuwia Gumowego ‘Stomil’; Kąpielisko ‘Fala’; Klasycystyczny Ratusz z 1827 r. – Obecnie Siedziba Wojewódzkiego Archiwum Państwowego; Fragment Starego Rynku; Plac Wolności z Pomnikiem Tadeusza Kościuszki, 1978, Łódź w czasach PRL – na kartach pocztówek (ŁWCPRL), www.facebook.com/LodzkiePocztowkiPRL/photos/a.1769406590004520/2059156524362857.

54 J. Mucha, A. Stelmach, and H. Grzęda, Zakłady Konfekcyjno-Tekstylne ‘Teofilów’; Zabytkowa Brama Fabryczna /Obecnie ZFB Im. 1 Maja/; Muzeum Historii Włókiennictwa /Klasycystyczny Budynek z 1. Poł. XIX w. – Dawne ‘Biała Fabryka’ Geyera/; Basen Kąpielowy Przy Zakładach Przemysłu Dziewiarskiego ‘Olimpia’; Technikum Włókiennicze Im. W. Tierieszkowej, 1975, ŁWCPRL, www.facebook.com/LodzkiePocztowkiPRL/photos/a.1769406590004520/1854224078189437.

55 Anon, Łódź: Ogólny Widok = Vue Générale., 1900–45, BN, syg. DŻS XII 8b/p.10/14, https://polona.pl/item/lodz-ogolny-widok-vue-generale,NzA0NjcxMzA/#info:metadata.

56 P. Gemes, Jedno z Największych Miast Polskich, Stolica Przemysłu Włókienniczego Jest Także Ważnym Ośrodkiem Kulturalnym i Naukowym: Jeden z Najlepszych Teatrów Operowych, Muzeum Sztuki z Ogromnymi Zbiorami Nowoczesnych Płócien, Zwłaszcza Rodzimego Malarstwa, Liczne Teatry, Muzea. W Śródmieściu Liczne Zabytki Architektury Secesyjnej, Do Najciekawszych Należą: Ratusz i Zabudowa Ulicy Piotrkowskiej., 1976, ŁWCPRL, www.facebook.com/LodzkiePocztowkiPRL/photos/a.1798465970431915/2343469772598196/.

58 Böhme, H., ‘Thesen zur “europäischen Stadt” aus historischer Sicht’, in Hassenpflug, D. (ed.), Die europäische Stadt – Mythos und Wirklichkeit (Münster, 2002), 49Google Scholar; Brzostek, B., Paryże Innej Europy: Warszawa i Bukareszt, XIX i XX wiek (Warszawa, 2015), 1821Google Scholar; Clos, J., ‘The European city model’, in Burdett, R. and Sudjic, D. (eds.), The Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank's Alfred Herrhausen Society (London, 2007), 160Google Scholar; White, P., The West European City: A Social Geography (London, 1984), XIIIGoogle Scholar.

59 Jordan, D.P., ‘Haussmann and Haussmannisation: the legacy for Paris’, French Historical Studies, 27 (2004), 90–1Google Scholar.

60 Bagnasco, A. and Galès, P. Le, ‘European cities: local societies and collective actors?’, in Bagnasco, A. and Galès, P. Le (eds.), Cities in Contemporary Europe (Cambridge, 2000), 132Google Scholar; White, The West European City; Hohenberg, P.M., ‘The historical geography of European cities: an interpretive essay’, in Henderson, J.V. and Thisse, J.-F. (eds.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics (Amsterdam 2004), 3021–52Google Scholar; Bendikat, E., ‘Die Idee der “europaischen Stadt” Reflexionen zur Stadtgestaltung in Deutschland und Frankreich im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg’, in Kaelble, H. and Schriewer, J. (eds.), Gesellschaften im Vergleich: Forschungen aus Sozial- und Geschichtswissenschaften (Frankfurt am Main, 1998), 431–62Google Scholar; Molnar, V., ‘The cultural production of locality: reclaiming the “European city” in post-Wall Berlin’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34 (2010), 281309Google Scholar; Papageorgiou-Venetas, A., ‘Großstädtische Stadtviertel des 19. Jh. in Europa’, in Papageōrgiu-Benetas, A. (ed.), Die europäische Stadt. Beiträge zur Stadtbaugeschichte u. Stadtgestaltung (Stuttgart, 1984), 85113Google Scholar; Siebel, W., ‘Einleitung: Die europäische Stadt’, in Siebel, W. (ed.), Die europäische Stadt (Frankfurt am Main., 2004), 1150Google Scholar.

61 Burtenshaw, D., Bateman, M. and Ashworth, G.J., The European City: A Western Perspective (London, 1991), 2831Google Scholar; Curtis, W.J.R., Modern Architecture since 1900 (Oxford, 1982), 160–71Google Scholar; Mumford, E., Defining Urban Design: CIAM Architects and the Formation of a Discipline, 1937–69 (New Haven, 2009), 911Google Scholar.

62 Kip, M., ‘Sites of controversy: postwar public squares and the reassessment of modernist architectures’, in Frieling, K. and Kip, M. (eds.), Preserving the Modern: New Perspectives on Postwar Modernist Architecture (Darmstadt, 2018), 923Google Scholar.

63 Frenzel, Wohngebiet ‘Fritz Heckert’, Max-Türpel-Straße, 1987, DDR PM, www.ddr-postkarten-museum.de/picture.php?/720/category/574.

64 Brück&Sohn, Chemnitz. Albertstraße – Anlagen am Bahnhof (1910), DF, Aufn.-Nr.:df_bs_0012379_postkarte, www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/obj/71834137.

65 Anon., Łódź. Bałucki Rynek, post-1926, Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna im. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego w Łodzi, http://bc.wbp.lodz.pl/publication/19299.

66 Brück&Sohn, Chemnitz: Hartmannstraße mit Straßenbahn.

67 Kampmann, Zentralhaltestelle der Straßenbahn mit Linie 5, 1970, DDR PM, www.ddr-postkarten-museum.de/picture.php?/710/category/574.

68 Polster, Hochhaus an Der Dresdner Straße, 1968, DDR PM, www.ddr-postkarten-museum.de/picture.php?/762/category/574.

69 Neubert, Interhotel ‘Moskau’, Straße Der Nationen, 1967, DDR PM, www.ddr-postkarten-museum.de/picture.php?/713/category/574.

70 Hoffmann and Oelsnitz, Hotel ‘Moskau’ in Der Straße Der Nationen, 1966, DDR PM, www.ddr-postkarten-museum.de/picture.php?/750/category/574.

71 P. Krassowski, Ulica Piotrkowska, 1969, ŁWCPRL, www.facebook.com/LodzkiePocztowkiPRL/photos/a.1784693351809177/1968409063437604.

72 Mumford, E., ‘CIAM and the Communist Bloc, 1928–59’, Journal of Architecture, 14 (2009), 237–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Diener, A. and Hagen, J., ‘From socialist to post-socialist cities: narrating the nation through urban space’, Nationalities Papers, 41 (2013), 487514Google Scholar; Sumorok, A., ‘The idea of the socialist city. The case of Nowa Huta’, Architektura, 27 (2015), 303–40Google Scholar; Wiśniewski, M., ‘Socmodernizm: historii póznej nowoczesnosci w architekturze Polski Ludowej’, in Kluczwajd, K. and Pszczółkowski, M. (eds.), Toruński modernizm: architektura miasta 1920–1989 (Toruń, 2016), 107–38Google Scholar.

73 Mellinger, ‘Toward a critical analysis of tourism representations’, 758.