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Herbicide symptomology and the mechanism of action of methiozolin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 December 2020

Chad Brabham Open the ORCID record for Chad Brabham [Opens in a new window] ,
Philipp Johnen Open the ORCID record for Philipp Johnen [Opens in a new window] ,
Janneke Hendriks ,
Michael Betz ,
Alexandra Zimmermann ,
Jarrad Gollihue ,
William Serson ,
Chase Kempinski  and
Michael Barrett
Chad Brabham
Affiliation:
Former Graduate Student, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
Philipp Johnen
Affiliation:
Team Leader, BASF SE, Limburgerhof, Germany
Janneke Hendriks
Affiliation:
Senior Scientist, BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
Michael Betz
Affiliation:
Team Leader, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
Alexandra Zimmermann
Affiliation:
Team Leader, BASF SE, Limburgerhof, Germany
Jarrad Gollihue
Affiliation:
Graduate Student, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
William Serson
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Ave Maria University, Ave Maria, FL, USA
Chase Kempinski
Affiliation:
Former Graduate Student, Department of Pharmaceutical Science Lexington, KY, USA
Michael Barrett*
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Michael Barrett, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40546-0312. (Email: mbarrett@uky.edu)
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Abstract

Methiozolin is a new herbicide with an unknown mechanism of action (MOA) for control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in several warm- and cool-season turfgrasses. In the literature, methiozolin was proposed to be a pigment inhibitor via inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferases (TATs) or a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI). Here, exploratory research was conducted to characterize the herbicide symptomology and MOA of methiozolin. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) and P. annua exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to methiozolin, and arrest of meristematic growth was the most characteristic symptomology. For example, methiozolin inhibited A. thaliana root growth (GR50 8 nM) and shoot emergence (GR80 ˜50 nM), and apical meristem growth was completely arrested at rates greater than 500 nM. We concluded that methiozolin was neither a TAT nor a CBI inhibitor. Methiozolin had a minor effect on chlorophyll and alpha-tocopherol content in treated seedlings (<500 nM), and supplements in the proposed TAT pathway could not lessen phytotoxicity. Examination of microscopic images of roots revealed that methiozolin-treated (100 nM) and untreated seedlings had similar root cell lengths. Thus, methiozolin inhibits cell proliferation and not elongation from meristematic tissue. Subsequently, we suspected methiozolin was an inhibitor of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, because its herbicidal symptomologies were nearly indistinguishable from those caused by lovastatin. However, methiozolin did not inhibit phytosterol production, and MVA pathway metabolites did not rescue treated seedlings. Further experiments showed that methiozolin produced a physiological profile very similar to cinmethylin across a number of assays, a known inhibitor of fatty-acid synthesis through inhibition of thioesterases (FATs). Experiments with lesser duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.; syn. Lemna paucicostata Hegelm.) showed that methiozolin also reduced fatty-acid content in Lemna with a profile similar, but not identical, to cinmethylin. However, there was no difference in fatty-acid content between treated (1 µM) and untreated A. thaliana seedlings. Methiozolin also bound to both A, thaliana and L. aequinoctialis FATs in vitro. Modeling suggested that methiozolin and cinmethylin have comparable and overlapping FAT binding sites. While there was a discrepancy in the effect of methiozolin on fatty-acid content between L. aequinoctialis and A. thaliana, the overall evidence indicates that methiozolin is a FAT inhibitor and acts in a similar manner as cinmethylin.

Keywords

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.)cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBI)cinmethylinfatty-acid synthesis inhibitionfatty-acid thioesterase (FAT)tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 69 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 18 - 30
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Franck E. Dayan, Colorado State University

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