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Sprayer Setup Affects Dislodgeable 2,4-D Foliar Residue in Hybrid Bermudagrass Athletic Fields

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2017

Matthew D. Jeffries ,
Travis W. Gannon ,
James T. Brosnan  and
Gregory K. Breeden
Matthew D. Jeffries*
Affiliation:
Graduate Research Technician and Assistant Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695;
Travis W. Gannon
Affiliation:
Graduate Research Technician and Assistant Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695;
James T. Brosnan
Affiliation:
Associate Professor and Extension Specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
Gregory K. Breeden
Affiliation:
Associate Professor and Extension Specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
*
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: mdjeffri@ncsu.edu
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Abstract

2,4-dimethylamine salt (2,4-D) is a selective broadleaf herbicide commonly applied to turfgrass systems, including athletic fields, which can dislodge from treated vegetation. Building on previous research confirming 2,4-D dislodgeability is affected by management inputs, field research was initiated in 2014 and 2015 in North Carolina and Tennessee to quantify the effects of sprayer setup on dislodgeable 2,4-D foliar residue from hybrid bermudagrass, which is the most common athletic field playing surface in subtropical and tropical climates. More specifically, research evaluated dislodgeable 2,4-D foliar residue following spray applications (2.1 kg ae ha−1) at varying carrier volumes (187, 374, or 748 L ha−1) and nozzles delivering varying droplet sizes (fine=extended range [XR], coarse=drift guard, or extra coarse=air induction extended range [AIXR]). Overall, data suggest minimal 2,4-D dislodge occurs via soccer ball roll (3.6 m) outside the day of application; however, increasing carrier volume and droplet size can further decrease dislodgeable 2,4-D foliar residue. At 2 d after treatment (DAT), 3.87% of applied 2,4-D dislodged when applied at 187 L ha−1 compared to 2.05% at 748 L ha−1. Pooled over data from 1 to 6 DAT, 1.59% of applied 2,4-D dislodged following XR nozzle application compared to 1.13% with AIXR nozzle. While these are small numerical differences, dislodgeable residue was measured via one soccer ball roll, which is a repeated process within the sport and the additive effect of sprayer setup treatments can be employed by turfgrass managers to reduce potential human 2,4-D human exposure.

Sal 2,4-dimethylamine (2,4-D) es un herbicida selectivo para el control de malezas de hoja ancha que es comúnmente aplicado en sistemas de céspedes, incluyendo campos deportivos, y que puede desprenderse de la vegetación tratada. Con base en investigaciones anteriores que confirmaron que la capacidad de desprendimiento del 2,4-D es afectada por los insumos para el manejo, se realizó una investigación en 2014 y 2015 en North Carolina y Tennessee para cuantificar los efectos de las condiciones de aplicación sobre los residuos foliares de 2,4-D que se pueden desprender del césped bermuda híbrido, el cual es la superficie más común en campos deportivos en climas tropicales y subtropicales. Más específicamente, la investigación evaluó los residuos foliares desprendibles de 2,4-D después de aplicaciones (2.1 kg ae ha−1) con volúmenes variables de aplicación (187, 374, ó 748 L ha−1) y boquillas de aspersión con tamaño de gota variable (fino=rango extendido [XR], grande=anti-deriva, o extra grande=rango extendido inducido con aire [AIXR]). En general, los datos sugieren que un desprendimiento mínimo de 2,4-D ocurre al rodar un balón de fútbol (3.6 m) después del día de aplicación. Sin embargo, al incrementar el volumen de aplicación y el tamaño de gota se pueden disminuir los residuos desprendibles de 2,4-D aún más. A 2 d después del tratamiento (DAT), 3.87% del 2,4-D aplicado se desprendió cuando se aplicaron 187 L ha−1 al compararse con 2.05% con 748 L ha−1. Al promediar todos los datos de 1 a 6 DAT, 1.59% del 2,4-D aplicado se desprendió después de la aplicación con la boquilla XR al compararse con 1.13% con la boquilla AIXR. Aunque estas son diferencias numéricas pequeñas, los residuos desprendibles fueron medidos al rodar una balón de fútbol, el cual es un proceso repetitivo en este deporte y el efecto aditivo de los tratamientos de aplicación pueden ser empleados por profesionales responsables del manejo de céspedes para reducir el potencial de exposición humana a 2,4-D.

Keywords

2,4-D; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.×Cynodon transvalensis Burtt-Davy.Best management practiceherbicide exposurepesticide exposureturfgrass management.
Type
Weed Management-Other Crops/Areas
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , March 2017 , pp. 269 - 278
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2017 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Ramon G. Leon, University of Florida

References

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