¹ ‘Absolutely Unacceptable’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in Developing Countries (Aug. 3, 2021), https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/podcast/2021/07/30/-absolutely-unacceptable-vaccination-rates-in-developing-countries-the-development-podcast.

² Id.

³ Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=AFG.

⁴ Id.

⁵ ‘Absolutely Unacceptable’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in Developing Countries (Aug. 3, 2021), https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/podcast/2021/07/30/-absolutely-unacceptable-vaccination-rates-in-developing-countries-the-development-podcast.

⁶ Nurith Aizenman, Why low income countries are so short on COVID vaccines. Hint: It's not boosters (Nov. 10, 2021), https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/11/10/1052078529/why-low-income-countries-are-so-short-on-covid-vaccines-hint-its-not-boosters.

⁷ Id.

⁸ Jon Cohen, “A Pretty Big Deal’: U.S. Makes COVID-19 Technologies Available for Use in Developing Countries, Science (May 13, 2022), https://www.science.org/content/article/pretty-big-deal-u-s-makes-covid-19-technologies-available-use-developing-countries/

⁹ Id.

¹⁰ Id. art. 1(1).

¹¹ Ahmed, supra note 23, at 613.

¹² Id. at 613.

¹³ Id. p.14.

¹⁴ Id. ¶ 55.

¹⁵ Id. p. 14.

¹⁶ Id.

¹⁷ G.A. Res. 70/1 (Sept.25, 2015).

¹⁸ Drahos, Peter, The Universality of Intellectual Property Rights: Origins and Development, in Intellectual Property and Human Rights 13–41 (WIPO, Geneva, 1999)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Yu, Peter, Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework, 40 UC Davis Law Review 1039, 10780(2007)Google Scholar.

²⁰ Ahmed Abdel-Latif, The Right to Development: What Implications for the Multilateral Intellectual Property Framework? 605, 615, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property (2015).

²¹ Id.

²² Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

²³ G.A. Res. 41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).

²⁴ Id. art. 1(1).

²⁵ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

²⁶ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

²⁷ Ahmed Xxxx.

²⁸ Art.8.

²⁹ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

³⁰ Preamble, DRTD, G.A. Res. 41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).

³¹ Ahmed Adbel-Latif, The right to development: What implications for the multilateral intellectual property framework?, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 605–626 (Christopher Geiger, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) at 610.

³² Id.

³³ Id.

³⁴ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

³⁵ Art. 3.

³⁶ A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.2.

³⁷ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

³⁸ World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, ¶10, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (June 25, 1993).

³⁹ Id.

⁴⁰ Id.

⁴¹ G.A. Res. 55/2 (Sept. 8, 2000).

⁴² G.A. Res. 70/1 (Sept.25, 2015).

⁴³ G.A. Res. 70/1, ¶35 (Sept.25, 2015).

⁴⁴ https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Development/Session21/3_A_HRC_WG.2_21_2_AdvanceEditedVersion.pdf.

⁴⁵ Preamble

⁴⁶ art. 3.

⁴⁷ G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, at 76, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948). Most provisions of the UDHR are considered to attain the status of customary international law. See Henry j. Steiner, Philip Alston & Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights in Context 161 (2008); Hannum, Hurst, The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law, 25 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 287, 353–354 (1995/1996)Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, at 76, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948). Most provisions of the UDHR are considered to attain the status of customary international law. See Henry j. Steiner, Philip Alston & Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights in Context 161 (2008); Hurst Hannum, The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law, 25 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 287, 353–54 (1995/1996).

⁴⁹ Preamble.

⁵⁰ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

⁵¹ Art. 1.

⁵² International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3.

⁵³ Art. 2(1).

⁵⁴ Art. 6.

⁵⁵ Art. 11.

⁵⁶ Art. 15.

⁵⁷ American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 22, 1969, 1144 U.N.T.S. 144.

⁵⁸ Id. preamble.

⁵⁹ Id. art. 26.

⁶⁰ United Nations Development Decade; A programme for international economic cooperation, A/RES/1710(XVI), 17–18.

⁶¹ Id.

⁶² Id.

⁶³ Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, A/RES/1803(XVII)

⁶⁴ Id.

⁶⁵ Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources: General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII), https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_1803/ga_1803.html.

⁶⁶ Measures to Accelerate the Promotion of Respect for Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, A/RES/2027(XX).

⁶⁷ Id.

⁶⁸ Id. ¶1.

⁶⁹ UNDP, https://www.undp.org/about-us.

⁷⁰ https://hdr.undp.org/.

⁷¹ 2021/22 Human Development Report, https://report.hdr.undp.org/.

⁷² A/Conf.32/41, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N68/958/82/PDF/N6895882.pdf?OpenElement.

⁷³ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

⁷⁴ A/Conf.32/41, p.12, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N68/958/82/PDF/N6895882.pdf?OpenElement.

⁷⁵ Id.

⁷⁶ Id. at 14.

⁷⁷ A/RES/34/46, p.170.

⁷⁸ Id.

⁷⁹ https://www.achpr.org/legalinstruments/detail?id=49.

⁸⁰ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

⁸¹ Banjul Charter, preamble.

⁸² Banjul Charter, art. 22.

⁸³ E/CN.4/1985/66.

⁸⁴ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

⁸⁵ E/CN.4/1985/66.

⁸⁶ Id.

⁸⁷ Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992), A/CONF.151/26 (Vol.I).

⁸⁸ Id. Art. 3.

⁸⁹ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

⁹⁰ A/RES/55/2.

⁹¹ Id. pp. 4–5.

⁹² Id. art. 11.

⁹³ Id. art. 12.

⁹⁴ Id. art. 13.

⁹⁵ Id. art. 20.

⁹⁶ G.A. Res. 70/1 (Sept.25, 2015).

⁹⁷ Id. p.14.

⁹⁸ Id. ¶ 55.

⁹⁹ Id. p. 14.

¹⁰⁰ Id.

¹⁰¹ Id.

¹⁰² Id.

¹⁰³ Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).

¹⁰⁴ Tzen Wong and Graham Dutfield, Intellectual Property and Human Development: Current Trends and Future Scenarios, xii (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

¹⁰⁵ Id. at 1–59.

¹⁰⁶ Id. at 27–45.

¹⁰⁷ Id. at 60–102.

¹⁰⁸ Id.at 103–38.

¹⁰⁹ Id. at 139–74.

¹¹⁰ Id. at 175–217.

¹¹¹ Id. at 218–49.

¹¹² Id. at 250–78.

¹¹³ Id. at 279–328.

¹¹⁴ Id. at 329–66.

¹¹⁵ Rmi Olwan, Intellectual Property and Development Theory and Practice 27–28 (Springer 2013).

¹¹⁶ Id. at 29.

¹¹⁷ Robin Ramcharan, International Intellectual Property Law and Human Security 29 (Springer 2013).

¹¹⁸ Id. at 99.

¹¹⁹ Id. at 217.

¹²⁰ Id. at 29.

¹²¹ Id. at 30–31.

¹²² Id. at 41.

¹²³ Id. at 45–62.

¹²⁴ Id. at 63–95.

¹²⁵ Id. at 99–115.

¹²⁶ Id. at 117–73.

¹²⁷ Id. at 177–214.

¹²⁸ Id. at 217–57.

¹²⁹ Peter Drahos, The Universality of Intellectual Property Rights: Origins and Development, in Intellectual Property and Human Rights 13–14 (WIPO, Geneva, 1999).

¹³⁰ Id. at 15–25.

¹³¹ Id. at 25–33.

¹³² Id. at 35.

¹³³ Id. at 35–38.

¹³⁴ Laurence Helfer & Graeme Austin, Human Rights and Intellectual Property: Mapping the Global Interface 1–89 (Cambridge Univ. Press 2011).

¹³⁵ Id. at 90–170.

¹³⁶ Id. at 171–220.

¹³⁷ Id. at 221–315.

¹³⁸ Id. at 316–363.

¹³⁹ Id. at 364–431.

¹⁴⁰ Id. at 432–502.

¹⁴¹ Ahmed Adbel-Latif, The right to development: What implications for the multilateral intellectual property framework?, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 605–626 (Christopher Geiger, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015).

¹⁴² Id. at 613.

¹⁴³ Id. at 613.

¹⁴⁴ Id. at 616–25.

¹⁴⁵ Susy Frankel, Using intellectual property rules to support the self-determination goals of indigenous peoples, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 627–640 (Christopher Geiger, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015).

¹⁴⁶ Id. at 627.

¹⁴⁷ Id. at 628.

¹⁴⁸ Id. at 631.

¹⁴⁹ Id. at 638.

¹⁵⁰ Id.

¹⁵¹ Farran, Sue, Human rights perspective on protection of traditional knowledge and intellectual property: A view from island states in the Pacific, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 641–658 (Geiger, Christopher, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015)Google Scholar.

¹⁵² Id. at 642–43.

¹⁵³ Id. at 643.

¹⁵⁴ Id. at 647.

¹⁵⁵ Id. at 649.

¹⁵⁶ Monirul Azam, Intellectual Property and Public Health in the Developing World 4 (OpenBook Publishers 2016).

¹⁵⁷ Id. at 24.

¹⁵⁸ Id. at 37–88.

¹⁵⁹ Id. at 89–148.

¹⁶⁰ Id. at 149–238.

¹⁶¹ Id. at 239–80.

¹⁶² Is Intellectual Property Pluralism Functional? 8–128 (Susy Frankel ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2019).

¹⁶³ Id. at 129–266.

¹⁶⁴ Id. at 267–383.

¹⁶⁵ Id. at 384–462.

¹⁶⁶ Id. at 8–36.

¹⁶⁷ Id. at 37–65.

¹⁶⁸ Id. at 66–95.

¹⁶⁹ Id. at 96–128.

¹⁷⁰ Id. at 129–52.

¹⁷¹ Id. at 153–77.

¹⁷² Id. at 178–205.

¹⁷³ Id. at 206–34.

¹⁷⁴ Id. at 235–66.

¹⁷⁵ Id. at 267–87.

¹⁷⁶ Id. at 288–309.

¹⁷⁷ Id. at 310–40.

¹⁷⁸ Id. at 341–57.

¹⁷⁹ Id. at 358–83.

¹⁸⁰ Id. at 384–401.

¹⁸¹ Id. at 402–26.

¹⁸² Id. at 427–42.

¹⁸³ Id. at 443–62.

¹⁸⁴ Table of Contents can be found on https://lrus.wolterskluwer.com/store/product/intellectual-property-law-and-human-rights-fourth-edition/.

¹⁸⁵ McJohn, Stephen M. & Graham, Lorie, Indigenous Peoples and Intellectual Property, 19 Wash. Univ. J. L. & Pol'y 313, 313–14 (2006)Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁶ Id. at 315.

¹⁸⁷ Id. at 317–25.

¹⁸⁸ Id. at 325.

¹⁸⁹ Id. at 332.

¹⁹⁰ Id. at 337.

¹⁹¹ CIPR, Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy, in Report of the UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights 11–28 (2002).

¹⁹² Id. at 29–56.

¹⁹³ Id. at 57–72.

¹⁹⁴ Id. at 73–94.

¹⁹⁵ Id. at 95–110.

¹⁹⁶ Id. at 111–36.

¹⁹⁷ Id. at 137–54.

¹⁹⁸ Id. at 155–70.

¹⁹⁹ Id. at 7–8.

²⁰⁰ Id. at 22.

²⁰¹ Id. at 32.

²⁰² Id. at 57.

²⁰³ Id. at 73–74.

²⁰⁴ Id. at 95–96, 111–12.

²⁰⁵ Id. at 138.

²⁰⁶ Id. at 147.

²⁰⁷ UNCTAD-ICTSD, Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for Development, Discussion Paper 25–62 (2003).

²⁰⁸ Id. at 32.

²⁰⁹ Id. at 63–92.

²¹⁰ Id. at 89.

²¹¹ Id. at 93–138.

²¹² Id.

²¹³ Chon, Margaret, Intellectual Property and the Development Divide, 27 Cardozo L. Rev. 2821, 2823 (2006)Google Scholar.

²¹⁴ Id. at 2831.

²¹⁵ Id. at 2839–58.

²¹⁶ Id. at 2859–73.

²¹⁷ Id. at 2874–83.

²¹⁸ Id. at 2884–2910.

²¹⁹ Id. at 2839.

²²⁰ Id. at 2844–49.

²²¹ Id. at 2849–58.

²²² Id. at 2874.

²²³ Id.

²²⁴ Id. at 2876.

²²⁵ Id. at 2877.

²²⁶ Id. at 2879.

²²⁷ Id. at 2881.

²²⁸ Id. at 2878–84.

²²⁹ Id. at 2885.

²³⁰ Id. at 2888.

²³¹ Id. at 2900–11.

²³² Yu, Peter, Ten Common Questions about Intellectual Property and Human Rights, 23 Georgia State Univ. L. Rev. 709 (2007)Google Scholar.

²³³ Id.

²³⁴ Id. at 718.

²³⁵ Id. at 721.

²³⁶ Id. at 726.

²³⁷ Id. at 728.

²³⁸ Id. at 731.

²³⁹ Id. at 736.

²⁴⁰ Id. at 738.

²⁴¹ Id. at 740.

²⁴² Id. at 745.

²⁴³ Yu, Peter, Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework, 40 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1039, 1043 (2007)Google Scholar.

²⁴⁴ Id. at 1048.

²⁴⁵ Id. at 1070.

²⁴⁶ Id. at 1071.

²⁴⁷ Id. at 1072.

²⁴⁸ Id. at 1073.

²⁴⁹ Id. at 1074–75.

²⁵⁰ Id. at 1078.

²⁵¹ Id.

²⁵² Id.

²⁵³ Id. at 1095.

²⁵⁴ Id. at 1105.

²⁵⁵ Id. at 1113.

²⁵⁶ Id. at 1124.

²⁵⁷ Id. at 1125.

²⁵⁸ Id.

²⁵⁹ Id. at 1133.

²⁶⁰ Id. at 1136.

²⁶¹ Id. at 1137.

²⁶² Id. at 1141.

²⁶³ Id. at 1146–48.

²⁶⁴ Forsyth, Miranda, Lifting the Lid on “The Community”: Who Has the Right to Control Access to Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture?, 19 IJCP 1, 8–13 (2012)Google Scholar.

²⁶⁵ Id. at 13–20.

²⁶⁶ Id. at 23.

²⁶⁷ Samson Vermont, Independent Invention as Defense to Patent Infringement, 105 Mich. L Rev. 475, 484–87 (2006).

²⁶⁸ Id. at 475.

²⁶⁹ Id.

²⁷⁰ Id.

²⁷¹ Okediji, Ruth, Does Intellectual Property Need Human Rights, 51 NYU J. Int'l L. & Pol. 1, 4 (2018)Google Scholar.

²⁷² Id. at 5.

²⁷³ Id. at 10–36.

²⁷⁴ Id. at 16.

²⁷⁵ Id. at 17–21.

²⁷⁶ Id. at 21.

²⁷⁷ Id. at 24–25.

²⁷⁸ Id. at 27.

²⁷⁹ Id. at 36–37.

²⁸⁰ Id. at 37.

²⁸¹ Id.

²⁸² Id. at 38.

²⁸³ Id. at 39.

²⁸⁴ Id. at 62.

²⁸⁵ Id. at 63–64.

²⁸⁶ Id. at 64–65.

²⁸⁷ Peter K. Yu, Intellectual Property and Human Rights 2.0, 53 U. Rich. L Rev. 1375, 1383 (2019).

²⁸⁸ Id. at 1399.

²⁸⁹ Id. at 1424.

²⁹⁰ Id. at 1440.

²⁹¹ Id. at 1382.

²⁹² Id.

²⁹³ Id. at 1402–03.

²⁹⁴ Id. at 1406.

²⁹⁵ Id. at 1416.

²⁹⁶ Id. at 1383.

²⁹⁷ Id. at 1433.

²⁹⁸ Id.

²⁹⁹ Id. at 1434–35.

³⁰⁰ Id. at 1435.

³⁰¹ Id. at 1436.

³⁰² Id. at 1383.

³⁰³ Andrew Muma, Intellectual Property and Innovation Law in Kenya and Africa, 2018 E. Afr. L.J. 165 (2018).

³⁰⁴ Dotan Oliar & James Y. Stern, Right on Time: First Possession in Property and Intellectual Property, 99 B.U. L. Rev. 395, 397 (2019).

³⁰⁵ Id. at 406–15.

³⁰⁶ Id. at 420–27.

³⁰⁷ Id. at 428–34.

³⁰⁸ Id. at 435–39.

³⁰⁹ Id. at 457.

³¹⁰ Id.

³¹¹ Michele Boldrin & David Levine, The Case Against Intellectual Property, AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2002, at 1.

³¹² Id. at 2–3.

³¹³ Id. at 2.

³¹⁴ Id. at 3.

³¹⁵ Id. at 3–4.

³¹⁶ Id. at 5.

³¹⁷ Id. at 10.

³¹⁸ Laurence R. Helfer, The New Innovation Frontier Revisited: Intellectual Property and the European Court of Human Rights, Intellectual Property and Human Rights, 3 (Paul L.C. Torremans, ed., Forthcoming 2020) (2019).

³¹⁹ Id. at 4.

³²⁰ Id. at 8–12.

³²¹ Id. at 12–35.

³²² Id. at 35–51.

³²³ Id. at 8–9.

³²⁴ Id. at 9.

³²⁵ Id. at 10–11.

³²⁶ Id.

³²⁷ Id. at 12.

³²⁸ Id. at 13.

³²⁹ Id. at 17–19.

³³⁰ Id. at 19–26.

³³¹ Id. at 19.

³³² Id. at 26.

³³³ Id.

³³⁴ Id. at 32.

³³⁵ Id. at 34–35.

³³⁶ Id. at 35–36.

³³⁷ Id. at 53.

³³⁸ Christopher Geiger & Elena Izyumenko, Blocking Orders: Assessing Tensions with Human Rights, Ctr for Int'l. Intellectual Property Stud. Res. Paper No. 2019–03, 3 (2019).

³³⁹ Id. at 4.

³⁴⁰ Id. at 4.

³⁴¹ Id. at 7.

³⁴² Id. at 7.

³⁴³ Id. at 9.

³⁴⁴ Graham Dutfield & Uma Suthersanen, Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources: Observing Legal Protection through the Lens of Historical Geography and Human Rights, 58 Washburn L.J. 399, 403 (2019).

³⁴⁵ Id. at 406–13.

³⁴⁶ Id. at 413.

³⁴⁷ Id. at 405.

³⁴⁸ Id.

³⁴⁹ Id.

³⁵⁰ Id. at 444.

³⁵¹ Id. at 445.

³⁵² Heesob Nam, Human Rights Approach in Global Intellectual Property Regime: With Case Studies on The US-Korea FTA And The EU-Korea FTA 4 (Aug. 3, 2018) (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen Mary University of London).

³⁵³ Id. at 13–28.

³⁵⁴ Id. at 29–68.

³⁵⁵ Id. at 69–112.

³⁵⁶ Id. at 123–29.

³⁵⁷ Id. at 129.

³⁵⁸ Id. at 139–213.

³⁵⁹ Id. at 218–280.

³⁶⁰ Id. at 288.

³⁶¹ Margaret Chon, Recasting Intellectual Property in Light of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals: Toward Knowledge Governance, 34 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 763, 764 (2019).

³⁶² Id. at 766–67.

³⁶³ Id. at 767, 775.

³⁶⁴ Id. at 776–79.

³⁶⁵ Id. at 779–784.

³⁶⁶ Id. at 784–85.

³⁶⁷ Sanjaya Lall, Indicators of the Relative Importance of IPRs in Developing Countries, 32 Res. Pol'y 1657 (2003).

³⁶⁸ Id. at 1658.

³⁶⁹ Id. at 1659.

³⁷⁰ Id.

³⁷¹ Id. at 1660.

³⁷² Id.

³⁷³ Id.

³⁷⁴ Id.

³⁷⁵ Id. at 1664–79.

³⁷⁶ Id. at 1680.

³⁷⁷ M.Z.M. Nomani, Alaa K.K.Alhalboosi & Mohammad Rauf, Legal & Intellectual Property Dimension of Health & Access to Medicines in India, 14 Indian J. Forensic Med. & Toxicology 118, 119 (2020).

³⁷⁸ Id. at 119–21.

³⁷⁹ Id. at 121.

³⁸⁰ Id.

³⁸¹ Peter K. Yu, From Struggle to Surge: China's TRIPS Experience and Its Lessons for Access to Medicines, in Mapping the Three Generations of Struggle to Access to Medicines Under the TRIPS Agreement (Amaka Vanni & Srividhya Ragavan eds., Routledge, forthcoming 2021).

³⁸² Id. at 2.

³⁸³ Id. at 3.

³⁸⁴ Id.

³⁸⁵ Id.

³⁸⁶ Id. at 4.

³⁸⁷ Id.

³⁸⁸ Id. at 6.

³⁸⁹ Id. at 7.

³⁹⁰ Id. at 8.

³⁹¹ Id. at 9–10.

³⁹² Id. at 10.

³⁹³ Id.

³⁹⁴ Id.

³⁹⁵ Id. at 11.

³⁹⁶ Id. at 12.

³⁹⁷ Id. at 13.

³⁹⁸ Id.

³⁹⁹ Id.

⁴⁰⁰ Peter K. Yu, Challenges to the Development of a Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights 1 (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020) (abridged and adapted from 40 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1039).

⁴⁰¹ Id. at 2.

⁴⁰² Id. at 3–4.

⁴⁰³ Id. at 5.

⁴⁰⁴ Id. at 10.

⁴⁰⁵ Id.

⁴⁰⁶ Id. at 10–11.

⁴⁰⁷ Id. at 15.

⁴⁰⁸ Id. at 16–17.

⁴⁰⁹ Id. at 20.

⁴¹⁰ Id. at 21.

⁴¹¹ Id.

⁴¹² Alexander Peukert, Copyright and the Two Cultures of Online Communication, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights 1 (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020).

⁴¹³ Id.

⁴¹⁴ Id.

⁴¹⁵ Id. at 6.

⁴¹⁶ Id. at 8.

⁴¹⁷ Id. at 11.

⁴¹⁸ Id. at 21–31.

⁴¹⁹ Id. at 32.

⁴²⁰ Id.

⁴²¹ Id. at 33.

⁴²² Krzysztof Garstka, Guiding the Blind Bloodhounds: How to Mitigate the Risks art. 17 of Directive 2019/970 Poses to the Freedom of Expression, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights 1 (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020).

⁴²³ Id. at 2.

⁴²⁴ Id. at 2–3.

⁴²⁵ Id. at 3–4.

⁴²⁶ Id.

⁴²⁷ Id. at 4–7.

⁴²⁸ Id. at 7–16.

⁴²⁹ Id. at 16–20.

⁴³⁰ Id. at 20.

⁴³¹ Christophe Geiger, Reconceptualizing the Constitutional Dimension of Intellectual Property—An Update, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020).

⁴³² Id. at 7–10.

⁴³³ Id. at 18–21.

⁴³⁴ Id. at 21–24.

⁴³⁵ Id. at 24.

⁴³⁶ Id. at 30–55.

⁴³⁷ Id. at 56.

⁴³⁸ Peter K. Yu, TRIPS Wars: Developing Countries Strike Back, in Flashpoints: Changing Paradigms in Intellectual Property and Technology L. (Alexandra George ed., Quid Pro Press, forthcoming 2021).

⁴³⁹ Id. at 2–7.

⁴⁴⁰ Id. at 7–18.

⁴⁴¹ Id. at 18–19.