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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 March 2024
On January 17, 2023, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered its judgments in case C-632/20, P Spain v. Commission (Kosovo), ruling that notwithstanding the European Union's non-recognition of Kosovo as a state, Kosovo may participate in an EU agency, namely the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). The judgment is significant for several reasons: (1) for the European Union's growing engagement with non-recognized territorial entities since it clarifies the meaning of the concept of “third country” and confirms that such entities may participate in EU agencies; (2) for the European Union's engagement with Kosovo—particularly in the light of Kosovo's 2022 bid for EU membership; and (3) more broadly, in the context of the burgeoning debate regarding the CJEU's approach to international law.
1 Case C-632-20 P, Spain v. Commission (Kosovo), ECLI:EU:C:2023:28 (Jan. 23, 2023).
2 Case T-370/19, Spain v. Commission, ECLI:EU:T:220:440 (Sept. 23, 2023).
3 Id. ¶ 30.
4 Spain v. Commission (Kosovo), supra note 1, ¶ 50.
5 Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, 2010 I.C.J. Rep. 403 (July 22).
6 Spain v. Commission (Kosovo), supra note 1, ¶ 52.
7 Id. ¶ 55.
8 Id. ¶¶ 66–73.
9 Id. ¶ 70.
10 Reparations for Injuries suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1949 I.C.J. Rep. 174 (Apr. 11), p. 180.
11 Tom Grant, Who Can Make Treaties? Other Subjects of International Law, in The Oxford Guide to Treaties, (Duncan B. Hollis, ed., 2d ed. 2020), pp. 150–172.
12 Case C-363/18, Organisation juive européenne Vignoble Psagot Ltd v. Ministre de l’Économie et des Finances, ECLI:EU:C:2019:54 (Nov. 12, 2019), ¶¶ 29–31.
13 Spain v. Commission (Kosovo), supra note 1, ¶ 50.
14 Eva Kassoti, The Sound of One Hand Clapping: Unilateral Declarations of Independence in International Law, 17 German L.J. 215 (2016).