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The battle for Bankside: electricity, politics and the plans for post-war London

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 November 2017

STEPHEN MURRAY Open the ORCID record for STEPHEN MURRAY [Opens in a new window]
STEPHEN MURRAY*
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5 Balmoral Gardens, Hockley, Essex, SS5 4UN, UK
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Abstract:

In the mid-1940s a conflict arose – the battle for Bankside – between two plans for a contested space on London's South Bank. The electricity industry planned to rebuild Bankside power station to alleviate a critical shortage of electricity, whereas the County of London Plan envisaged redevelopment of the area as public gardens, flats and offices. This article examines these plans and their entanglement in the planning system as then constituted; it argues that the significance of the planning principles escalated the arguments from a local issue to the highest level of government. The roles of key actors who manoeuvred to influence the decision-making process are explored. The article demonstrates that the power station approval was crisis driven and imposed ill-considered conditions with long-term implications. Elements of the County of London Plan were realized through deindustrialization and the transformation of the long-derelict power station into Tate Modern in 2000.

Type
Research Article
Information
Urban History , Volume 45 , Issue 4 , November 2018 , pp. 616 - 634
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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References

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12 The National Archives (TNA) HLG 79/916, Ministry of Town and Country Planning, Bankside power station development Southwark: application to minister, letter from the LCC to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 3 Sep. 1945.

13 London Metropolitan Archives (LMA) LCC/PC/GEN/01/052, LCC, architect to the Council's report to the Town Planning Committee, 1 May 1947.

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25 The principal objection at Lincoln was to the cooling towers which would be as high as the hill on which the cathedral stands and would ruin the view from the south. Following a joint public inquiry, the developers, the Lincoln Corporation, agreed to reduce the height of towers and consent was granted in October 1944; see Sheail, Power in Trust, 32–3. The other proposal by the North-eastern Electricity Supply Company was for a new power station at Kepier on the River Wear north-east of Durham city centre. There were objections about spoiling views of the cathedral but the main issue was that the city was unsuited to such a large-scale industrial development. A three-day joint inquiry was held in December 1944. Following legal arguments the developer agreed to abandon the proposal on the conditions that it would receive compensation for abortive expenditure and there would be no objections to the extension of its power stations at Dunston and North Tees; see Sheail, Power in Trust, 33–7.

26 TNA HLG 79/916, letter from the LCC to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 3 Sep. 1945.

27 Sir Giles had been recommended to the CLELCo by its consulting engineer Sir Leonard Pearce who had worked with him on designs for Battersea power station. His grandfather, George Gilbert Scott, had also been involved in a planning battle: the architectural ‘battle of styles’ over gothic revival or Italianate designs for the Foreign Office building in the 1860s; see Port, M.H., Imperial London: Civil Government Building in London, 1850–1915 (New Haven, 1995).Google Scholar

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34 Sheail, Power in Trust, 12.

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40 TNA HLG 79/918, inspector's report, paragraph 1.

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46 Ibid., public inquiry, proof of evidence of Mr J. Hacking.

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49 Ibid., letter from the electricity commissioners to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 29 Jan. 1947, paragraphs 1 and 11.

50 TNA HLG 79/916, memorandum by the minister of town and country planning, 1 Mar. 1947, paragraph 8(ii).

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55 Ibid., memorandum by the chancellor of the exchequer CP (47)110, 26 Mar. 1947.

56 Ibid., personal note from prime minister to the minister of fuel and power, 15 Mar. 1947.

57 Another context for Attlee's question was the government's coal-to-oil conversion programme for industry in response to the national shortage of coal. See TNA POWE 14/494, conversion of power station boilers from coal to oil firing, letter from the CEB to the Ministry of Fuel and Power, 22 Jul. 1946.

58 TNA CAB/128/9, cabinet office, conclusions of a meeting of the cabinet held on 1 Apr. 1947, CM (47)34, fol. 237.

59 TNA CAB/195/5, cabinet secretary's minutes CM 34(47), fol. 189, on 1 Apr. 1947.

60 House of Commons Debates (HC Debates), vol. 436, cols. 780–3, 22 Apr. 1947. Although apparently with little thought to the implications of oil-firing.

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62 H.J. Randall, the managing director of the CLELCo, Times, 1 May, 5; Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, Times, 13 May, 5; and Leonard Pearce, the consulting engineer for the CLELCo, Times, 5 May, 5.

63 Letters of protest include those from the City of Westminster; the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings; the Royal Society of Arts; the London Society; the Corporation of London; and the dean of St Paul's cathedral. See TNA HLG 79/916, HLG 79/917 and HLG 79/324.

64 TNA HLG 79/917, letter from RIBA to Lewis Silkin, 6 May 1947.

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67 Ibid., letter from Lord Latham to Herbert Morrison, 2 May 1947.

68 Ibid., letter from Lewis Silkin to Herbert Morrison, 6 May 1947.

69 TNA CAB 128/9, cabinet meeting on 15 May 1947, CM 47(47), fol. 35.

70 House of Lords Debates, vol. 147, cols. 846–7, 19 May 1947.

71 TNA HLG 79/917, letter from J. Hacking to Sir John Kennedy, 15 May 1947.

72 TNA CAB 129/19, lord president's memorandum, CP (47)160, 21 May 1947.

73 George Isaacs was the minister of labour and national service and MP for Southwark North where Bankside was located.

74 TNA CAB 128/9, cabinet minutes, 22 May 1947, CM (47)49, fol. 49.

75 HC Debates, vol. 437, cols. 2688–725, 23 May 1947; Silkin's comments are at col. 2717.

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79 Ibid., 93–4.

80 The CLELCo, the CEB and the Electricity Commission were abolished, ownership of power stations, including the incomplete Bankside B, was vested in the BEA.

81 TNA POWE 14/1116, Ministry of Power, siting of new power stations: extension to Bankside Borough of Southwark, letter from the CEGB to the Ministry of Power, 18 Apr. 1958. The Ministry of Fuel and Power was renamed the Ministry of Power in 1957. The BEA was reformed as the Central Electricity Authority in 1955 then as the CEGB in 1958.

82 Ibid., letter from the CEGB to the architect to the LCC, 27 Jun. 1958.

83 Ibid., Ministry of Power, form of consent, 7 Aug. 1958.

84 E.g. Times, C.E. Wallis letter to the editor, 5 Oct. 1959, 11.

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87 E.V. Marmaras, ‘Central London under reconstruction policy and planning, 1940–59’, University of Leicester Ph.D. thesis, 1992, 221. The largest building, St Christopher's House, was demolished in 2003. The office building boom was brought to an end by the incoming Labour administration in 1964; see Hall, P., Urban and Regional Planning (Newton Abbot, 1975), 144.Google Scholar

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