Hostname: page-component-669899f699-qzcqf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T12:19:15.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Algae Bioassay Detection of Pesticide Mobility in Soils

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Charles S. Helling ,
Donald D. Kaufman  and
Charles T. Dieter
Charles S. Helling
Affiliation:
Plant Sci. Res. Div., Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. Dep. Agr., Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Donald D. Kaufman
Affiliation:
Plant Sci. Res. Div., Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. Dep. Agr., Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Charles T. Dieter
Affiliation:
Plant Sci. Res. Div., Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. Dep. Agr., Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Movement of pesticides on soil thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) plates was detected by a bioassay employing a green alga, Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira and Krauss. After leaching the soil TLC plates with water, a Chlorella suspension in an enriched agar medium was aspirated onto the soil to give ca. 8 × 106 cells/cm2. Plates were incubated at 100% relative humidity at 30 C, with illumination of ca. 40 klux. Zones of pesticide movement were visible within 24 to 48 hr. Mobility in Hagerstown silty clay loam was assessed for two methylcarbamate insecticides and for nine phenylurea, 11 s-triazine, and 13 miscellaneous herbicides. Among analogous triazines, the mobility order was: -OCH3 > -Cl > -SCH3. Movement of 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat) and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat), normally immobile in soils, was directly proportional to rate when applied in high doses.

Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 19 , Issue 6 , November 1971 , pp. 685 - 690
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Literature Cited

1. Addison, D. A. and Bardsley, C. E. 1968. Chlorella vulgaris assay of the activity of soil herbicides. Weed Sci. 16:427–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Ashton, F. M. 1961. Movement of herbicides in soil with stimulated furrow irrigation. Weeds 9:612–619.Google Scholar
3. Atkins, C. A. and Tchan, Y. T. 1967. Study of soil algae: VI. Bioassay of atrazine and the prediction of its toxicity in soils using an algal growth method. Plant Soil 27:432–442.Google Scholar
4. Chapman, T., Gabbott, P. A., and Osgerby, J. M. 1970. Technique for measuring the relative movement of herbicides in soil under leaching conditions. Pestic. Sci. 1:56–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Christie, A. E. 1969. Effects of insecticides on algae. Water Sewage Works 116:172–176.Google Scholar
6. Davidson, J. M. and Santelmann, P. W. 1968. Displacement of fluometuron and diuron through saturated glass beads and soil. Weed Sci. 16:544–548.Google Scholar
7. Dixon, J. B., Moore, D. E., Agnihotri, N. P., and Lewis, D. E. Jr. 1970. Exchange of diquat2+ in soil clays, vermiculite, and smectite. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 34:805–808.Google Scholar
8. Dowler, C. C., Forestier, W., and Tschirley, F. H. 1968. Effect and persistence of herbicides applied to soil in Puerto Rican forests. Weed Sci. 16:45–50.Google Scholar
9. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1–42.Google Scholar
10. Fryer, J. D. and Kirkland, K. 1970. Field experiments to investigate long-term effects of repeated applications of MCPA, triallate, simazine, and linuron: report after 6 years. Weed Res. 10:133–158.Google Scholar
11. Geissbühler, H., Haselbach, C., and Aebi, H. 1963. The fate of N'-(4-chlorophenoxyphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (C-1983) in soils and plants. I. Adsorption and leaching in different soils. Weed Res. 3:140–153.Google Scholar
12. Green, D. H., Ebner, L., and Schuler, J. 1968. New selective triazine [herbicide] for Brassica cultures. C. R. Journees Etud. Herbic., Conf. COLUMA 4th 1:1–14 (1967). In Chem. Abstr. 70:86469q (1969).Google Scholar
13. Hance, R. J. 1965. The adsorption of urea and some of its derivatives by a variety of soils. Weed Res. 5:98–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Harris, C. I. 1967. Movement of herbicides in soils. Weeds 15:214–216.Google Scholar
15. Hayes, M. H. B., Stacey, M., and Standley, J. 1968. Adsorption of s-triazine herbicides by soil organic-matter preparations. Isotop. Radiat. Soil Org.-Matter Stud., Proc. Symp. 2:75–90.Google Scholar
16. Helling, C. S. 1970. Movement of s-triazine herbicides in soils. Residue Rev. 32:175–210.Google Scholar
17. Helling, C. S. 1971. Pesticide mobility in soils I. Parameters of soil thin-layer chromatography. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:732–737.Google Scholar
18. Helling, C. S. 1971. Pesticide mobility in soils II. Applications of soil thin-layer chromatography. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:737–743.Google Scholar
19. Helling, C. S. 1971. Pesticide mobility in soils III. Influence of soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:743–748.Google Scholar
20. Helling, C. S. and Turner, B. C. 1968. Pesticide mobility: Determination by soil thin-layer chromatography. Science 162:562–563.Google Scholar
21. Horowitz, M. 1968. Investigations on the influence of climatic and edaphic factors on the activity and persistence of newer soil-applied herbicides. Ann. Rept. Project A10-CR-68, Grant FG-Is-248, Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. Dep. Agriculture.Google Scholar
22. Kramer, C. V. 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replication. Biometrics 12:307–310.Google Scholar
23. Lambert, S. M., Porter, P. E., and Schieferstein, R. H. 1965. Movement and sorption of chemicals applied to the soil. Weeds 13:185–190.Google Scholar
24. Lavy, T. L. 1968. Micromovement mechanisms of s-triazines in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32:377–380.Google Scholar
25. Loeppky, C. and Tweedy, B. G. 1969. Effects of selected herbicides upon growth of soil algae. Weed Sci. 17:110–113.Google Scholar
26. Palmer, C. M. 1959. Algae in water supplies. U. S. Dep. Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Serv. Publ. 657. 88 p.Google Scholar
27. Pillay, A. R. and Tchan, Y. T. 1969. Paper disc method for rapid bioassay of s-phenylurea herbicides. Biol. Sol. 6(10):23–25.Google Scholar
28. Rodgers, E. G. 1968. Leaching of seven s-triazines. Weed Sci. 16:117–120.Google Scholar
29. Sorokin, C. and Krauss, R. W. 1958. The effects of light intensity on the growth rates of green algae. Plant Physiol. 33:109–113.Google Scholar
30. Talbert, R. E. and Fletchall, O. H. 1965. The adsorption of some s-triazines in soils. Weeds 13:46–51.Google Scholar
31. Walker, A. and Crawford, D. V. 1968. The role of organic matter in adsorption of the triazine herbicides by soils. Isotop. Radiat. Soil Org.-Matter Stud., Proc. Symp., 2:91–105.Google Scholar
32. Weber, J. B. 1966. Molecular structure and pH effects on the adsorption of 13 s-triazine compounds on montmorillonite clay. Amer. Mineral. 51:1657–1670.Google Scholar
33. Weber, J. B., Perry, P. W., and Upchurch, R. P. 1965. The influence of temperature and time on the adsorption of paraquat, diquat, 2,4-D, and prometone by clays, charcoal, and an anion-exchange resin. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:678–688.Google Scholar
34. Weed, S. B. and Weber, J. B. 1969. The effect of cation exchange capacity on the retention of diquat2+ and paraquat2+ by three-layer type clay minerals. I. Adsorption and release. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 33:379–382.Google Scholar
35. Working Group on Pesticides. 1970. Summary of interim guidelines for disposal of surplus or waste pesticides and pesticide containers. Rept. WGP-DS-1. Washington, D.C. 25 p.Google Scholar