Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-lrblm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T00:11:30.773Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Countermanding saccades in macaque

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2009

Doug P. Hanes  and
Jeffrey D. Schall
Doug P. Hanes
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Wilson Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
Jeffrey D. Schall
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Wilson Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A countermanding paradigm was utilized to investigate the regulation of saccade initiation. Two rhesus monkeys were instructed to generate a saccade to a peripheral target; however, on a fraction of trials after a delay, the monkeys were signaled to inhibit saccade initiation. With short delays between the presentation of the target and the signal to inhibit saccade generation, monkeys withheld saccades to the peripheral target. As the delay of the stop signal increased, monkeys increasingly failed to withhold the saccade. The hypothesis that the generation of the saccade is determined by a race between a go and a stop process provides three explicit means of estimating the covert latency of response to the stop signal. This latency, known as stop signal reaction time, was estimated to be on average 82 ms for both monkeys. Because the stop signal latency represents the time required to exert inhibitory control over saccade production, the countermanding paradigm will be useful for studying neural mechanisms that regulate saccade initiation.

Keywords

SaccadeSaccade latencyEye movementOculomotor systemMonkey
Type
Research Articles
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 12 , Issue 5 , September 1995 , pp. 929 - 937
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abel, L.A., Levin, S. & Holzman, P.S. (1992). Abnormaitties of smooth pursuit and saccadic control in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Vision Research 32, 1009–1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, N.R., Eason, R.G. & White, C.T. (1961). Latency of ocular fixation upon the second of two successive stimuli. Perceptual and Motor Skills 13, 259–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, W. & Jurgens, R. (1979). An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli. Vision Research 19, 967–983CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, C.J. & Goldberg, M.E. (1985). Primate frontal eye fields. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades. Journal of Neurophysiology 53, 603–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, R.H.S. (1988). Movements of the Eyes. London: Pion Ltd.Google Scholar
Currie, J., Benson, E., Ramsden, B., Perdices, M. & Cooper, D. (1988). Eye movement abnormaiities as a predictor of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex. Archives of Neurology 45, 949–953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeJong, R., Coles, M.G.H., Logan, G.D. & Gratton, G. (1990). Searching for the point of no return: The control of response processes in speeded choice reaction performance. Journal of EEperimental Psychology: Humnn Perception and Performance 16, 164–182.Google Scholar
Fischer, B. & Weber, H. (1993). Express saccades and visual attention. Behavioral and Brann Sciences 16, 553–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, W.A. & Sharpe, J.A. (1986). Saccadic eye movement dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 20, 464–471.Google Scholar
Fukushima, J., Morita, N., Fukushima, K., Tuchiba, T., Tanaka, S. & Yamashita, I. (1990). Voluntary control of saccadic eye movements in patients with schizophrenic and affective disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research 24, 9–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanes, D.P., Thompson, K.G. & Schall, J.D. (1995). Relationship of presaccadic activity in frontal eye field and supplementary eye field to saccade initiation in macaque: Poisson spike train analysis. Experimental Brann Research 103, 85–96.Google ScholarPubMed
Hershey, L.A., JrWhicker, L., Abel, L.A., Dell'Osso, L.F., Traccis, S. & Grossniklaus, D. (1983). Saccadic latency measurements in dementia. Archives of Neurology 40, 592–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hkosaka, O. & Wurtz, R.H. (1989). The basal ganglia. In The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements, ed. Wurtz, R.H. & Goldberg, M.E., pp. 257–281. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hikosaka, O., Sakamoto, M. & Miyashita, N. (1993). Effects of caudate nucleus stimulation on substantia nigra cell activity in monkey. Experimental Brann Research 95, 457–472.Google Scholar
Jennings, J.R., van der Molen, M.W., Brock, K. & Somsen, R.J.M. (1992). On the synchrony of stopping motor responses and delaying heartbeats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Humnn Perception and Performance 18, 422–436.Google Scholar
Judge, S.J., Richmond, B.J. & Chu, F.C. (1980). Implantation of magnetic search coil for measurement of eye position: An improved method. Vision Research 20, 535–538.Google Scholar
Komoda, M.K., Festinger, L., Phillips, L.J., Duckman, R.H. & Young, R.A. (1973). Some observations concerning saccadic eye movements. Vision Research 13, 1009–1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurata, K. & Tanji, J. (1985). Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. II. Responses to movement triggering vs. nontriggering sensory signals. Journal of Neurophysiology 53, 142–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lappin, J.S. & Eriksen, C.W. (1966). Use of a delayed signal to stop a visual reaction-time response. Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, 805–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasker, A.G., Zee, D.S., Hain, T.C., Folstein, S.E. & Singer, H.S. (1988). Saccades in Huntington's disease: Slowing and dysmetria. Neurology 38, 427–431.Google Scholar
Leigh, R.J., Newman, S.A., Folstein, S.E., Lasker, A.G. & Jensen, B.A. (1983). Abnormal ocular motor control in Huntington's disease. Neurology 33, 1268–1275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lisberger, S.G., Fuchs, A.F., King, W.M. & Evinger, L.C. (1975). Effect of mean reaction time on saccadic responses to two-step stimuli with horizontal and vertical components. Vision Research 15, 1021–1025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logan, G.D. (1981). Attention, automaiicity, and the ability to stop a speeded choice response. In Attention and Performance IX, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A.D., pp. 205–222. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. (1982). On the ability to inhibit complex movements: A stop-signal study of typewriting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Humnn Perception and Performance 8, 778–792.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. (1983). On the ability to inhibit simple thoughts and actions: I. Stop-signal studies of decision and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memyry and Cognition 9, 585–606.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. & Burkell, J. (1986). Dependence and independence in responding to double stimulation: A comparison of stop, change, and dual-task paradigms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 12, 549–563.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. & Cowan, W.B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review 91, 295–327.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. & Cowan, W.B. & Davis, K.A. (1984). On the ability to inhibit responses in simple and choice reaction time tasks: A model and a method. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Humnn Perception and Performance 10, 276–291.Google Scholar
Makert, A. & Flechtner, M. (1989). Saccadic reaction times in acute and remitted schizophrenics. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science 239, 33–38.Google Scholar
Melvill Jones, G. & DeJong, J.D. (1971). Dynamic characteristics of saccadic eye movements in Parkinson's disease. Experimental Neurology 31, 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohler, C.W. & Wurtz, R.H. (1976). Organization of monkey superior colliculus: Intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements. Journal of Neurophysiology 39, 722–744.Google Scholar
Munoz, D.P. & Wurtz, R.H. (1992). Role of the rostral superior colliculus in active visual fixation and execution of express saccades. Journal of Neurophysiology 67, 1000–1002.Google Scholar
Munoz, D.P. & Wurtz, R.H. (1993a). Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus I. Characteristics of cell discharge. Journal of Neurophysiology 70, 559–575.Google Scholar
Munoz, D.P. & Wurtz, R.H. (1993b). Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus II. Reversible activation and deactivation. Journal of Neurophysiology 70, 576–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Optican, L.M., Fujita, M., Munoz, D.P. & Wurtz, R.H. (1993). Model of functional interactions among saccade-related neurons in primate superior colliculus. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 19, 787.Google Scholar
Osman, A., Kornblum, S. & Meyer, D.E. (1986). The point of no return in choice reaction time: Controlled and ballistic stages of response preparation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Humnn Perception and Performance 12, 243–258.Google Scholar
Parthasarathy, H.B., Schall, J.D. & Graybiel, A.M. (1992). Distributed but convergent ordering of corticostriatal projections: Analysis of frontal eye field and supplementary eye field in the macaque monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 12, 4468–4488.Google Scholar
Pirozzolo, F.J. & Hansch, E.C. (1981). Oculomotor reaction time in dementia reflects degree of cerebral dysfunction. Science 214, 349–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D.A. (1963). A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering 10, 137–145Google ScholarPubMed
Schall, J.D. (1991a). Neuronal activity related to visually guided sac-cadic eye movements in the supplementary motor area of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology 66, 530–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schall, J.D. (1991b). Neuronal activity related to visually guided sac-cades in the frontal eye field of rhesus monkeys: Comparison with supplementary eye fields. Journal of Neurophysiology 66, 559–579.Google Scholar
Schlac, J. & Schlao-Rey, M. (1987). Evidence for a supplementary eye field. Journal of Neurophysiology 57, 179–200.Google Scholar
Scinto, L.F., Daffner, K.R., Castro, L., Weintraub, S., Vavrik, M. & Mesulam, M.M. (1994). Impairment of spatially directed attention in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease as measured by eye movements. Archives of Neurology 51, 682–688.Google Scholar
Siegel, S. & JrCastellan, N.J. (1988). Nonparametric Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. (1981). Biometry. San Francisco, California: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Sparks, D.L. (1978). Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: Coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset. Brann Research 156, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanji, J. & Kurata, K. (1985). Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. I. Responses to instructions determining motor responses to forthcoming signals of different modalities. Journal of Neurophysiology 53, 142–152.Google Scholar
Teravainen, H. & Calne, D.B. (1980). Studies of parkinsonian movement: 1. Programming and execution of eye movements. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 62, 137–148.Google Scholar
Westheimer, G. (1954). Eye movement responses to a horizontally moving visual stimulus. Archives of Ophthalmology 52, 932–941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JrWheeless, L.L., Boynton, R.M. & Cohen, G.H. (1966). Eyemovement responses to step and pulse-step stimuli. Journal of the Optical Society of America 56, 956–960.Google Scholar
White, O.B., Saint-Cyr, J.A., Tomlinson, R.D. & Sharpe, J.A. (1983). Ocular motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. 11. Control of the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. Brann 106, 571–587.Google Scholar
Zbrodoff, N.J. & Logan, G.D. (1986). On the autonomy of mental processes: A case study of arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115, 118–130.Google Scholar