2. When does tensor product of modules commute with infinite products?

Conventions 2.1. In this paper, all gradings will be assumed to be $\mathbb{Z}$ -gradings. When a graded object is trivial in all negative grading degrees, we will say that the object is connective. We write $\mathbb{N}$ for the set of nonnegative integers.

Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4 are generalizations, to the graded setting, of two useful lemmas found in T. Y. Lam’s book [Reference Lam9]. The ungraded versions of these lemmas appear as Propositions 2.4.43 and 2.4.44 in Lam’s book. We provide proofs of Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4 for the sake of being self-contained, but there is nothing novel here: the proofs are essentially the same as in the ungraded case. I am grateful to G. Valenzuela for suggesting Lam’s book to me as a reference for the ungraded results.

Proof.

• • If the first condition is satisfied, then letting $M_i = A$ for all $i\in I$ , we immediately get that the second condition is satisfied.

• • Suppose that the second condition is satisfied. Choose an integer n, and let I be the set of homogeneous elements of $\Gamma$ of grading degree exactly n. We will write $\prod_{i\in I} \Gamma\{ e_i\}$ for the product $\prod_{i\in I} \Gamma$ , using $e_i$ as formal symbols to index the factors in the product. Let $x_n\in \prod_{i\in I} \Gamma\{ e_i\}$ be the element $x_n = \sum_{i\in I} i \cdot e_{i}.$ Since the map (2.3) is grading-preserving and surjective, there exists some element

  \begin{equation*} \sum_{j=1}^{m_n} \left( c_{j,n} \otimes \sum_{i\in I} a_{i,j,n}e_{i}\right) \in \Gamma\otimes_A \prod_{i\in I} A\{ e_{i}\}\end{equation*}
  which is sent by the map (2.3) to $x_n$ , in which each $c_{j,n}$ is a homogeneous element of $\Gamma$ and in which each $a_{i,j,n}$ is a homogeneous element of A. The grading degrees of these elements satisfy $\left| c_{j,n}\right| + \left| a_{i,j,n} \right| = n$ , and consequently $\left| c_{j,n}\right| \leq n$ .

  Consequently, we have the formula

  \begin{equation*} \sum_{j=1}^{m_n}\sum_{i\in I} c_{j,n} a_{i,j,n}e_{i} = \sum_{i\in I} i \cdot e_{i},\end{equation*}
  and consequently $\sum_{j=1}^{m_n} c_{j,n}a_{i, j, n} = i$ . Consequently, the set of elements $S = \{ c_{j,n}\,:\, n\in \mathbb{Z}, 1\leq j\leq m_n\}$ is a set of homogeneous A-module generators for $\Gamma$ . Let $S_n$ be the set $\left\{ c_{j,n}\,:\, 1\leq j\leq m_n\right\}\subseteq \Gamma$ , so that $S = \bigcup_{n\in\mathbb{Z}} S_n$ . Then each $S_n$ is finite, and, given an element of S in grading degree N, that element must be contained in $S_n$ for some $n\leq N$ , of which there are only finitely many, since $\Gamma$ is connective. So, for each integer N, there are only finitely many elements of S of grading degree $\leq N$ . Hence, there are only finitely many elements of S in each grading degree. Hence, $\Gamma$ has finite-type generators.

• • Now suppose that $\Gamma$ has finite-type generators, and that $\{ M_i\}_{i\in I}$ is a set of graded left A-modules. We need to show that map (2.2) is surjective.

  Choose a set of homogeneous A-module generators $\{ c_{j}\}_{j\in J}$ for $\Gamma$ , with at most finitely many $c_j$ in each grading degree. Let $D\,:\, J \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$ be the function that sends j to the grading degree of $c_j$ . For each integer n, let $\Gamma_{\leq n}$ be the graded sub-A-module of $\Gamma$ generated by all the elements $c_j$ such that $D(j)\leq n$ . Since A is connective and all $M_i$ are connective, the natural map $\Gamma_{\leq n}\hookrightarrow \Gamma$ of graded A-modules is bijective in grading degrees $\leq n$ .

  Write $J_n$ for the set of elements $j\in J$ such that $D(j)\leq n$ . Now we have an exact sequence of A-modules

  \begin{equation*} \coprod_{j\in J_n} \Sigma^{D(j)}A\{ e_j\} \stackrel{s}{\longrightarrow} \Gamma_{\leq n} \rightarrow 0,\end{equation*}
  where $s(e_j) = c_j$ ; here the elements $e_j$ are formal symbols indexing the coproduct summands. The map s now fits into the commutative square of graded A-modules
  (2.4)

  

  where the vertical maps are the canonical comparison maps, as in map (2.2). The map $\prod s\otimes \mathrm{id}$ is a surjection, since each $s\otimes \mathrm{id}$ is a surjection and since infinite direct products are exact in the category of graded A-modules. The left-hand vertical map in diagram (2.4) is an isomorphism, since $J_n$ is finite. Hence, the right-hand vertical map in diagram (2.4) is also surjective. The square of graded A-modules

  (2.5)

  

  commutes, and the horizontal maps are isomorphisms in grading degrees $\leq n$ , so surjectivity of the right-hand vertical map in diagram (2.4), i.e., the left-hand vertical map in diagram (2.5), tells us that the right-hand vertical map in diagram (2.5), i.e., the map (2.2), is surjective in grading degree n. But this holds for all integers n; so the map (2.2) is surjective.

Proof.

• • If the first condition is satisfied, then letting $M_i = A$ for all $i\in I$ , we immediately get that the second condition is satisfied.

• • Suppose that the second condition is satisfied. We will write $\prod_{i\in I} \Gamma\{ e_i\}$ for the product $\prod_{i\in I} \Gamma$ , using $e_i$ as formal symbols to index the factors in the product.

  By Lemma 2.3, we know that $\Gamma$ has finite-type generators. Choose an exact sequence of graded A-modules

  (2.8) \begin{equation} 0 \rightarrow K \rightarrow F_0 \rightarrow \Gamma \rightarrow 0\end{equation}
  with $F_0$ finite-type and free. We can arrange maps as in (2.7) into a commutative diagram with exact rows
  
  in which the vertical map $\left(\prod_{i\in I} A\right) \otimes_A \Gamma\rightarrow \prod_{i\in I}\Gamma$ is an isomorphism by assumption, and the vertical map $\left(\prod_{i\in I} A\right) \otimes_A F_0 \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} F_0$ is surjective by Lemma 2.3. An easy diagram chase shows that the vertical map $\left(\prod_{i\in I} A\right) \otimes_A K \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} K$ is then also surjective. By Lemma 2.3, K then has finite-type generators, hence we can choose a finite-type and free graded A-module $F_1$ and a surjective graded A-module map $F_1\rightarrow K$ , and consequently
  \begin{equation*} F_1 \rightarrow F_0 \rightarrow \Gamma \rightarrow 0\end{equation*}
  is an exact sequence of graded A-modules with $F_1,F_0$ finite-type and free. So $\Gamma$ is finite-type.

• • Now suppose that $\Gamma$ is finite-type. First, suppose that $\Gamma$ is finite-type and free. Choose a set of homogeneous A-module generators S for $\Gamma$ with at most finitely many elements of S in each grading degree, and then let $\Gamma_{\leq n}$ be the graded sub-A-module of $\Gamma$ generated by the elements of S of degree $\leq n$ . Since A and $\Gamma$ and all $M_i$ are connective, the horizontal maps in the commutative square

  (2.9)

  

  are isomorphisms in grading degrees $\leq n$ , and the left-hand vertical map is an isomorphism in grading degrees $\leq n$ , since $\Gamma_{\leq n}$ is a direct sum of finitely many copies of A (up to suspension), and finite direct sums coincide with finite products in module categories, including graded module categories. Consequently, the right-hand vertical map in square (2.9) is also an isomorphism in grading degrees $\leq n$ . Since this is true for all n, the canonical map (2.6) is an isomorphism when $\Gamma$ is finite-type and free.

  Now lift the assumption that $\Gamma$ is finite-type and free and assume it is only finite-type. Choose an exact sequence of graded A-modules

  \begin{equation*} F_1 \rightarrow F_0 \rightarrow \Gamma \rightarrow 0,\end{equation*}
  with $F_1,F_0$ finite-type, and free. We can fit maps as in (2.6) into the commutative diagram of graded A-modules with exact rows
  
  and the two left-hand vertical maps are both isomorphisms, by what we have already proven under the finite-type-and-free assumption; hence, the map $\Gamma \otimes_A \prod_{i\in I} M_i \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} \Gamma \otimes_A M_i $ is an isomorphism.

3. Graded comodules

For another class of examples: (k, A) is flat, connective, and finite-type for any commutative graded connected finite-type Hopf algebra A over a field k (as studied in [Reference Milnor and Moore12]).

Lemma 3.3. Let $(A,\Gamma)$ be a connective finite-type flat graded Hopf algebroid. Let $\{ M_i\}_{i\in I}$ be a set of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules. Then the natural map of graded A-modules

(3.10) \begin{equation} \prod^{\Gamma}_{i\in I} M_i \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} M_i,\end{equation}

from the underlying graded A-module of the product of the $M_i$ computed in the category of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules to the product of the $M_i$ computed in the category of graded A-modules, is an isomorphism.

Proof. I am grateful to the anonymous referee for pointing out that this lemma follows from Lemma 2.4, above, together with a general result about limits in the category of coalgebras over a comonad, which one can find as (the dual to) Proposition 4.3.2 in [Reference Borceux2]. I include a self-contained proof here as well, because the proof is short, direct, and (in my opinion) illuminating. Write $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\,\mathcal{C}$ for the connective graded objects in an abelian category $\mathcal{C}$ . Write $G\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ for the forgetful functor and $E\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ for its right adjoint, the extended comodule functor given by $E(M) = \Gamma\otimes_A M$ .

For each $i\in I$ , we have the exact sequence

\begin{equation*} 0 \rightarrow M_i \rightarrow EG(M_i)\stackrel{\delta^0}{\longrightarrow} EGEG(M_i),\end{equation*}

of graded $\Gamma$ -comodules, where $\delta^0$ is the difference of the two unit maps arising from the adjunction $G\dashv E$ . (This is well known; it is the reason that the cobar resolution of a comodule is indeed a resolution, as in Appendix 1 of [Reference Ravenel14]. The reader who prefers a self-contained, categorical argument may be satisfied with the observation that, for any adjunction $f \dashv g$ , the cofork

(3.11)

splits after applying f; see section VI.6 of [Reference Mac Lane11]. But in our setting, $f = G$ , the left adjoint functor f reflects isomorphisms, so the canonical map $X \rightarrow \ker \delta^0$ being an isomorphism after applying f, due to the splitting of the cofork, implies that

\begin{equation*} X \rightarrow \ker \delta^0,\end{equation*}

is already an isomorphism.)

Now the fact that products preserve kernels tells us that we have the commutative diagram with exact rows

(3.12)

The maps indicated as isomorphisms are isomorphisms due to E being a right adjoint, hence preserving products. The vertical composites $GE\left(\prod_{i\in I} GM_i\right) \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} GEG(M_i)$ and $GE\left(\prod_{i\in I} GEGM_i\right) \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} GEGEG(M_i)$ are the maps $\Gamma\otimes_A \prod_{i\in I} M_i \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} \Gamma\otimes_A M_i$ and $\Gamma\otimes_A \prod_{i\in I} \Gamma\otimes_A M_i \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} \Gamma\otimes_A\Gamma \otimes_A M_i$ , respectively, of the type (2.6). Lemma 2.4 then implies that these maps are isomorphisms. Consequently, the map $G\!\left(\prod^{\Gamma}_{i\in I} M_i\right) \rightarrow \prod_{i\in I} G(M_i)$ in diagram (3.12) is an isomorphism.

We now give a sequence of lemmas which refer to generators, cogenerators, and compactness. Recall that, given an abelian category $\mathcal{C}$ , an object M of $\mathcal{C}$ is said to be compact if the functor $\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(M,-)\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma) \rightarrow \mathrm{Ab}$ commutes with filtered colimits, and M is said to be a generator if the functor $\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(M,-)$ is faithful. “Cogenerator” is defined dually to “generator.”

Proof. Let $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ denote the category of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules, let $\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ denote the category of graded $\Gamma$ -comodules, and let $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ denote the category of connective graded A-modules. It is standard that $\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is abelian as long as $\Gamma$ is flat over A; see Theorem 1.1.3 of [Reference Ravenel14], for example. Since $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is a full additive subcategory of $\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ which is closed under finite by-products and kernels and cokernels computed in $\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ , the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is abelian as well; see Theorem 3.41 of [Reference Freyd4], for example.

Now let $E\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)\rightarrow \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ be the extended comodule functor. The idea here is to apply E to a cogenerator in the category of graded A-modules, but if A is not concentrated in a single grading degree, then a cogenerator for the category of graded A-modules will typically fail to be connective, so applying $\Gamma\!\otimes_A -$ to such a cogenerator does not yield a connective graded comodule.

Instead, we will apply E to an injective cogenerator I in the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ of connective graded A-modules—but we must show that I exists. Since kernels and colimits in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ are computed in the underlying category of graded A-modules, and since graded A-modules form an AB5 abelian category, the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ is also AB5. The coproduct $\coprod_{n\geq 0} \Sigma^n A$ is a generator for $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ , so $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ is Grothendieck, so by Grothendieck’s famous theorem in [Reference Grothendieck6] (that every Grothendieck category has an injective cogenerator), $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ has an injective cogenerator. So I exists.

Now the functor E is right adjoint to the forgetful functor $G\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ , and G preserves monomorphisms since kernels of comodule maps are computed in the underlying module category; it is an elementary exercise to show that a functor sends injectives to injectives if it has a monomorphism-preserving left adjoint. So E(I) is an injective object in connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules. We claim that E(I) is also a cogenerator. Let $f\,:\, X \rightarrow Y$ be a morphism in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ whose induced map

\begin{equation*} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(Y, E(I)) \rightarrow \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(X, E(I)),\end{equation*}

is zero. Then the adjunction $G\dashv E$ tells us that the map

\begin{equation*}\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(G(Y), I) \rightarrow \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(G(X), I),\end{equation*}

is zero, and hence that $G(f)\,:\, G(X) \rightarrow G(Y)$ is zero, since I is a cogenerator in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ . Since G is faithful and additive, this then tells us that $f=0$ . So E(I) is an injective cogenerator in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ .

Proof. Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a small category and let $H\,:\, \mathcal{A}\rightarrow \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ be a functor. We continue to write G for the forgetful functor $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ which is left adjoint to E. The composite GE is $\Gamma\otimes_A -$ , hence preserves colimits in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ . So the composite natural map

\begin{equation*} \mathrm{colim}_{d\in D}\ GEH(d) \stackrel{\cong}{\longrightarrow} G\,\mathrm{colim}_{d\in D}\ EH(d) \rightarrow GE\,\mathrm{colim}_{d\in D}\ H(d), \end{equation*}

is an isomorphism, so the comparison map $\mathrm{colim}_{d\in D}\ EH(d) \rightarrow E\,\mathrm{colim}_{d\in D}\ H(d)$ is an isomorphism after applying G, hence is already an isomorphism since G reflects isomorphisms.

Proof. Elementary exercise in applying adjunctions.

Proof. A standard exercise: writing $\{ M_i\}_{i\in I}$ for the filtered collection (ordered by inclusion) of finitely generated graded sub-A-modules of M, we have that the map

\begin{align*} \mathrm{colim}_{i\in I} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(M, M_i) &\rightarrow \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(M,\mathrm{colim}_i\ M_i) \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(M,M), \end{align*}

is an isomorphism, and consequently that the identity map on M factors through some $M_i$ , i.e., M is a summand in a finitely generated graded A-module, so M is itself a finitely generated graded A-module.

Proof. By Lemma 3.4, $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is abelian and has an injective cogenerator. (This would also be implied by $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ being a Grothendieck category, but at this point in this proof, we are still on our way to proving that $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is Grothendieck.) By Lemma 3.3, products in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ are computed in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ , hence products in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ are exact, since the category of graded modules over any ring is AB $4^*$ . So $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ satisfies axiom AB $4^*$ . (In any Grothendieck category, having enough projectives implies that the category satisfies Grothendieck’s axiom AB $4^*$ —see Corollary 1.4 of [Reference Roos15] for a proof—but the converse is not true: see [Reference Roos15] for examples, due to Gabber and Roos, of Grothendieck categories satisfying axiom AB $4^*$ but having no nonzero projectives at all!)

More precisely, Lemma 3.3 shows that the forgetful functor $G\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ preserves products. In this paragraph and the next two, we show that G preserving products is the key result which causes $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ to have enough projectives. The functor G is also easily seen to preserve kernels (see e.g. Appendix 1 of [Reference Ravenel14] for the usual construction of kernels in graded $\Gamma$ -comodules; the salient point is that they are computed in the underlying category of graded A-modules), so G preserves all limits. Now $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is certainly “well-powered,” that is, every connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule has only a set (not a proper class) of subcomodules; and by Lemma 3.4, $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ has a cogenerator. So by Freyd’s Special Adjoint Functor Theorem (standard; see e.g. Theorem V.8.2 of [Reference Mac Lane11], or for a statement closer to our application here, section 3.M of [Reference Freyd4]), G has a left adjoint. Call this left adjoint F. Since F has a right adjoint (namely, G) which preserves epimorphisms, F sends projectives to projectives. So $F\!\left(\coprod_{n\geq 0}\Sigma^n A\right)$ is a projective object of $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ , since $\coprod_{n\geq 0} \Sigma^n A$ is projective in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ .

We claim that $F\!\left(\coprod_{n\geq 0}\Sigma^n A\right)$ is also a generator in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ . The proof is as follows: if V is a generator of $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ and $f\,:\, X \rightarrow Y$ a map in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ whose induced map

\begin{equation*} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(FV, X) \rightarrow \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(FV, Y),\end{equation*}

is zero, then the adjunction $F\dashv G$ gives us that the induced map

\begin{equation*}\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(V, GX) \rightarrow \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)}(V, GY),\end{equation*}

is zero and hence that $Gf\,:\, GX \rightarrow GY$ is zero. Since G is faithful and additive, $f = 0$ . So FV is a generator in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ .

Consequently, $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is a cocomplete abelian category with a projective generator. It is standard that this now implies that $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ has enough projectives: if $\mathcal{C}$ is a cocomplete abelian category with projective generator P, then for any object X of $\mathcal{C}$ , the object $\coprod_{f\in\hom_{\mathcal{C}}\!(P,X)}P$ is projective, and the evaluation map $\coprod_{f\in\hom_{\mathcal{C}}\!(P,X)}P \rightarrow X$ is epic.

Since $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(A)$ satisfies Grothendieck’s axiom AB5 (see the proof of Lemma 3.4 for this), and since G is faithful, additive, has both a left and a right adjoint and hence is exact and preserves all colimits, $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ also satisfies Grothendieck’s axiom AB5. So $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ satisfies AB5 and has a generator, hence $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is Grothendieck.

There is a classical “recognition principle” for the category of modules over a ring (see Corollary V.1 of [Reference Gabriel5]): an abelian category is equivalent to the category of modules over a ring if and only if that abelian category is cocomplete and has a compact projective generator. Theorem 3.8 tells us that the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ of connective comodules over a connective finite-type graded flat Hopf algebroid is co-complete and has a projective generator. This seems, at a glance, like it is awfully close to saying that $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is equivalent to the category of modules over a ring. However, the projective generator for $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ that we construct in the proof of Theorem 3.8 is infinitely generated, hence far from being compact. One might ask if it is possible to find a smaller projective generator, one which is compact. We now give the simple argument for why, except in trivial cases, this is impossible:

Proof. Suppose that M is a compact generator for $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ . If we assume that the underlying graded A-module of M admits a set of homogeneous generators concentrated in finitely many grading degrees, then we get a contradiction as follows: let S denote a minimal set of homogeneous generators for the underlying A-module of M, and let n be an upper bound for the grading degrees of the elements of S. Every map of graded $\Gamma$ -comodules $M \rightarrow \Sigma^{n+1} A$ must send all A-module generators of M to zero, so the functor $\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(M,-)$ fails to distinguish between the zero map $\Sigma^{n+1} A \rightarrow \Sigma^{n+1} A$ and the identity map on $\Sigma^{n+1} A$ , contradicting faithfulness of $\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}(M,-)$ . (The previous sentence is where we have used the assumption $A\neq 0$ .)

So, if we choose a set of homogeneous generators $\{ m_i\}_{i\in I}$ for the underlying A-module of M, there must be elements $m_i$ in arbitrarily high grading degrees. In particular, the underlying A-module of M is not finitely generated, consequently not compact by Lemma 3.7. But applying Lemmas 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7, G(M) is a finitely generated graded A-module, a contradiction. So M must not exist.

Perhaps the statement of Proposition 3.9 sounds a bit strange: after all, if $\Gamma=A$ , then the category of graded $\Gamma$ -comodules is simply the category of graded A-modules. The reason that Proposition 3.9 works is that the category of connective graded modules over a connective graded ring A is not equivalent to the category of ungraded modules over a ring. So what makes Proposition 3.9 work is not really specific to comodules at all: it is essentially the same phenomenon which is responsible for graded module categories being inequivalent to ungraded module categories.

Consequently, we ought to show that $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ is not equivalent to the category of connective graded modules over a graded ring. This takes a bit more work. The purpose of the next section is to do this in the simplest and most classical nontrivial case, when $\Gamma$ is a graded commutative Hopf algebra over a field. (This is of course a very commonly occurring case: it occurs when $\Gamma$ is the dual Steenrod algebra at any prime, for example.)

4. The case of a Hopf algebra over a field

Throughout this section, we restrict our attention to the situation where the Hopf algebroid $(A,\Gamma)$ is a connective graded commutative Hopf algebra over a field. Consequently, A will be a field in this section, and to reinforce this running assumption, we change notation slightly, and write k in place of A.

4.1. Calculation of the k-vector space underlying a generator for the category of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules

Recall from Theorem 3.8 that we constructed a left adjoint $F\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ to the forgetful functor $G\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)$ . The effect of F on suspensions $\Sigma^n k$ of the ground ring was especially important in the rest of the proof of Theorem 3.8, since we showed that $\coprod_{n\geq 0} F(\Sigma^n k)$ is a projective generator for the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ . Our first task in this section is to give a more concrete identification of the $\Gamma$ -comodule $F\Sigma^n k$ . Proposition 4.1 identifies the underlying graded k-vector space of $F\Sigma^n k$ :

Proposition 4.1. Let $\Gamma$ be a connective finite-type graded commutative Hopf algebra over a field k. Let n be a nonnegative integer, and let m be an integer. Then the k-linear dual vector space $\left( (F\Sigma^n k)^m\right)^*$ of the degree m summand $(F\Sigma^n k)^m$ of $F\Sigma^n k$ is isomorphic to the degree $n-m$ summand $\Gamma^{n-m}$ of $\Gamma$ . That is, $\left( (F\Sigma^n k)^m\right)^* \cong \Gamma^{n-m}$ as k-vector spaces.

Proof. Using the adjunctions $F\dashv G \dashv E$ , we have the isomorphisms of k-vector spaces

\begin{align*} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( GF\Sigma^n k, \Sigma^m Gk \right) &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(k)}\left( F\Sigma^n k, E\Sigma^m Gk \right) \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^n k, GE\Sigma^m Gk \right) \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^n k, \Sigma^m GEGk \right) \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^n k, \Sigma^m G\Gamma \right) \\ &\cong \Gamma^{n-m}.\end{align*}

Corollary 4.2. Let $\Gamma,n$ be as in Proposition 4.1. Then the projective connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule $F\Sigma^n k$ is trivial in degrees $>n$ .

If we furthermore assume that $\Gamma$ is not concentrated in a single grading degree, then there exist positive integers n such that $F\Sigma^n k$ fails to be isomorphic to $\Sigma^n Fk$ . That is, the free functor $F\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)\rightarrow \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ fails to commute with suspension.

Example 4.3. Suppose that $\Gamma$ is the mod 2 dual Steenrod algebra, and $k = \mathbb{F}_2$ . Then Proposition 4.1 gives us that $F\Sigma^0k \cong k$ as a k-vector space, and hence also as a k-comodule. That is, $F\Sigma^0k\cong \mathbb{F}_2$ . Meanwhile, as a graded k-vector space, $F\Sigma^1k$ is isomorphic to k in degree 0, isomorphic to k in degree 1, and trivial in all other degrees. So $F\Sigma k$ fails to be isomorphic to $\Sigma Fk$ .

Remark 4.4. I hope the reader will forgive me for offering this warning about an easy way to make mistakes when reasoning about the free functor F and the projective connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules $F\Sigma^n k$ . We adopt the following convenient notation: if M and N are connective graded k-vector spaces, we write $\underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}(M,N)$ for the graded hom-group whose homogeneous degree n summand is trivial for $n<0$ , and if $n\geq 0$ , it is the set of homomorphisms $M\rightarrow N$ which increase degree by n, i.e., $\underline{\hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,N)^n = \hom_{\mathcal{C}}\!(\Sigma^n M, N)$ . This is the natural choice of self-enrichment (in the sense of [Reference Kelly8]) of the category of connective graded k-vector spaces, so that we have the isomorphism

\begin{equation*}\underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}(M\otimes_k N,Q) = \underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left(M, \underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}(N,Q)\right)\end{equation*}

of connective graded k-modules for all connective graded k-vector spaces M,N,Q.

The forgetful functor $G\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)$ and the extended comodule functor $E\,:\, \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k) \rightarrow \mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ each commute with suspension. That is, $G\circ \Sigma^n \simeq \Sigma^n \circ G$ and $E\circ \Sigma^n \simeq \Sigma^n \circ E$ for all nonnegative integers n. It is easy to imagine that the isomorphism of k-vector spaces

\begin{align*} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( GFM,N\right) &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( M,GEN\right),\end{align*}

which we have for all connective graded k-vector modules M and N, ought to imply the existence of an isomorphism

(4.13) \begin{align} \underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( GFM,N\right) &\cong \underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( M,GEN\right),\end{align}

of graded k-vector spaces. However, there is no such adjunction (4.13)! If we had the isomorphism (4.13) for all connective graded k-modules M and N, then in the case $N = \Sigma^m k$ , we would have the chain of isomorphism of k-vector spaces

\begin{align*} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^j GFM,\Sigma^m k\right) &\cong \underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( GFM,\Sigma^m k\right)^j \\ &\cong \underline{\hom}_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( M,GE\Sigma^m k\right)^j \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^j M,\Sigma^m GEk\right) \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^j M,GE\Sigma^m k\right) \\ &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( GF\Sigma^j M,\Sigma^m k\right).\end{align*}

That is, the natural map $GF\Sigma^j M \rightarrow \Sigma^j GFM$ of graded k-vector spaces induces an isomorphism on k-linear duals in each grading degree. Hence, $GF\Sigma^j M \rightarrow \Sigma^j GFM$ is an isomorphism. Since G reflects isomorphisms and commutes with suspension, $F\Sigma^j M \rightarrow \Sigma^j FM$ is an isomorphism, contradicting the failure of F to commute with suspension, demonstrated in Corollary 4.2. Hence, we cannot have an adjunction of the form (4.13).

Another corollary of Proposition 4.1 is an identification of the k-vector space underlying the generator $\coprod_n F\Sigma^n k$ for the category of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules:

Corollary 4.5. Let $\Gamma,n$ be as in Proposition 4.1. Recall that we have the projective generator $F\!\left( \coprod_n \Sigma^n k\right)$ for the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules constructed in Theorem 3.8. Then the degree m summand of $F\!\left( \coprod_n \Sigma^n k\right)$ has k-linear dual vector space isomorphic to the k-vector space product $\prod_{n\geq 0} \Gamma^{n-m}$ .

4.2. Failure of the category of connective graded comodules to be equivalent to the category of connective graded modules over a ring

Corollary 4.5 identified the generator $\coprod_n F\Sigma^n k$ for the category of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules, but only as a k-vector space. In order to prove our main result in this section, Theorem 4.7, we will need slightly more information about the structure of $\coprod_n F\Sigma^n k$ as a $\Gamma$ -comodule.

The needed information will be expressed in terms of the covariant embedding of $\Gamma$ -comodules into $\Gamma^*$ -modules. This construction is classical: I do not know its historically earliest appearance in the literature, but see [Reference Boardman1] for a discussion from a topological perspective, or [Reference Brzezinski and Wisbauer3] for a discussion from a purely algebraic perspective. The construction goes as follows: given a graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M with coaction map $\psi\,:\, M \rightarrow \Gamma\otimes_k M$ , the action map $M\times \Gamma^* \rightarrow M$ sends a pair $(m,\,f)\in M\times\Gamma^*$ to image of m under the composite

(4.14) \begin{equation} M\stackrel{\psi}{\longrightarrow} \Gamma\otimes_k M \stackrel{f\otimes M}{\longrightarrow} k\otimes_k M \stackrel{\cong}{\longrightarrow} M. \end{equation}

This action of $\Gamma^*$ on M is called the adjoint action. This construction yields a covariant, exact, faithful, full functor $\mathrm{Cov}\,:\, \mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow \mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)$ which admits a right adjoint $\mathrm{Rat}\,:\, \mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ . Given a graded $\Gamma^*$ -module, the graded $\Gamma^*$ -module $\mathrm{Cov}(\mathrm{Rat}(M))$ is called the rational submodule of M, and it is indeed a graded $\Gamma^*$ -submodule of M, via the counit map $\mathrm{Cov}(\mathrm{Rat}(M))\rightarrow M$ of the adjunction $\mathrm{Cov}\dashv\mathrm{Rat}$ . See section 4 of [Reference Brzezinski and Wisbauer3] for a presentation of these well-known results. These results rely on $\Gamma$ being projective as a k-module, which of course is automatic from our assumption that k is a field.

To avoid potential confusion, it is important to fix our grading convention for the k-linear dual of a graded k-vector space. Given a graded k-vector space V, we grade its k-linear dual $V^*$ as follows: the degree n summand of $V^*$ is the k-linear dual of the degree $-n$ summand of $V^{-n}$ . That is, $(V^*)^n = (V^{-n})^*$ . Consequently, if $\Gamma$ is a connective graded Hopf algebra over k, then its k-linear dual $\Gamma^*$ is a co-connective graded Hopf algebra over k. With this convention, the covariant embedding $\mathrm{Cov}\,:\, \mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)\rightarrow\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)$ preserves the gradings.

Proposition 4.6. Let $\Gamma$ be a connective finite-type graded commutative Hopf algebra over a field k. Let n be a nonnegative integer. Let $I_n$ denote the two-sided ideal of the co-connective dual Hopf algebra $\Gamma^*$ generated by all homogeneous elements of degree $<-n$ . Then, for every connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M, we have an isomorphism of k-vector spaces

(4.15) \begin{equation} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)}\left( \mathrm{Cov}\ F\Sigma^n k, \mathrm{Cov}\ M\right) \cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)}\left( \Sigma^n \Gamma^*/I_n, \mathrm{Cov}\ M\right),\end{equation}

natural in the variable M.

Proof. For each connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M, we have a chain of adjunction isomorphisms

(4.16) \begin{align}\hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)}\left( \mathrm{Cov}\ F\Sigma^n k, \mathrm{Cov}\ M\right) &\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}\left( F\Sigma^n k, M\right) \end{align}

(4.17) \begin{align}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(k)}\left( \Sigma^n k, GM\right) \nonumber\\&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\cong M^n \nonumber\\&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}\ \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)}\left( \Sigma^n \Gamma^*, \mathrm{Cov}\ M\right) \nonumber\\&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\cong \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\, \mathrm{Mod}(\Gamma^*)}\left( \Sigma^n \Gamma^*/I_n, \mathrm{Cov}\ M\right).\end{align}

The isomorphism of (4.16) with (4.17) is induced by the natural map

\begin{equation*}\Sigma^n\Gamma^*/I_n \rightarrow \mathrm{Cov}\ F\Sigma^nk,\end{equation*}

which picks out the copy of k in degree n of $F\Sigma^n k$ , so the chain of isomorphisms from (4.16) to (4.17) yields naturality of (4.15) in the variable M.

Theorem 4.7. Let $\Gamma$ be a connectedFootnote 2 finite-type graded commutative Hopf algebra over a field k. Suppose that $\Gamma$ is nontrivial in infinitely many degrees. Then the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ of connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodules is not equivalent to the category of connective graded modules over a graded ring by a suspension-preserving equivalence of categories.

Proof. We argue by contrapositive. The category of connective graded modules over a graded ring does not have a compact projective generator, but what it does have is a compact projective object C such that the coproduct $\coprod_{n\geq 0}\Sigma^n C$ is a generator. (Namely, $C = R$ , as a free R-module generated in degree zero.) So suppose that $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ has a compact projective object C such that the coproduct $\coprod_{n\geq 0}\Sigma^n C$ is a generator for $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ . In the proof of Theorem 3.8, we showed that $\coprod_{n\geq 0} F\Sigma^n k$ is a generator for $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ . Consequently, there exists an epimorphism $\epsilon\,:\, \left( \coprod_{n\geq 0}F\Sigma^n k\right)^{\oplus \kappa} \rightarrow C$ in $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ for some cardinal number $\kappa$ . Since C is projective, the epimorphism $\epsilon$ splits. Choose a section $\sigma\,:\, C \rightarrow \left( \coprod_{n\geq 0}F\Sigma^n k\right)^{\oplus \kappa}$ of $\epsilon$ in the category $\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)$ .

We claim that the image of $\sigma$ contains nonzero elements of at most finitely many of the summands $F\Sigma^n k$ of $\left( \coprod_{n\geq 0}F\Sigma^n k\right)^{\oplus \kappa}$ . This is easily seen: since C is compact, the natural morphism

(4.18) \begin{align} \coprod_{n\geq 0} \coprod_{\kappa} \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}\left( C,F\Sigma^n k\right) \rightarrow \hom_{\mathrm{gr}_{\geq 0}\ \mathrm{Comod}(\Gamma)}\left( C,\left( \coprod_{n\geq 0}F\Sigma^n k\right)^{\oplus \kappa}\right),\end{align}

is an isomorphism, and elements of the direct sum in the domain of (4.18) are zero except in finitely many of the summands.

Since $\mathrm{im\:}\sigma$ nontrivially intersects only finitely many of the summands $F\Sigma^n k$ , there exists some largest integer N such that $\mathrm{im\:}\sigma$ nontrivially intersects summands of the form $F\Sigma^Nk$ . Consequently, the integer N and the connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule C have the following properties:

1. (1) C is a coproduct of retracts of copies of $F\Sigma^n k$ for $n\leq N$ .

2. (2) For every connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M and every homogeneous element $m\in M$ , there exists a coproduct $\tilde{C}$ of suspensions of copies of C and a graded $\Gamma$ -comodule morphism $\tilde{C}\rightarrow M$ whose image contains m.

As a consequence of 1 and 2, we have the following:

1. (3) For every connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M and every homogeneous element $m\in M$ , there exists a coproduct $\tilde{C}$ of suspensions of copies of $F\Sigma^n k$ , for various integers $n\leq N$ , and a graded $\Gamma$ -comodule morphism $\tilde{C}\rightarrow M$ whose image contains m.

Bringing Proposition 4.6 to bear now yields:

1. (4) For every connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M and every homogeneous element $m\in M$ , there exists a coproduct $\overline{C}$ of suspensions of copies of $\Sigma^n \Gamma^*/I_n$ , for various integers $n\leq N$ , and a graded $\Gamma^*$ -module morphism $\overline{C}\rightarrow \mathrm{Cov}(M)$ whose image contains m,

and consequently,

1. (5) For every connective graded $\Gamma$ -comodule M and every homogeneous element $m\in M$ , the element $m\in M$ is annihilated by the ideal $I_N$ of $\Gamma^*$

Recall our assumption that $\Gamma$ is nontrivial in infinitely many degrees. Consequently, there must be some nonzero homogeneous element of $I_0$ which is in a degree d with $d<-N$ . Choose such an element in $\Gamma^*$ in degree d and call it $\gamma^*$ . Choose also a homogeneous element $\gamma\in \Gamma$ in degree $-d$ such that $\gamma^*$ , when evaluated on $\gamma$ , is equal to $1\in k$ . By counitality and connectedness of $\Gamma$ , we have

\begin{equation*} \Delta(\gamma) = \gamma\otimes 1 + 1\otimes \gamma\mod J_0\otimes J_0,\end{equation*}

where $J_0$ is the augmentation ideal in $\Gamma$ . (To avoid possible confusion, we remind the reader that the notation $I_0$ already is reserved for the augmentation ideal in $\Gamma^*$ .) Then, following the recipe for the adjoint action of $\Gamma^*$ on $\Gamma$ described above in (4.14), we have that $\gamma^*\cdot \gamma = 1$ . Consequently, we have an element $\gamma$ in the graded $\Gamma^*$ -module $\mathrm{Cov}(\Gamma)$ such that $\gamma$ is not $\gamma^*$ -torsion. But since $\gamma^*$ is in degree $d<-N$ , $\gamma^*$ is in the ideal $I_N$ of $\Gamma^*$ generated by all elements of grading degree $<-N$ . Hence $\mathrm{Cov}(\Gamma)$ contains a homogeneous element which is not $I_N$ -torsion. This contradicts claim (5) above, whose truth we already established. So C must not exist.

Corollary 4.8. Let p be a prime number. Then the category of connective graded comodules over the mod p dual Steenrod algebra is not equivalent, via a suspension-preserving functor, to the category of connective graded modules over any ring.