Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T06:51:30.554Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Privileges and novelties: the political discourse of the Flemish cities and rural districts in their negotiations with the dukes of Burgundy (1384–1506)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2008

JAN DUMOLYN*
Affiliation:
Department of Medieval History, University of Ghent, Blandijnberg 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

Abstract:

During the negotiations with their Flemish subjects, the Burgundian dukes generally asked for taxes or military aid, while their subjects demanded the confirmation of privileges and the political and economic stability necessary for trade and industry to flourish. In this analysis of the institutionalized bargaining sessions between cities, rural districts and the dukes in Flanders, it will be shown that a specific political discourse developed among the Flemish delegates, that can be considered ‘corporatist’ or ‘communalist’.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Blockmans, W. and Prevenier, W., The Promised Lands. The Low Countries under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530 (Philadelphia, 1999), 24–5Google Scholar. The basic literature on Flanders and the Burgundian state includes idem and idem, The Burgundian Netherlands (Cambridge, 1986); Vaughan, R., Philip the Bold. The Formation of the Burgundian State (London, 1962)Google Scholar; idem, John the Fearless. The Growth of Burgundian Power (London, 1966); idem, Philip the Good. The Apogee of the Burgundian State (London, 1970); idem, Charles the Bold. The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy (London, 1973) (new editions of Vaughan's books appeared in 2002 with updated introductions and bibliography); Prevenier, W. (ed.), Prinsen en poorters. Beelden van de laatmiddeleeuwse samenleving in de Bourgondische Nederlanden 1384–1530 (Antwerp, 1998)Google Scholar; Schnerb, B., L'État bourguignon 1363–1477 (Paris, 1999)Google Scholar; idem, Jean sans Peur. Le prince meurtrier (Paris, 2005); Nicholas, D., Medieval Flanders (London, 1992)Google Scholar.

2 Boone, M., ‘Une société urbanisée sous tension. Le comté de Flandre vers 1302’, in Van Caenegem, R.C. (ed.), 1302. Le désastre de Courtrai. Mythe et réalité de la bataille des Eperons d'or (Antwerp, 2002), 2777Google Scholar.

3 Zoete, A., Organisatie en betekenis van de beden in het graafschap Vlaanderen onder de hertogen Jan Zonder Vrees en Filips de Goede (1405–1467) (Brussels, 1994), 31–3Google Scholar.

4 Prevenier, W. (ed.), De Leden en Staten van Vlaanderen (1384–1405): excerpten uit de rekeningen der steden, kasselrijen en vorstelijke ambtenaren (Brussels 1961) (hereafter: HLS1)Google Scholar; Blockmans, W.P., De volksvertegenwoordiging in Vlaanderen in de overgang van Middeleeuwen naar nieuwe tijden (1384–1506) (Brussels, 1978)Google Scholar; idem, ‘A typology of representative institutions in late medieval Europe’, Journal of Medieval History, 4 (1978), 189–215; Boone, M., ‘In den beginne was het woord'. De vroege groei van “parlementen” in de middeleeuwse vorstendommen der Nederlanden’, Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 120 (2005), 333–61Google Scholar.

5 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, 128–58; Prevenier, W., ‘Het Brugse Vrije en de Leden van Vlaanderen’, Handelingen van het Genootschap voor Geschiedenis te Brugge, 96 (1959), 563Google Scholar; idem, ‘Realité et histoire: le quatrième Membre de Flandre’, Revue du Nord, 43 (1961), 5–14.

6 Genet, J.-Ph., ‘Political theory and local communities in later medieval France and England’, in Highfield, J.R.L. and Jeffs, R. (eds.), The Crown and Local Communities in England and France in the Fifteenth Century (Gloucester, 1981), 19Google Scholar.

7 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, passim.

8 Ibid., 107–27.

9 Ibid., 570–7; idem, ‘Flemings on the move. A profile of representatives, 1384–1506’, in idem, Boone, M. and de Hemptinne, Th. (eds.), Secretum Scriptorum. Liber alumnorum Walter Prevenier (Leuven and Apeldoorn, 1999), 307–26Google Scholar. On social groups see the recent contributions in Prevenier (ed.), Prinsen en poorters.

10 For this term, see Cazelles, R., La société politique et la crise de la royauté sous Philippe de Valois (Paris, 1958)Google Scholar; idem, Société politique, noblesse et couronne sous Jean le Bon et Charles V (Paris and Geneva, 1982); Lewis, P.S., Later Medieval France. The Polity (London, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Dumolyn, J.‘Nobles, patricians and officers: the making of a regional political elite in late medieval Flanders’, Journal of Social History, 40 (2007), 431–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, Staatsvorming en vorstelijke ambtenaren in het graafschap Vlaanderen (1419–1477) (Antwerp and Apeldoorn, 2003), 193–8; Boone, M., ‘Formelis (Formelles, Fourmeles, Fourmellis, Fremelis, Fromelis, Frome lles) (Simon van)’, in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. XIII (Brussels, 1990), cols. 286–92Google Scholar.

12 There was also a specific political discourse of the state servants, see Dumolyn, J., ‘Justice, equity and the common good. The state ideology of the councillors of the dukes of Burgundy’, in Boulton, J. and Veenstra, J. (eds.), The Ideology of Burgundy (Leiden, 2006), 120Google Scholar. For the confrontation between the ideology of the subjects and that of the prince see J. Dumolyn and E. Lecuppre-Desjardin, ‘Le “bien commun” et la lutte discursive entre prince et sujets aux Pays-Bas bourguignons’, in E. Lecuppre-Desjardin and A.-L. Van Bruaene (eds.), De Boni Communi. The Discourse and Practice of the Common Good in the Cities of Western Europe (forthcoming).

13 Vanderjagt, A., Qui sa vertu anoblist: The Concepts of ‘Noblesse’ and ‘Chose Publicque’ in Burgundian Political Thought (Groningen, 1981)Google Scholar; Blockmans, W.P., ‘Crisme de la leze majesté. Les idées politiques de Charles de Téméraire’, in Duvosquel, J.M., Nazet, J. and Vanrie, E. (eds.), Les Pays-Bas bourguignons. Histoire et institutions. Mélanges André Uyttebrouck (Brussels, 1996), 7181Google Scholar; Cauchies, J.-M., ‘Pragmatisme et idéaux dans les exposés des motifs à travers un corpus d'actes princiers pour la Flandre (1405–1419)’, in Gestion et croyances (Collection histoire, gestion, organisations, 8) (Toulouse, 2000), 7180Google Scholar; Boulton and Veenstra (eds.), The Ideology. See for the problem of a ‘medieval’ ideology Kerner, M., ‘Einleitung: zum Ideologieproblem im Mittelalter’, in idem (ed.), Ideologie und Herrschaft im Mittelalter (Darmstadt, 1982), 158Google Scholar.

14 Fairclough, N., Discourse and Social Change (Cambridge, 1992), 91Google Scholar; see also his most recent work Analysing Discourse. Textual Analysis for Social Research (London, 2003).

15 A notable recent exception that deals with Burgundian political discourse during cermonies of power is Lecuppre-Desjardin, E., La ville des cérémonies. Essai sur la communication politique dans les anciens Pays-Bas bourguignons (Turnhout, 2004), 193–7 and passimCrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also idem, ‘“Et le prince respondist de par sa bouche”. Monarchal speech habits in late medieval Europe’, in Deneckere, G. and Deploige, J. (eds.), Mystifying the Monarch. Studies on Discourse, Power, and History (Amsterdam, 2006), 5564Google Scholar.

16 See the fundamental contributions in Burns, J.H. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350–c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1997)Google Scholar.

17 Gierke, O., Das Deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1868–81)Google Scholar.

18 Reynolds, S., Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe (Oxford, 1984), 4Google Scholar.

19 During recent decades the literature on medieval political thought has grown considerably in number and importance, see among others Black, A., Political Thought in Europe 1250–1450 (Cambridge, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 33; see also Williams, R., Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London, 1976)Google Scholar.

21 Black, A., ‘Political languages in later medieval Europe’, in Wood, D. (ed.), The Church and Sovereignty c. 590–1918. Essays in Honour of Michael Wilks (Oxford, 1991), 313–27Google Scholar; Pagden, A. (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pocock, J., Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History (New York, 1973)Google Scholar; Skinner, Q., The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge, 1978)Google Scholar.

22 Genet, ‘Political theory’, 20.

23 Black, Political Thought, 30, 118.

24 Holmes, G., ‘The emergence of an urban ideology at Florence, c. 1250–1450’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, fifth series, 23 (1973), 111CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Ibid., 113.

26 The accounts of the Franc and of other rural districts such as the kasselrijen Veurne or Ypres usually give more detailed information than, for instance, the accounts of Ghent.

27 See the current research by Frederik Buylaert at the University of Ghent.

28 See Stabel, Peter, Dwarfs among Giants: The Flemish Urban Network in the Late Middle Ages (Leuven, 1997)Google Scholar, for the secondary towns of Flanders (which in some cases also numbered up to 10,000 inhabitants and in other European regions would have been considered ‘big cities’).

29 J. De Rock, ‘Het bestuur van de kasselrij Kortrijk tijdens de Bourgondische periode’, University of Ghent, Masters thesis, 2006.

30 HLS1; Zoete, A. (ed.), Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van Vlaanderen (1405–1419): excerpten uit de rekeningen der steden, kasselrijen en vorstelijke ambtenaren, dl. I: 24 maart 1405 – 5 maart 1413 (Brussels, 1982) (HLS2)Google Scholar; idem (ed.), Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van Vlaanderen (1405–1419): excerpten uit de rekeningen der steden, kasselrijen en vorstelijke ambtenaren, dl. II: 10 maart 1413 – 5 september 1419 (Brussels, 1982) (HLS3); Blockmans, W. (ed.), Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van Vlaanderen: regering van Filips de Goede (10 september 1419 – 15 juni 1467): excerpten uit de rekeningen van de Vlaamse steden en kasselrijen en van de vorstelijke ambtenaren, dl. II: vanaf de onderwerping van Brugge (4 maart 1438) (Brussels, 1995) (HLS4)Google Scholar; idem (ed.), Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van Vlaanderen: regering van Filips de Goede (10 september 1419 – 15 juni 1467): excerpten uit de rekeningen van de Vlaamse steden en kasselrijen en van de vorstelijke ambtenaren, dl. II: vanaf de onderwerping van Brugge (4 maart 1438) (Brussels, 1995) (HLS5); idem (ed.), Handelingen van de Leden en van de Staten van Vlaanderen, 1467–1477: excerpten uit de rekeningen van de Vlaamse steden, kasselrijen en vorstelijke ambtenaren (Brussels, 1971) (HLS6); Blockmans, W. (ed.), Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van vlaanderen: regeringen van Maria van Bourgondie en Filips de Schone (5 januari 1477 – 26 september 1506): excerpten uit de rekeningen van de Vlaamse steden en kasselrijen en van de vorstelijke ambtenaren, dl.I: tot de vrede van Kadzand (1492) (Brussels, 1982) (HLS7)Google Scholar; idem (ed.), Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van Vlaanderen: regeringen van Maria van Bourgondie en Filips de Schone (5 januari 1477 – 26 september 1506): excerpten uit de rekeningen van de Vlaamse steden en kasselrijen en van de vorstelijke ambtenaren, dl.II: na de vrede van Kadzand (1492) (Brussels, 1982) (HLS8).

31 A comparison with the county of Holland will be possible once the series of ‘dagvaarten’, comparable to the Flemish ‘Acts’ have been completely published. For the time being see Prevenier, W. and Smit, J.G. (eds.), Bronnen voor de geschiedenis der dagvaarten van de Staten en steden van Holland vóór 1544. 1: 1276–1433 (‘s Gravenhage, 1987)Google Scholar; Smit, J.G. and Boerkamp-Ruchtie, M.Y.N., Bronnen voor de geschiedenis der dagvaarten van de Staten en steden van Holland vóór 1544. 3, vol. III: 1467–1477 (The Hague, 1997)Google Scholar.

32 De Ridder-Symoens, H., ‘De universitaire vorming van de Brabantse Stadsmagistraat en Stadsfunctionarissen – Leuven en Antwerpen, 1430–1580’, Studia Historica Gandensia, 208 (1977), 21126Google Scholar; idem, ‘Ukkelse schepenen en universitaire studies in de XVe en XVIe eeuw’, Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis, 59 (1976), 200–26; Rogghé, P., ‘De Gentse klerken in de XIVe en XVe eeuw. Trouw en verraad’, Appeltjes van het Meetjesland, 11 (1960), 5142Google Scholar; M. Boone, ‘Les juristes et la construction de l'état bourguignon aux Pays-Bas. État de la question, pistes de recherches’, in Duvosquel et al. (eds.), Les Pays-Bas bourguignons, 105–20; Van Caenegem, R.C., ‘Le droit romain en Belgique’, Studia Historica Gandensia, 52 (1966), 165Google Scholar; Dumolyn, Staatsvorming, 217–31.

33 For instance in Bruges: Wyffels, C., ‘Nieuwe gegevens betreffende de XIIIde eeuwse “demokratische” stedelijke opstand: de Brugse “Moerlemaye” (1280–1281)’, Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire, 132 (1966), 3854Google Scholar.

34 W. Prevenier, ‘Quelques aspects des comptes communaux en Flandre au Moyen Âge’, in Finances et comptabilité urbaines du XIIIe au XVIe siècles. Financiën en boekhouding der steden van de XIIIe tot de XVIe eeuw (Pro Civitate, reeks in 8°/VII) (Brussels, 1964), 111–51; F. Blockmans, ‘Le contrôle par le Prince des comptes urbains en Flandre et en Brabant au Moyen Âge’, in ibid., 287–330. See also Van Leeuwen, J., De Vlaamse wetsvernieuwing: een onderzoek naar de jaarlijkse keuze en aanstelling van het stadsbestuur in Gent, Brugge en Ieper in de middeleeuwen (Brussels, 2004Google Scholar).

35 HLS1, 6.

36 HLS1, 9.

37 HLS2, 67.

38 HLS2, 121.

39 HLS4, 145.

40 HLS4, 145.

41 Ibid., 433.

42 HLS1, 217.

43 HLS2, 52.

44 HLS5, 1523.

45 Diegerick, I.L.A., Correspondance des magistrats d'Ypres députés à Gand et à Bruges pendant les troubles de Flandre sous Maximilien, duc d'Autriche, roi des romains etc. (Bruges, 1853), 107Google Scholar.

46 HLS1, 217.

47 HLS1, 78.

48 HLS2, 210.

49 Ibid.

50 HLS2, 210.

51 Ibid., 78.

52 HLS5, 999.

53 HLS2, 194.

54 HLS1, 181.

55 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, passim.

56 Nicholas, D., Town and Countryside. Social, Economic and Political Tensions in Fourteenth Century Flanders (Bruges, 1971), 76117Google Scholar.

57 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, 466; Tits-Dieuaide, M.-J., La formation des prix céréaliers en Brabant et en Flandre au XVe siècle (Brussels, 1975), 183Google Scholar.

58 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, 511.

59 For instance around 1430: HLS4, 474–83.

60 Dumolyn, J., De Brugse opstand van 1436–1438 (Kortrijk-Heule, 1997)Google Scholar; Haemers, J., De Gentse opstand (1449–1453): de strijd tussen rivaliserende netwerken om het stedelijke kapitaal (Kortrijk-Heule, 2004)Google Scholar.

61 Gaudemet, J., ‘Utilitas Publica’, Revue historique de droit français et étranger, 29 (1951), 465–99Google Scholar; Eberhard, W., ‘“Gemeiner Nutzen” als oppositionelle Leitvorstellung im Spätmittelalter’, in Gerwing, M. and Ruppert, G. (eds.), Renovatio et Reformatio: wider das Bild von ‘finsteren’ Mittelalter: Festschrift für Ludwig Hödl zum 60. Geburtstag (Münster, 1985), 195214Google Scholar; Hibst, P., Utilitas publica – Gemeiner Nutz – Gemeinwohl (Frankfurt am Main, 1991)Google Scholar; Kempshall, M.S., The Common Good in Late Medieval Political Thought (Oxford, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 For a further and more general elaboration of this topic in the context of late medieval Flanders, see my article with Elodie Lecuppre-Desjardin, ‘Le “bien commun”’.

63 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, 564.

64 HLS5, 1460.

65 HLS1, 208.

66 HLS1, 342.

67 HLS1, 208.

68 HLS2, 15.

69 Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C., Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London, 2001)Google Scholar.

70 HLS1, 147.

71 HLS1, 98.

72 HLS4, 719.

73 Black, Political Thought, 25.

74 HLS5, 1284.

75 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, 303.

76 HLS1, 12, 14. This exception was, of course, connected to the pro-French politics of the Burgundian lands in that particular phase of the Hundred Years War (1387).

77 HLS1, 15.

78 HLS2, 52.

79 HLS2, 91.

80 HLS4, 367.

81 Diegerick, Correspondance, 28.

82 Ibid., 55.

83 Ormrod, W.M., ‘Political theory on practice: the forced loan on English overseas trade of 1317–1318’, Historical Research, 64 (1991), 205CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Isenmann, E., ‘Medieval and Renaissance theories of state finance’, in Bonney, R. (ed.), Economic Systems and State Finance (The Origins of the Modern State in Europe, 13th to 18th Centuries) (Oxford, 1995), 2831Google Scholar; see also Boone, M., ‘Les ducs, les villes et l'argent des contribuables. Le rêve d'un impôt princier permanent en Flandre à l'époque bourguignonne’, in Contamine, P., Kerhervé, J. and Rigaudière, A. (eds.), L'impôt au Moyen Âge. L'impôt public et le prélèvement seigneurial fin XIIe – début XVIe siècle (Paris, 2002), vol. II, 323–41Google Scholar; and Blockmans, W.P., ‘The Low Countries in the Middle Ages’, in Bonney, R. (ed.), The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c. 1200–1815 (Oxford, 1999), 281308CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

85 For instance HLS1, 165; HLS2, 147.

86 HLS2, 71.

87 Post, G., Studies in Medieval Legal Thought. Public Law and the State, 1100–1322 (Princeton, 1964), 301CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

88 J.P. Canning, ‘Law, sovereignty and corporation theory, 1300–1540’, in Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, 455.

89 Post, Studies, 345.

90 HLS1, 77.

91 HLS2, 105.

92 HLS2, 170.

93 HLS4, 391.

94 HLS4, 446.

95 Vanderjagt, Qui sa vertu anoblist, 45.

96 Black, Political Thought, 35.

97 HLS3, 774.

98 HLS4, 719.

99 HLS2, 485.

100 HLS5, 1080.

101 HLS2, 515.

102 HLS4, 10; HLS5, 1148.

103 Bourdieu, P., ‘Le sens de l'honneur’, in idem, Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique précédé de trois études d'ethnologie kabyle (Paris, 1982), 2569Google Scholar.

104 Schilling, H., ‘Gab es im späten Mittelalter und zu Beginn der Neuzeit in Deutschland einen städtischen “Republikanismus”?’, in Koenigsberger, H. and Müller-Luckner, E. (eds.), Republiken und Republikanismus im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit (Munich, 1988), 103–4, 137Google Scholar.

105 See on privileges in the Netherlands Cauchies, J.-M., ‘Le privilège ou la keure, Ersatz de loi dans les Pays-Bas au bas Moyen Âge?’, in Dölemeyer, B. and Mohnhaupt, H. (eds.), Das Privileg im europäischen Vergleich (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), 123–38Google Scholar; Van Caenegem, R.C., ‘Coutumes et législation en Flandre aux XIe et XIIe siècles’, in Les libertés urbaines et rurales du XIe au XIVe siècle (Brussels, 1968), 259–67Google Scholar.

106 Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging, 309. For an analysis of the prince's oath see Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies, 141–8.

107 HLS, passim; HLS5, 1070. On the word keure see Severen, L. Gilliodts-Van, ‘De la portée du mot “Keure” dans les chartes de Flandre’, La Flandre. Revue des monuments d'histoire et d'antiquité, 16 (1885), 107–42Google Scholar.

108 HLS1, 209.

109 HLS2, 329.

110 HLS, passim.

111 HLS1, 116.

112 HLS1, 215–16, 235.

113 HLS2, 475.

114 HLS5, 999.

115 HLS2, 6.

116 HLS1, 217.

117 HLS4, 628.

118 HLS1, 115; HLS4, 5.

119 For instance HLS1, 148.

120 HLS1, 116.

121 Van Caenegem, R.C., ‘Bookish law and customary law: Roman Law in the southern Netherlands in the late middle ages’, in idem, Law, History, the Low Countries and Europe (London, 1994), 23Google Scholar. See also Gouron, A., ‘Coutume contre loi chez les premiers glossateurs’, in idem and Rigaudière, A. (eds.), Renaissance du pouvoir législatif et genèse de l'État (Montpellier, 1988), 117–30Google Scholar.

122 Krynen, J., ‘Droit romain et état monarchique. A propos du cas français’, in Blanchard, J. (ed.), Représentation, pouvoir et royauté à la fin du Moyen Âge. Actes du colloque organisé par l'université de Maine les 25 et 26 mars 1994 (Paris, 1995), 1324Google Scholar.

123 Black, Political Thought, 36.

124 See Blythe, J., Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages (Princeton, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

125 Canning, J., A History of Medieval Political Thought, 300–1450 (London, 1996), 131, who quotes Summa Theologiae Ia, IIae, 97, 3Google Scholar.

126 HLS1, 148.

127 HLS1, 295.

128 HLS2, 44–5.

129 HLS1, 235.

130 HLS2, 399; HLS4, 120.

131 HLS5, 1403.

132 HLS3, 973.

133 HLS4, 17, 263.

134 HLS4, 218.

135 HLS1, 212.

136 HLS1, 225.

137 HLS1, 198.

138 Gurevich, A., Categories of Medieval Culture (London, 1985), 163Google Scholar.

139 HLS4, 101.

140 For instance HLS2, 3.

141 Smalley, B., ‘Ecclesiastical attitudes to novelty c. 1100–c. 1250’, Studies in Church History, 12 (1975), 113–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

142 For instance HLS1, 164, 169.

143 HLS1, 165.

144 HLS1, 201.

145 Fossier, R., ‘Franchises rurales, franchises urbaines dans le Nord de la France’, in Bourin, M. (ed.), Villes, bonnes villes, cités et capitales. Études d'histoire urbaine (XIIe–XVIIIe siècle). Mélanges offerts à Bernard Chevalier (Caen, 1993), 179–92Google Scholar.

146 Reynolds, S., ‘Medieval urban history and the history of political thought’, in eadem, Ideas and Soildarities of the Medieval Laity. England and Western Europe (Aldershot, 1995), vol. XIV, 5Google Scholar.

147 See Dumolyn, ‘Justice, equity and the common good’.

148 Blickle, P., ‘Der Gemeine Nutzen. Ein kommunaler Wert und seine politische Karriere’, in Münkler, H. and Bluhm, H. (eds.), Gemeinwohl und Gemeinsinn. Historische Semantiken politischer Leitbegriffe (Berlin, 2001), 86–9Google Scholar; idem, ‘Gemeinnutz in Basel. Legitimatorische Funktion und ethische Norm’, in M. Erbe et al. (eds.), Querdenden. Dissenz und Toleranz im Wandel der Geschichte, Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Hans R. Guggisberg (Mannheim, 1996), 31–40.

149 Isenmann, E., ‘Städtsisches Gesetzgebungs- und Verordnungsrecht’, in Cauchies, J.-M. and Bousmar, E. (eds.), ‘Faire bans, edictz et statuz’: légiférer dans la ville médiévale (Brussels, 2001) 412–14Google Scholar.

150 P. Monnet, ‘Particularismes urbains et patriotisme local dans une ville allemande de la fin du Moyen Âge: Francfort et ses chroniques’, in R. Babel and J.-M. Moeglin (eds.), Identité régionale et conscience nationale en France et en Allemagne du Moyen Âge à l'époque moderne (Sigmaringen, 199), 391.

151 Johanek, P. (ed.), Städtische Geschichtsschreibung im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit (Cologne, 2000), viixixGoogle Scholar; Monnet, P., ‘La mémoire des élites urbaines dans l'Empire à la fin du Moyen Âge entre écriture de soi et histoire de la cité’, in Monnet, P., Brand, H. and Staub, M. (eds.), Memoria, Communitas, Civitas. Mémoire et conscience urbaines en occident à la fin du Moyen Âge (Ostfildern, 2003), p. 69Google Scholar.

152 Black, A., Guild and State. European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present (New Brunswick, 2003), 44–9Google Scholar.

153 Ibid., 52.

154 Ibid., 70.

155 Canning, ‘Law, sovereignty and corporation theory, 1300–1450’, in Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, 473.

156 J. Quillet, ‘Community, counsel and representation’, in Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, 525.

157 P. Blickle, ‘Kommunalismus. Begriffsbildung in heuristischer Absicht’, in idem (ed.), Landgemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Mitteleuropa. Ein struktureller Vergleich (Munich, 1991), 14–21.

158 Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies, 329.

159 C. Ammann-Doubliez, ‘Le grand livre des ordonnances de Fribourg/Suisse (1363–1466): genèse et fonctions’, in Cauchies and Bousmar (eds.), ‘Faire bans, edictz et statuz’, 25–6.

160 Cf. Nicholas, D., The Van Arteveldes of Ghent: The Varieties of Vendetta and the Hero in History (Ithaca, 1988)Google Scholar.

161 Cf. Blockmans, W.P., ‘Autocratie ou polyarchie? La lutte pour le pouvoir politique en Flandre de 1482 à 1492, d'après des documents inédits’, Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire, 140 (1974), 257368CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

162 For the princely ideology see Dumolyn, ‘Justice, equity and the common good’; and M. Boone, ‘Législation communale et ingérence princière: la “restriction” de Charles le Téméraire pour la ville de Gand (13 juillet 1468)’, in Cauchies and Bousmar (eds.), ‘Faire bans, edictz et statuz’, 148.

163 Schmidt, H., Die deutschen Städtechroniken als Spiegel des bürgerlichen Selbstverständnisses im Spätmittelalter (Göttingen, 1958), 64Google Scholar.