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³ Fanon, , The Wretched of the Earth (Harmondsworth 1963), 86 and 101.Google Scholar

⁴ Kerr, Clark, Dunlop, John T., Harbison, Frederick H., and Myers, Charles H., Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth, 2nd ed. (New York 1964), 187.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid., 190.

⁶ Ibid., 190.

⁷ For an interesting analysis of the aims of “target workers” in one country, see Elkan, Walter, Migrants and Proletarians: Urban Labour in the Economic Development of Uganda (London 1960), 131–32.Google Scholar

⁸ Touraine, Alaine and Pécaut, Daniel, “Working-Class Consciousness and Economic Development in Latin America,” Studies in Comparative International Development, in, No. 4 (1967–1968), 82.Google Scholar

⁹ Lenin, V. I., What is to be Done? (New York 1929), 33.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See Landsberger, Henry, “The Labor Elite: Is it Revolutionary?” in Lipset, Seymour M. and Solari, Aldo, eds., Elites in Latin America (New York 1967), 290–91Google Scholar; and Sandbrook, Richard, “The State and the Development of Trade Unionism,” in Hyden, Goran, Jackson, Robert and Okumu, John, eds., Development Administration (Nairobi 1970), 252–95.Google Scholar

¹¹ Lenin, (fn. 9), 32.Google Scholar

¹² Epstein, A. L., Politics in an Urban African Community (Manchester 1958), 28–31.Google Scholar

¹³ International Labour Office, “Report to the Government of Zambia on Incomes, Wages, and Prices in Zambia: Policy and Machinery” (Lusaka 1969), 9.Google Scholar Note that 1 Kwacha = $1.40.

¹⁴ Robert Molteno, “Independent Zambia: Achievements and Prospects,” in William Tordoff, ed., Government and Politics in Zambia (forthcoming).

¹⁵ Antonio Gramsci, the prominent Italian Marxist, maintained, for instance, that the factory council was “the model of the proletarian state,” since this institution allowed the proletariat “to educate itself, gather experience and acquire a responsible awareness of the duties incumbent upon classes that hold power of state.” Quoted in Merrington, John, “Theory and Practice in Gramsci's Marxism,” The Socialist Register, 1968 (London 1968), 158–59.Google Scholar

¹⁶ These estimates are based on David Porter's careful sifting of the available statistics. See “Workers' Self-Management: Algeria's Experiment in Radical Democracy,” paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, Los Angeles, October 16–19, 1968, p. 1.

¹⁷ Bourdieu, Pierre, Darbel, A., and others, Travail et travailleurs en Algérie (Paris 1963).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Neither Clegg, pp. 85–93, nor Porter, (fn. 16), 19–21Google Scholar, accept the argument that self-management was responsible for Algeria's economic woes. Both writers agree that the economic failures of the self-managed sector were as much a result of bureaucratic inefficiency and sabotage as of anything else.

¹⁹ Zeiilin acknowledges this as being the case, as do other writers. See, for example, Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo, Cuba: The Making of a Revolution (New York 1968), 14.Google Scholar

²⁰ Zeidin, , “Cuba-Revolution Without a Blueprint,” Trans-Action, VI (April 1969), 41.Google Scholar

²¹ Many writers have denied that the Communists represented a radical force during the Batista era. See, for example, Blackburn's, Robin excellent “Prologue to the Cuban Revolution,” New Left Review, No. 21 (October 1963), 87.Google Scholar

²² This is a point made by Nun, José in “Cuban Workers and tlie Revolution,” Trans-Action, VI (November 1968), 57.Google Scholar

²³ Quoted in O'Connor, James, The Origins of Socialism in Cuba (Stanford 1970), 195.Google Scholar

²⁴ Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, The Labor Sector and Socialist Distribution in Cuba (New York 1968), 182.Google Scholar

²⁵ See, for example, Dumont, René, Cuba: est-il socialiste? (Paris 1970).Google Scholar The term state-class is not used by Dumont.

²⁶ See Wolpe, H., “Some Problems Concerning Revolutionary Consciousness,” The Socialist Register, 1970 (London 1970), 254–55.Google Scholar

²⁷ Iliffe, John, “A History of the Dockworkers of Dar es Salaam,” Tanzania Notes and Records, No. 71 (1970), 120.Google Scholar See also Thompson, E. D., The Mailing of the English Working Class (London 1964), 194.Google Scholar

²⁸ Bourdieu, Pierre, The Algerians, trans, by Ross, Alan C. M. (Boston 1962), 64.Google Scholar

²⁹ Lenin, (fn. 9), 32–33, 77–78.Google Scholar

³⁰ Robert Molteno, “Cleavage and Conflict in Zambian Politics: A Study in Sec tionalism,” in Tordoff (fn. 14).

³¹ For an excellent comparative analysis of the likelihood that the marginal unemployed or underemployed sub-proletariat will participate in political violence, see Nelson, Joan M., Migrants, Urban Poverty and Instability in Developing Nations, Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, Occasional Paper No. 22 (September 1969).Google Scholar