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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 February 2016

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Paul Gowder: Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois

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Type: Chapter
Information: The Rule of Law in the Real World , pp. 271 - 275

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316480182 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2016
Creative Commons: This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

accountability, 101, 108–109, 192, 200

Aeschines, 87, 88, 108, 139, 221, 224, 227

Aeschylus, 90, 222

Afghanistan, 1, 170, 175, 243

Alcibiades, 87–88, 89, 94, 98, 103, 135

Alexander, Michelle, 57, 190, 192

Allen, Danielle, 108, 218, 224

American law

African-Americans and, 6, 30, 32, 39, 57, 110, 153, 164, 190–195

big data and, 190

criminal justice and, 6, 56, 153, 190–192, 195

eminent domain in, 14

franchise and, 42–47, 140, 164, 191, 195

judicial review and, 4, 121, 157, 160

Latinos and, 190, 191, 246

military contractors and, 190

police accountability and, 1, 6, 55–56, 153, 173, 190–192

prison populations and, 54, 190–195

anarchy, 9, 56, 57, 90, 146, 150–151, 154

Anderson, Elizabeth, 34

Andocides, 80, 81, 87–88, 135, 221

antebellum South, 52

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, 128

Arab Spring, 190, 245

arbitrary violence, 24, 193

Aristotle, 82, 89–90, 198, 216, 218, 223, 224

Athenian law

amnesty in, 78, 81, 95–109, 145

boule, 79–82

dikasteria, 79

eisangelia, 83

ekklesia, 91–92, 223, 249–

euthynai, 83, 99, 226

graphe, 79, 81–84, 88–94, 219

graphe paranomon, 79, 82–83, 88–94

hetaireiai, 98, 105

hybris, 102, 108

isegoria, 86, 222

isonomia, 84, 85, 90, 93, 101

mass juries in, 60, 67, 86, 97, 106, 107, 118, 155

nomothetai, 79

psephismata, 79

syngrapheis, 98

at-will imprisonment. See imprisonment without trial

audience costs, 61–62, 211

autonomy, 12, 20, 43, 68, 69, 73–75, 141, 183, 201, 209, 214, 216

Baltimore, Maryland, 153–154, 192–193, 246

bills of attainder, 13, 14, 25, 31, 121, 122, 203

Black Panthers, 152

Bracton treatise, 129, 233, 234, 251

bribery, 1, 105, 161–163, 165, 229, 239, 241

British law

absence of judicial review in, 120

Crown and, 132, 137, 146, 148(see also specific monarchs)

Five Knights Case in, 130, 134, 140, 235

House of Commons in, 121, 136

House of Lords in, 121, 126

judicial review, 155

parliamentary sovereignty in, 120, 125

royal veto in, 121

status of villeins in, 128, 129, 134, 136, 137, 138, 233, 234, 235, 236

Brown v. Board of Education, 110

Brown, Michael, 192

Caligula, 18, 27, 64, 67, 69

capitalism, 3, 4, 169, 197

Carawan, Edwin, 82, 217, 223, 225, 226

Carothers, Thomas, 171, 197, 242, 243

Charles I, 125, 126, 130, 134, 140

Chile, 124, 197

citizens, 202, 211, 214, 220, 229, 236, 237, 238

civic trust, 102, 103, 104, 108, 243

civil disputes, 49, 175

civil rights, 56, 152, 153, 192, 208

civil war (UK), 129

classical Athens, 4, 5, 10, 23–24, 54, 78–120, 122, 128, 134, 140, 144, 146–147, 149, 155, 160, 161, 201, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 235

Coke, Sir Edward, 130–141

commitment to rule of law, 4–6, 10, 52, 69, 74–76, 97, 100, 102, 106–109, 112–113, 118, 144–147, 149–160, 163–167, 168–171, 173–178, 189, 194, 203, 218, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 239

computational modeling, 162

Condorcet jury theorem, 43

Constitution of the Athenians, 81, 89

Constitution (US)

Equal Protection Clause in, 28

freedom of speech in, 63

Privileges and Immunities Clause in, 28

constitutionalism, 91–92

constructivism, 37

control of violence, 1, 9, 10, 12, 20, 21, 24, 25, 41, 53–75, 99, 100, 123, 129, 153, 172, 174, 176–181, 192, 193, 195, 198, 201, 211, 214, 215, 217, 243, 245, 248

corruption, 61, 177, 182, 212, 244

courts

as authoritative steward, 111

as signaling mechanism, 60, 76, 102, 105–119, 125–127, 150–158, 172–173, 191, 226, 229, 230, 243

as source of power, 16, 56, 62, 78–79, 82–88, 95, 98–101, 107, 126–134, 140–142, 173–180, 192–193, 203, 217, 219, 226, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 247, 248

Crawford, John, 192

Cresheld, Richard, 136

crime

explanation for arrest and, 14, 30, 54, 102, 109, 128

of hubris, 79, 82

of status, 46, 49, 55, 192

punishment and, 22, 81, 99, 100, 125

rates, 2, 176, 178–180

state malfeasance and, 100–110, 127, 194

status in, 194

Davidson, Donald, 36, 37, 206

Demosthenes, 87, 88, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 227

Diallo, Amadou, 192

Dicey, Albert Venn, 91, 92, 124, 125, 155, 203, 222, 231

dictatorship, 64, 148, 149, 150

Digges, Sir John, 138

disability

constraint of, 62, 80

vertical equality and, 30, 32, 45

discrimination, 29, 40, 172, 182, 183, 190, 204, 246

disenfranchisement, 11, 42–47, 93, 98, 106–110, 117, 118, 124, 135, 137–138, 140, 164, 191, 195, 208, 231, 235

distribution of wealth, 149

diversity of population, 84, 124, 150, 160, 161

domination. See neorepublicanism

drone (unmanned aerial vehicle), 128, 190

due process, 130, 234, 236

Duvalier, François, 1, 12

Dworkin, Ronald, 2, 15, 26, 73, 197, 199, 202, 215, 216

Eliot, Sir John, 139, 235, 236

equality

“equality thesis” in, 58, 71, 74, 134

Greek translation of, 85

rights and, 84, 113, 178, 222

equality thesis. See legal systems, equality and

Euripides, 90, 222

European Convention on Human Rights, 127, 128

Euryptolemus, 93, 111

extrajudicial actions

assassination and, 98, 149, 189, 217

detention and, 128, 149, 203, 230

evidence and, 101, 103

Federalist No. 57 (James Madison), 212

felon disenfranchisement, 195

Ferguson, Missouri, 153, 192–193, 247

force, monopoly of, 9, 51–57, 72, 123, 206

Ford, Ezell, 192

Four Hundred, 95–111

France, Anatole, 45

France, Ancien Régime, 26

Freedom House, 183, 212

freemen, 131–136, 236, 237(see also liber homo)

Fuller, Lon, 1, 27, 74–77, 203, 207, 208, 216

game theory

common knowledge in, 113, 115

conditions in, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118

costs in, 41, 48, 61–63, 110–117, 145, 149, 157, 174, 208, 211, 229, 230

model of analysis, 17, 58, 59, 60, 97, 101, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 161, 197, 232

Garner, Eric, 192

generality development, 26–56, 73, 75, 84, 112, 132, 144, 147, 148, 150, 151, 158, 161, 168, 175, 181–183, 189, 191, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 242

Germany, 214

globalization, 169

Grant, Oscar, 192

gross domestic product (GDP), 183

Gurley, Akai, 192

Guttman scale, 181

habeas corpus, 26, 134

Habermas, Jürgen, 75, 203, 216

Hadfield, Gillian, 111, 114, 227, 229, 238

Haiti, 1, 12

Hansen, Mogens, 85, 86, 93, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223

Hart, H.L.A., 29, 64, 153, 199, 201, 203, 204, 231, 235, 239

Hayek, Friedrich, 1, 4, 29, 31, 62, 70, 73, 203, 204, 207, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 220

Herms/Mysteries, 94, 96, 98, 103, 104

Herodotus, 90, 216, 222

Hobbes, Thomas, 10, 21, 53, 55, 56, 57, 80, 123, 146, 151, 154, 206, 209, 215, 228

homelessness, 46, 57

Howard, Willie James, 54

hubris, 8, 12, 18–19, 20, 22–24, 28, 50, 53, 57, 75, 79, 82, 84–91, 95, 101, 108, 130, 135, 140, 146, 194, 201

Human Rights Act 1998 (UK), 127

illegal prosecution, 81, 83

imprisonment

immunity from, 137

as punishment, 20, 59, 88, 136, 192, 235, 236, 246

without trial, 127, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 149

incentives argument, 58, 62, 63, 71, 81, 123, 124, 129, 143, 149, 151, 162, 213

India, 172

Internal Revenue Code, 67

international law, 2, 59, 170, 176–179, 222, 243

Islamic law, 62, 243

Islamic states, 40, 171

Isocrates, 87

item response theory (IRT), 180

Jackson, Mississippi, 56

Jackson, Robert (US Supreme Court Justice), 63

James I, 125–126, 140

Jim Crow, 42, 45, 51–57, 146, 154, 205

judicial power

agency relationship and, 12, 20, 67, 76, 159

impartiality and, 1, 13, 29, 104, 135, 222

independence and, 14, 16, 17, 26, 50, 92, 120, 121, 122, 126, 143–146, 155, 158, 178, 180, 238, 239

judicial review, 4, 79, 120, 121, 126, 157, 158, 160

Kant, Immanuel, 48, 68, 203, 206

KGB, 1, 13, 21

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 152, 154

King, Rodney, 153, 192

Kleinfeld, Rachel, 171, 175, 242

Krygier, Martin, 169, 241, 260

Ku Klux Klan, 43, 54, 55, 57

Lanni, Adriaan, 82, 100, 102, 109, 160

Latin America, 169

legal status

hereditary, 84, 148

subordinate classes and, 4–5, 8, 10, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 33–34, 38, 39, 46, 49, 53–55, 56–57, 65, 71, 75, 76, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 95, 114, 115, 117, 145, 151, 152, 154, 162, 163, 199, 201, 203, 209, 216, 221, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240

legal systems

castes and, 1, 2, 7, 16, 39, 40, 54, 62, 78, 80, 82, 90, 95, 101–106, 112, 124, 126, 133, 136, 146, 153–168, 172–173, 190, 192, 207, 213, 227, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244

constraint and, 18, 40, 55, 62, 67, 95, 125, 127, 138, 144, 155, 199, 232

equality and, 4, 5–12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58, 71, 74, 75, 78, 85–95, 101, 119, 132–135, 139–142, 144–161, 167, 168, 172, 180, 181, 189, 198, 201, 203, 204, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222

stability and, 1, 4, 6, 17, 25, 31, 64, 69, 71, 76, 92–93, 98, 101, 109–112, 119, 144–160, 161, 164, 165, 167, 172, 194, 197, 213, 221, 222, 230

letter from Birmingham jail (Martin Luther King Jr.), 154

Levellers, 50, 154, 209, 236

Leviathan. See Hobbes, Thomas

liber homo. See Magna Carta

liberal-democratic states, 22, 73, 101, 151, 160

liberty

autonomy and, 12, 20, 43, 67, 68–70, 74, 141, 150–156, 159, 183

individual, 3, 4, 30, 58, 62–77, 129, 130, 131–137, 139, 140, 145, 146, 168, 212, 213, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237

nondomination and. See neorepublicanism

planning and, 70, 74

thesis of, 73

literacy tests, 42–47

Locke, John, 29, 209

Long Parliament (UK), 122, 129, 233

Louima, Abner, 192

lynch mobs, 54, 56

Lysias, 104, 216, 218

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 59, 211

Magna Carta, 121, 129–146, 234, 235, 252

Malcolm X, 152, 153

mass adjudication, 173

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 140

Mill, John Stuart, 43

Milsom. S.F.C., 132–133, 234

Mokken scale, 181

More, Sir Thomas, 102, 103

NAACP, 190, 246

Napoleonic Code, 104

Nazis, 27, 53, 210, 214

neorepublicanism, 70, 71, 130

nondemocratic states, 22, 61, 73, 76, 151, 158

North, Douglass C., 67

New York Police Department, 193, 246, 247

Ober, Josiah, 80, 85, 107, 216, 217, 218, 220, 226, 227

Occupy movement, 169

oligarchy, 5, 23, 53–54, 78–113, 118, 135, 137, 149, 217, 225, 226, 227

open access states. See liberal-democratic states

open threats, 47, 57, 67, 71, 160, 199, 247

Ostwald, Martin, 85, 89, 91–92, 100, 216, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226

panchayats, 172, 242

parliamentary debates of 1628, 134–141

Patriot Act, 149

Peisander, 98

Peloponnesian War, Persian alliances in, 99, 226

Pericles, 82, 89, 228

Petition of Right (UK), 129, 130, 134, 140

Pettit, Philip, 70, 71, 130, 200, 215, 246

Pinochet, Augusto, 69, 124, 169, 197, 215

Plato, 9, 27, 90, 216, 221, 222, 223, 226, 228

police

brutality (US), 1, 6, 55–57, 153–154, 173, 176, 190, 191, 192–195

justification for use of discretion in, 51

open threats and, 13, 71

racial disparities in arrests and (US), 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195

Postema, Gerald, 51, 209

poverty

criminalization of, 45–47

cycle of, 45–49, 57, 171, 191, 209, 246, 247

power

abuse of, 7, 9, 14, 26, 57, 65, 78–83, 135, 169, 193–195, 197

coercive, 4, 7–8, 12, 15–26, 28, 49–57, 68, 71–73, 82, 177–178, 198, 200, 204, 214

distribution of, 115, 124, 147, 155, 157, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 223

predictable use of, 1, 65, 68, 70, 167, 214, 218

sultanistic authoritarianism and, 65

Premchand, Munshi, 12

Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (UK), 128

prohibition against secret law, 16

property

distribution of goods and, 163, 165

expropriated, 99

personal, 2, 3, 4, 9, 13, 14, 20, 26, 41, 45, 47–49, 57, 61, 69–71, 74, 84, 99, 104, 115, 117, 121, 122, 129, 131, 132, 136, 172, 176, 177, 179–180, 183, 184, 197, 199, 201, 202, 206, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 224, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242, 247

rights, 2, 3, 4, 26, 41, 47–49, 57, 61, 69, 129, 136, 176–177, 183, 184, 197, 202, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217, 236, 237

Pseudo-Xenophon, 23, 24, 81, 85, 90, 201, 216, 217, 220

public reason, 33, 35, 37–42, 43, 50, 73, 191, 204, 205, 207

punishment

credible threat and, 59

deterrence and, 59

retroactive, 14, 61, 121, 123, 124, 127, 216, 231, 248

sanction and, 15, 25, 61, 107–116, 124, 125, 141, 147, 148, 153, 156, 161, 162, 173, 190, 199, 208, 228, 229, 238, 243

racism

de jure segregation and, 38

judicial animus and, 30

lynching and, 54, 55, 211

policing and, 190–195

racial profiling and, 191

radical localism, 168, 175, 195

Rawls, John, 4, 29, 34, 40, 47, 63, 203, 204, 205, 209, 213, 230

Raz, Joseph, 2, 9, 29, 74, 75, 198, 202, 203, 205, 208, 209, 214, 216

revolution, 65, 88, 99, 101, 103, 109–110, 148, 158, 176, 190, 230

Rice, Tamir, 192

right to be confronted by evidence, 16

right to free speech, 63, 178, 201

right to representation by counsel, 5, 16, 66

rioting, 109, 153, 191

Roe v. Wade, 156

role of separation, 4, 12, 13, 20, 61, 123, 128, 155, 200, 202

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 29, 73–74, 203, 206, 215, 230

rule of law

electoral process and, 183–184

GDP and, 183

good faith and, 7, 12, 15, 20, 199

indicators instruments and, 177–178

as multidimensional concept, 5, 112, 114, 176–184

personal autonomy and, 12, 20, 43, 66–77, 141, 159, 183

political pluralism and, 43, 63, 92, 183, 242

property rights and, 57

publicity and, 7, 11–22, 26, 28, 63, 67–68, 82, 83, 84, 102, 118, 121, 122, 127, 133, 146, 147, 157, 181, 199, 200, 201, 202, 219

reason-giving. See rule of law, publicity and

regularity and, 6–7, 19, 20, 26–29, 47, 50, 57, 63, 70–71, 80–83, 109, 121, 122, 127, 146–148, 155–157, 180–181, 189, 199, 200, 202

substantive conception of generality in, 30, 49

“treating like cases alike” in, 29

Rundle, Kristen, 75–76, 208, 216, 266

Russia, 183, 239

Scott, Sir Walter, 192, 242

segregation, 32, 38, 39, 190, 195

Selden, John, 130, 134, 136, 234, 236, 237

separation of powers (US), 4

September 11, 149

sharia law, 62

Sicilian expedition, 93, 96, 103

Simmonds, Nigel, 26, 27, 71, 72, 202, 215

Singapore, 61, 62, 212

slavery, 19, 22–25, 28, 42, 44–45, 47, 52, 57, 78, 84, 86, 88, 90, 94, 136, 138, 140, 146, 152, 200, 201, 208, 216, 235, 237, 240

socialism, 209

Socrates, 90, 93, 96, 223

Solon, 86, 89, 92, 228

Soviet Union, 1, 12, 26, 27, 92, 170, 178

Sparta, 24, 84, 95–102, 226

Stalin, Josef, 65, 178, 213

status hierarchy

disrespect and, 19, 40, 74, 86, 153–154, 193, 200, 216

hubris and, 22–24, 28, 50, 53

subordination and, 19, 21, 42, 110, 154, 158, 194

Stuarts, the, 125, 126, 140(see also specific monarchs)

Supreme Court of the United States, 57, 63, 152, 156

SWAT teams, 194, 195

Sweden, 183

Teegarden, David, 100, 107, 226, 230

terror

enhanced interrogation and, 189

state sponsorship of, 55

torture and, 21–22, 189

vigilantes and, 53–57, 210

war on, 6, 189

Thirty Tyrants, 80, 81, 86, 88–113, 211, 218, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227

Thompson, E.P., 154, 170, 211, 233, 241

Thrasybulus, 99

Thucydides, 82, 89, 98, 99–108, 216, 222, 225

Tonton Macoutes, 1, 13, 21

torture, warrant for, 21, 22, 189, 211

trial

judges and, 13, 18, 20, 26, 79, 80, 81, 82–83, 90, 92–95, 99, 103, 104–106, 111, 121, 122, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134–136, 155, 223, 230, 234, 236

by jury, 26, 132

trial of the Arginusae generals, 93, 96, 103, 111

truth and reconciliation commissions, 109

TSA no-fly list, 18, 149

tyranny, 2, 27, 52, 55, 78, 80, 86, 88–92, 100, 104, 145–146, 151, 160, 220, 221, 228

United Kingdom, 91, 120, 121, 127, 157, (see also British law)

United Nations, 2, 178

United States, 1, 3, 6, 14, 21, 28, 38, 52, 57, 63, 66, 78–79, 118–119, 122–124, 128, 146, 153, 155–158, 164, 171, 173, 183, 189, 190–195, 203, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213, 214, 219, 230, 232, 239, 243

unwritten standards, 15, 82, 125, 128, 199, 218, 219, 223

vagrancy, 46, 47

vassalage, 133, 138, 140

voting rights. See disenfranchisement

Waldron, Jeremy, 2, 133, 134, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 208, 214, 235

Washington consensus, 3, 169, 198

Weber, Max, 9, 10, 53, 55, 57, 71, 72, 80, 206

Weingast, Barry R., 67, 111, 114, 213, 214, 229, 238

Wentworth, Henry, 31, 137

World Bank, 1, 2, 3, 177, 178, 183, 243

World Justice Project, 2, 177, 179, 181, 183, 245

Xenophon, 81, 83, 93, 99, 104