Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T06:26:07.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Birds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2007

G. F. Combs Jr.  and
M. L. Scott
G. F. Combs Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
M. L. Scott
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
Get access

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , February 1977 , pp. 31 - 46
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Akiyama, K., Ohi, G., Fujitani, K. and Yagyu, H. (1975). Polychlorinated biphenyl residues in maternal and cord blood in Tokyo metropolitan area. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Alvares, A. P., Bickers, D. R. and Kappas, A. (1973). Polychlorinated biphenyls: A new type of inducer of cytochrome P-338 in the liver. U.S., Nat. Acad. Sci. Proc. 70: 1321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Anderson, D. W., Hickey, J. J., Risebrough, R. W., Hughes, D. F. and Christensen, R. E. (1969). Significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and cormorants. Can. Fld.-Nat. 83: 91.Google Scholar
4. Anonymous. (1971). Toxic substances; Monsanto releases PCB data. Chem. Eng. News, 12 6, 1971, p. 15.Google Scholar
5. Anonymous. (1972a). Report of the USDA Ad Hoc Group on PCBs. Office of Science and Education, Washington, D.C., 39 pp.Google Scholar
6. Anonymous. (1972b). Polychlorinated biphenyls. Notice of proposed rule making. Federal Reg., 37: 5705.Google Scholar
7.Ax, R. L. and Hasen, L. G. (1975). Effects of purified polychlorinated biphenyl analogs on chicken reproduction. Poultry Sci. 54: 895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Bache, C. A., Serum, J. W., Youngs, W. D. and Lisk, D. J. (1972). Polychlorinated biphenyl residues: Accumulation in Cayuga Lake trout with age. Science, N.Y. 177: 1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Bagley, G. E., Reichel, W. L. and Chromartie, E. (1970). Pesticide residues, identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in two bald eagles by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chem. 53: 251.Google Scholar
10.Bailey, S. and Bunyan, P. J. (1972). Interpretation of persistence and effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in birds. Nature, Lond. 236: 34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Bitman, J., Cecil, H. C. and Harris, S. J. (1972). Biological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in rats and quail. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Perspect. 1: 145.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Bitman, J. and Cecil, H. C. (1970). Estrogenic activity of DDt analogs and polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18: 108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Bjerk, J. E. (1974). Residues of organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in samples of Norwegian butter 1966–1972. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Block, W. D. and Cornish, H. H. (1959). Metabolism of biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl in the rabbit. J. Biol. Chem. 234: 3301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Braestrup, L., Clausen, J. and Berg, C. (1974). DDE, PCB and Aldrin in arctic birds in Greenland. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Briggs, D. M. (1973). Gross changes of internal organs of broiler fed polychlorinated biphenyls. Poultry Sci. 52: 2002 (abstract).Google Scholar
17.Briggs, D. M. and Harris, J. R. (1973). Polychlorinated biphenyls influence on hatchability. Poultry Sci. 52: 1291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Britton, W. M. and Huston, T. M. (1972). Yolk content and hatchability of eggs from hens fed Arclor 1242. Poultry Sci. 51: 1869 (abstract).Google Scholar
19.Britton, W. M. and Huston, T. M. (1973). Influence of polychlorinated biphenyls in the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 52: 1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Call, D. J., Greichus, Y. A. and Warman, J. J. (1974). A gas chromatography—mass spectrometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues in Japanese quail brains to an Aroclor standard. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Call, D. J. and Harrell, B. E. (1974). Effects of Dieldrin and PCB's upon the production and morphology of Japanese quail eggs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Camp, B. J., Hejtmancik, E. and Armour, C. (1974). Acute effect of Aroclor 1254 (PCB) on Ictalurus punctatus (catfish). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Carlson, R. W. and Duby, R. T. (1973). Embryotoxic effects of three PCB's in the chick. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Cecil, H. C., Bitman, J., Lillie, R. J., Fries, G. F. and Verrett, J. (1974). Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of unhatched fertile eggs from hens fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Cecil, H. C., Harris, S. J., Bitman, J. and Fries, G. F. (1973). Polychlorinated biphenyl induced decrease in liver vitamin A in Japanese quail and rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Choi, P. S. K., Nack, H. and Flinn, J. E. (1974). Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in an aerated biological oxidation waste water treatment system. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Combs, G. F. Jr., Cantor, A. H. and Scott, M. L. (1975). Effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls on vitamin E and selenium nutrition in the chick. Poultry Sci. 54: 1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Combs, G. F. Jr., and Scott, M. L. (1975). Polychlorinated biphenyl-stimulated selenium deficiency in the chick. Poultry Sci. 54: 1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Conney, A. H. (1967). Pharmacological implications of microsomal enzyme induction. Pharmacol. Rev. 19: 317.Google ScholarPubMed
30.Curley, A., Burse, V. W., Jennings, R. W., Villeneuva, D. C. and Kimbrough, R. D. (1975). Evidence of tetrachloro dibenzofuran (TCDF) in Aroclor 1254, and the urine of rats following dietary exposure to Aroclor 1254. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Cutkomp, L. K., Yap, H. H., Desaiah, D. and Koch, R. B. (1972). The sensitivity of fish ATPase to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Health Perspect. 1: 165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Dahlgren, R. B. and Lindner, R. L. (1971). Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on pheasant reproduction, behavior and survival. J. Wildlife Mgt. 35: 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Davis, P. W., Friedhoff, J. M. and Wedemeyer, G. A. (1972). Organochlorine, insecticide, herbicide and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) inhibition of NaK-ATPase in rainbow trout. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8: 69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Duke, T. W., Lowe, J. I. and Wilson, A. J. Jr. (1970). A polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) in the water, sediment and biota of Escambia Bay, Florida. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5: 171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Dyment, P. G., Hebertson, L. M., Gomes, E. D., Wisewan, J. S. and Hornabrook, R. W. (1971). Absence of polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk and serum from Texas and human milk from New Guinea. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6: 532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Flick, D. F., Douglas, C. D. and Gallo, L. (1963). Studies of the chick edema disease. 1. Body water distribution and effect of diet. Poultry Sci. 42: 855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Flick, D. F., O'dell, R. G. and Childs, V. A. (1965). Studies of the chick edema disease. 3. Similarity of symptoms produced by feeding chlorinated biphenyl. Poultry Sci. 44: 1460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Friend, M. and Trainer, D. O. (1970). Polychlorinated biphenyl: interaction with duck hepatitis virus. Science, N.Y. 170: 1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Greb, W., Klein, W., Coulston, F., Goldberg, L. and Karle, F. (1975). In vitro metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls-14C. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Greichus, Y. A., Greichus, A. and Emerick, R. J. (1973). Insecticides, Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury in wild cormorants, pelicans, their eggs, food and environment. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Greichus, Y. A., Worman, J. J., Pearson, M. A. and Call, D. J. (1974). Analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls in bird tissues and Aroclor standards with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Hague, R., Schmeddling, D. W. and Freed, V. H. (1974). Aqucous solubility, adsorption, and vapor behavior of polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8: 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Hill, E. F., Heaht, R. G., Spann, J. W. and Williams, J. D. (1974). Polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity to Japanese quail as related to degree of chlorination. Poultry Sci. 53: 597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Hollman, K. A. and Barnett, B. D. (1972). Species differences in Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) response. Poultry Sci. 51: 1870 (abstract).Google Scholar
45.Holmes, D. C., Simmons, J. H. and Tatton, J. O. (1967). Chlorinated hydrocarbons in British Wildlife. Nature, London. 216: 227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Holub, B. J., Piekarski, J. and Nilson, K. (1975). The effect of a PCB (2,4,2',4'tetrachlorobiphenyl) on lipid-synthesizing enzymes in rat liver microsomes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Hsu, I. C., Van Miller, J. P. and Allen, J. R. (1975). Metabolic fate of 3H-2,5,2',5”-tetrachlorobiphenyl in infant nonhuman primates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Hurst, J. G., Newcomer, W. S. and Morrison, J. A. (1974). Some effects of DDT. toxaphene and polychlorinated biphenyl on thyroid function in Bobwhite quail. Poultry Sci 53: 125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Hutzinger, O., Nash, D. M., Safe, S., DeFreitas, A. S., Norstrom, R. J., Wildish, D. J. and Zitko, V. (1972). Polychlorinated biphenyls: Metabolic behavior of pure isomers in pigeons, rats and brook trout. Science, N.Y. 178: 312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Hutzinger, O., Safe, S. and Zitko, V. (1971). Polychlorinated biphenyls: Synthesis of some individual chlorobiphenyls. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6: 209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Iturri, S., Cogger, E. A. and Ringer, R. K. (1972). The effect of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls on some cardiovascular parameters in chickens. Poultry Sci. 51: 1870 (abstract).Google Scholar
52.Iverson, F., Villeneuve, D. C., Grant, D. L. and Hatina, G. V. (1975). Effect of Aroclor 1016 and 1242 on selected enzyme systems in the rat. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Jan, J., Momari, M. and Milohnoja, M. (1974). Excretion of some pure PCB isomers in milk of cows. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Jensen, S. (1966). Report of a new chemical hazard. New Scientist 32: 612.Google Scholar
55.Johnson, D. R., Melquist, W. E. and Schroeder, G. J. (1975). DDT and PCB levels in Lake Coeur d-Alene, Idaho, osprey eggs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Keil, J. E., Sandifer, S. H., Graber, C. D. and Priester, L. E. (1972). DDT and polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1242). Effects of uptake on Escherichia coli growth. Water Res. 6: 837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Kiesner, J. (1972). FDA proposal establishes temporary PCB tolerances in feed, food products. Feedstuffs, 03 20, 1972, p. 6.Google Scholar
58.Kinter, W. B., Merkens, L. S., Janicki, R. H. and Guarino, A. M. (1972). Studies on the mechanism of toxicity of DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Disruption of osmoregulation in marine fish. Environ. Health Perspects. 1: 169.Google ScholarPubMed
59.Koch, R. B., Desaiah, D., Yap, H. H. and Cutkomp, L. K. (1972). Polychlorinated biphenyls: Effect of long-term exposure on ATPase activity in fish, Pimephales promelas. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7: 87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Koeman, J. H., de Braun, M. C. and de Vosa, R. H. (1969). Chlorinated biphenyls in fish, mussels and birds from the River Rhine and the Netherlands Coastal area. Nature, London. 221: 1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Kolbeye, A. C. (1972). Food exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Health Perspect. 1: 85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.Lee, F., Beezhold, V. and Stout, F. (1973). The use and effect of mixed standards in the quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyls. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10: 10.Google Scholar
63.Lieb, A. J., Bills, D. B. and Shinnhuber, R. O. (1974). Accumulation of dietry polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) by Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Agr. Food Chem. 22: 638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Lillie, R. J., Cecil, H. C., Bitman, J. and Fries, G. F. (1974). Differences in response of caged White Leghorn layers to various polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the diet. Poultry Sci. 53: 726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Lillie, R. J., Cecil, H. C., Bitman, J., Fries, G. F. and Verrett, J. (1975). Toxicity of certain polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls on reproductive efficiency of caged chickens. Poultry Sci. 54: 1550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Lincer, J. L. and Peakall, D. B. (1970). Metabolic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in the American kestrel. Nature. London. 228: 783.Google ScholarPubMed
67.Linko, R. R., Rantamaki, P. and Urpo, K. (1974). PCB residues in plankton and sediment on the Southwestern coast of Finland. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Litterst, C. L., Farber, T. M., Baker, A. M. and van Loon, E. J. (1972). Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on hepatic mocrosomal enzymes in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 23: 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Litterst, C. L. and van Loon, E. J. (1974). Time-course of induction of microsomal enzymes following treatment with polychlorinated biphenyls. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.McCune, E. L., Savage, J. E. and O'dell, B. L. (1962). Hydropericardium and ascites in chicks fed a chlorinated hydrocarbon. Poultry Sci. 41: 295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Nimmo, D. R., Forester, J., Heitmuller, P. T. and Cook, G. H. (1974). Accumulation of Aroclor 1254 in grass shrimp (Palacmonetes pugio) in laboratory and field experiments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72.Pardini, R. S. (1971). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB): Effect on mitchondrial enzyme systems. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6: 539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73.Peakall, D. B. (1967). Pesticide-induced enzyme breakdown of steroids in birds. Nature, London. 216: 505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Peakall, D. B. (1970). Pesticides and the reproduction of birds. Scient. Am. 22: 73.Google Scholar
75.Peakall, D. B. (1971). Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on eggshells of ring doves. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6: 100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Peakall, D. B. and Lincer, J. L. (1970). Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on active transport of calcium in the avian oviduct. Am. Zool. 10: 515 (abstract).Google Scholar
77.Peakall, D. B., Lincer, J. L. and Bloom, S. E. (1972). Embryonic mortality and chromosomal alterations caused by Aroclor 1254 in ring doves. Environ. Health Perspect. 1: 103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Pichiarallo, J. (1971). PCBs: Leaks of toxic substances raise issue of effects, regulation. Science, N.Y. 173- 899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79.Platonow, N. S., Bullock, D. H., Arnott, D. R., Saschenbrechert, P. W. and Greive, D. G. (1971). Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in dairy products processed from milk of exposed cows. J. Dairy Sci. 54: 1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Platonow, N. S. and Funnell, H. S. (1971). Anti-androgenic-like effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in cockerels. Vet. Rec. 88: 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81.Platonow, N. S., Saschenbrechert, P. W. and Funnell, H. S. (1971). Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls in cattle. Can. Vet. J. 12: 115.Google ScholarPubMed
82.Prestt, I., Jeffries, D. J. and Moore, N. W. (1970). Polychlorinated biphenyls in wild birds in Britain and their avian toxicity. Environ. Poll. 1: 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83.Price, N. O., Young, R. W. and Dickinson, J. K. (1972). Pesticide residues and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in diets, urine and fecal matter of preadolescent girls. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 1280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Rehfeld, B. M., Bradley, R. L. Jr. and Sunde, M. L. (1971). Toxicity studies on polychlorinated biphenyls in the chick. 1. Toxicity and symptoms. Poultry Sci. 50: 1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Rehfeld, B. M., Bradley, R. L. Jr. and Sunde, M. L. (1972). Toxicity studies on polychlorinated biphenyls in the chick. 3. Recovery. Poultry Sci. 51: 435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86.Rehfeld, B. M., Bradley, R. L. Jr. and Sunde, M. L. (1972). Toxicity studies on polychlorinated biphenyls in the chick. 2. Biochemical effects and accumulation. Poultry Sci. 51: 486.Google Scholar
87.Reynolds, L. M. (1969). Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and their interference with pesticide residue analysis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4: 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88.Risebrough, R. (1970). More letters in the wind. Environ. 12: 16.Google Scholar
89.Risebrough, R., Herman, S. G., Peakall, D. H. and Kirven, M. N. (1968). Polychlorinated biphenyls and the global ecosystem. Nature, London. 220: 1098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90.Roach, J. A. G. and Pomerantz, I. H. (1974). The finding of chlorinated dibenzofurans in a Japanese polychlorinated biphenyl sample. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91.Scoti, M. L., Vadhera, D. V., Mullenhoff, P. A., Rumsey, G. L. and Rice, R. W. (1971). Results of experiments on the effects of PCBs on laying hen performance. Proc. 1971 Cornell Nutr. Conf., p. 56.Google Scholar
92.Scott, M. L., Zimmermann, J. R., Marinsky, , Susan, , Mullenhoff, P. A., Rumsey, G. L. and Rice, R. W. (1975). Effects of PCBs. DDT, and mercury compounds upon egg production, hatchability and shell quality in chickens and Japanese quail. Poultry Sci. 54: 350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Shutze, J. V., Charles, O. W., Harrold, T. J. and Johnson, H. S. Jr., (1972). Depletion of polychlorinated biphenyls from laying hens. Poultry Sci. 51: 1871.Google Scholar
94.Sivalingan, P. M., Yoshida, T. and Inada, Y. (1973). The modes of inhibitory effects of PCBs in oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10: 242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Smith, F. A., Sharma, R. P., Lynn, R. I. and Low, J. B. (1974). Mercury and selected pesticide levels in fish and wildlife in Utah: II. Levels of mercury, DDT, DDE, Dieldrin and PCB in chukars, pheasants and waterfowl. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96.Sodergren, A. and Sevensson, B. (1973). Uptake and accumulation of DDT and PCB by Ephemera dunica (Ephemeroptera) in continuous flow systems.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97.Tucker, R. K. and Crabtree, R. G. (1970). Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides in Wildlife. Res. Pub. No. 184. U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Washington, D. C., pp. 19–21.Google Scholar
98.Turk, D. E., and Heitman, K. G. (1973). Ingested polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1242) and growth, calcium and zinc absorption and intestinal ultrastructure in chicks. J. Nutr. 103: xxiv (abstract).Google Scholar
99.Turner, J. C. and Geen, R. S. (1974). The effect ofpolychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) on liver microsomal enzymes in the male rat. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100.Uchiyama, M. and Chiba, T. (1974). Co-carcinogenic effect of DDT and PCB feeds in methylcholanthrene-induced chemical carcinogenesis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101.Vos, J. G. (1972). Toxicology of PCBs for mammals and for birds. Environ. Health Perspect. 1: 105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102.Vos, J. G. and Koeman, J. H. (1970). Comparative toxicologic study with polychlorinated biphenyls in chicks with special reference to porphyria, edema formation. liver necrosis and tissue residues. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 17: 656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103.Vos, J. G., Strik, J. J., Van Holstfijn, C. M. and Pennings, J. H. (1971). Polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of hepatic porphyria in Japanese quail, with special reference to delta-amino-levolinic acid synthetase activity, flunrescence and residues in the liver. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 20: 232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Wilhelm, I. A. (1971). The PCB era. Snafu in demand. Egg Industry. 10, 1971, p. 29.Google Scholar
105.Yobs, A. R. (1972). Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue of the general population of the nation. Environ. Health Perspect. 1: 79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106.Yoshimura, H. and Yamamoto, H. (1975). A novel route of excretion of 2,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107.Zitko, V. (1974). Uptake of chlorinated paraffins and PCB from suspended solids and food by journile Atlantic Salmon. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 12: 406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed