Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qlrfm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T16:33:55.806Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of Environmental Factors on Germination and Emergence of Swallowwort

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

A.H. Pahlevani ,
M.H. Rashed  and
R. Ghorbani
A.H. Pahlevani
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
M.H. Rashed
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
R. Ghorbani*
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: reza.ghorbani@ncl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Swallowwort, a twining perennial of the Asclepiadaceae family, has become increasingly invasive in cultivated fields, orchards, fence rows, natural areas, and roadsides of some provinces in Iran. The ability of this weed to establish and develop from seed was studied in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Optimum germination temperature was 25 C. Germination did not occur at ≤ 15 C either in dark or light. In temperature fluctuation experiments, maximum germination occurred at 30/22 C, but light fluctuations had no effect on swallowwort seed germination. At pH 4 to 9 seed germination was 44 to 66%. Osmotic potential up to −0.2 MPa had little effect on germination. Seed germination was less than 5% at −0.8 Mpa. Swallowwort seeds were not able to germinate at 300 mM NaCl; however, there was 12% germination at the 200 mM concentration. Maximum emergence occurred when the seeds were planted at 1.5 cm depth. Seedlings did not emerge when planted at 6.5 cm depth. Germination percentage of the seeds kept under immersed (water) conditions was similar to those of nonimmersing periods; however, seedling growth was greater in treatments without immersing periods.

Keywords

Swallowwort, Cynanchum acutum L.Immersing periodlightosmotic potentialplanting depthpHsalinityseedsseedlingswater potential
Type
Weed Biology and Competition
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , June 2008 , pp. 303 - 308
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Agrawal, P. K. and Dadlani, M. 1992. Techniques in Seed Science and Technology. New Delhi South Asian Publishers Ltd. 210.Google Scholar
Baird, J. H. and Dickens, R. Germination and emergence of Virginia buttonweed (Diodia virginiana). Weed Sci. 1991. 41:37–41.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S., Dinelli, G., and Bonetti, A. 2004. Germination ecology of Leptochloa chinensis: a new weed in the Italian rice agro-environment. Weed Res. 44:87–96.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S. and Macchia, M. 1997. Germination ecophysiology of bur beggarticks (Bidens tripartita) as affected by light and oxygen. Weed Sci. 45:696–700.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S., Macchia, M., and Miele, S. Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence. Weed Res. 2001. 41:177–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. 1994. Biology and control of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Weed Sci. 6:227–250.Google Scholar
Biswas, P. K., Bell, P. D., Caryton, J. L., and Paul, K. B. 1975. Germination behavior of Florida pusley seeds. Ι. Effects of storage, light, temperature and planting depth on germination. Weed Sci. 23:400–404.Google Scholar
Burlyn, E. M. and Kaufmann, M. R. 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiol. 51:914–916.Google Scholar
Cresswel, G. H. and Grime, J. P. 1981. Inductions of light requirement during seed development and its ecological consequences. Nature. 291:583–585.Google Scholar
Davis, P. H. 1984. Flora of Turkey. Edinburgh, United Kingdom Edinburgh University Press. 581.Google Scholar
Egley, G. H. and Duke, S. O. 1985. Physiology of weed seed dormancy and germination. Pages 27–64. in Duke, S. O., editor. Weed Physiology. Vol. I. Reproduction and Ecophysiology. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press.Google Scholar
Elberlein, C. V. 1987. Germination of Sorghum almum seeds and longevity in soil. Weed Sci. 35:796–801.Google Scholar
Evetts, L. L. and Burnside, O. C. 1972. Germination and seedling development of common milkweed and other species. Weed Sci. 20:371–378.Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination I: effect of seed burial and germination temperature. Weed Sci. 46:48–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghorbani, R., Seel, W., and Leifert, C. 1999. Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus L. Weed Sci. 47:505–510.Google Scholar
Jain, R. and Singh, M. 1989. Factors affecting goat weed (Scoparia dulcis) seed germination. Weed Sci. 37:766–770.Google Scholar
MacDonald, G. E., Brecke, B. J., and Shilling, D. G. 1992. Factors affecting germination of dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium) and yankee weed (Eupatorium compositifolium). Weed Sci. 40:424–428.Google Scholar
Mann, R. K., Rieck, C. E., and Witt, W. W. 1981. Germination and emergence of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus). Weed Sci. 29:83–86.Google Scholar
Martinez, M. L., Valverde, T., and Moreno-Casasola, P. 1992. Germination response to temperature, salinity, light and depth of sowing of ten tropical dune species. Oecologia. 92:343–353.Google Scholar
Moor, R. P. 1985. Handbook on Tetrazolium Testing. Zurich, Switzerland International Seed Testing Association. 99.Google Scholar
Mozaffarian, V. 1998. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Tehran, Iran Farhang Moaser. 740.Google Scholar
Reddy, K. N. and Singh, M. 1992. Germination and emergence of hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). Weed Sci. 40:195–199.Google Scholar
Shu, E. T. 1995. Cynanchum Linnaeus . Flora of China. 16:205–223.Google Scholar
Singh, M. and Achhireddy, N. R. 1984. Germination ecology of milkweed vine (Morrenia odorata). Weed Sci. 32:781–785.Google Scholar
Siriwardana, G. D. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1984. Competition between barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Sci. 32:218–222.Google Scholar
Soteres, J. K. and Murray, D. S. 1981. Germination and development of honeyvine milkweed (Ampelamus albidus) seed. Weed Sci. 29:625–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R. B. 1987. Environmental and chemical manipulation of weed seed dormancy. Weed Sci. 35:135–154.Google Scholar
Tewksbury, L., Casagrande, R., and Gassmann, A. 2002. Swallow-worts. http://www.invasiveplants.net/biologicalcontrol/16SwallowWorts.html. Accessed: December 20, 2007.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. 1979. Germination and seedling development of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed Sci. 27:146–151.Google Scholar
Zhou, J., Deckard, E. L., and Ahrens, W. H. 2005. Factors affecting germination of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) seeds. Weed Sci. 53:41–45.Google Scholar