Introduction
The rampant, widespread and largely unregulated trade in birds in Indonesia has pushed several species to the brink of extinction, including the Javan Green Magpie Cissa thalassina, Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush Garrulax rufifrons, Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus, and Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea (PHPA/BirdLife International-IP 1998, Muchtar and Nurwatha Reference Muchtar and Nurwatha2001, Shepherd et al. Reference Shepherd, Sukumaran and Wich2004, van Balen et al. 2011, Collar et al. Reference Collar, Gardner, Jeggo, Marcordes, Owen, Pagel, Vaidl, Wilkinson and Wirth2012, Collar and van Balen Reference Collar and van Balen2013). Although many threatened species are protected by Indonesian law, precluding their trade, and a comprehensive system exists for regulating the trade in non-protected wildlife, the rules are not being effectively enforced, and certainly over the last four decades, very little has been done to address the illegal commercial trade (Shepherd Reference Shepherd2006, Nijman et al. Reference Nijman, Shepherd and van Balen2009, Shepherd Reference Shepherd2010). The Black-winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus is another species whose survival in the wild is being threatened by the insatiable demand for cage birds in Indonesia, and by the failure of the authorities to effectively enforce legislation in place to protect Indonesia's bird life (Owen et al. Reference Owen, Wilkinson and Sözer2014).
The Black-winged Myna is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Java and Bali, and on the adjacent islands of Madura and Nusa Penida, and (perhaps only as an escapee) on Lombok (BirdLife International 2013). Traditionally referred to as the Black-winged Starling and a member of the Sturnus genus, recent phylogenetic work indicates the species should be reclassified as belonging to the Acridotheres genus (Lovette and Rubenstein Reference Lovette and Rubenstein2007, Zuccon et al. Reference Zuccon, Pasquet and Ericson2008). Three subspecies of the Black-winged Myna have been described, viz. the nominate A. m. melanopterus in most of Java, A. m. tricolor in east Java (east of the town of Malang) and A. m. tertius on Bali (Collar et al. Reference Collar, Gardner, Jeggo, Marcordes, Owen, Pagel, Vaidl, Wilkinson and Wirth2012). The three forms are distinguished by the extent of grey and black coloration on their mantle.
Since the 1960s, this species has been in rapid decline across its range due to illegal capture to supply the seemingly insatiable demand for cage birds (BirdLife International 2013, Owen et al. Reference Owen, Wilkinson and Sözer2014). Formerly, this species was considered to be quite common in open lowlands including towns and gardens. In east Java and Bali especially, they were found in pairs or in small flocks, foraging on open ground such as grass lawns, and sometimes even roosting in trees and on houses in cities (MacKinnon and Phillipps 1993). By 2007, it was reported to have declined to a few hundred individuals on Java (Braasch Reference Braasch2007), and the wild population of A. m. tertius on Bali is currently thought to be 200 birds, largely within Bali Barat National Park and southernmost Bali (Collar et al. Reference Collar, Gardner, Jeggo, Marcordes, Owen, Pagel, Vaidl, Wilkinson and Wirth2012, J. A. Eaton pers. obs. 2007–2014, H. Kusumanegara pers. obs. 2011–2014). Remaining populations are very localised and, given its severe decline, the species has been assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International 2013). It is currently not listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which governs international trade in wildlife species, and to which Indonesia acceded in 1978.
The Black-winged Myna became a protected species in Indonesia in December 1979 under a ministerial instruction (SK Mentan 757/Kpts/Um/12/1979), which in 1999 was consolidated into Law Number 7 regarding the preservation of flora and fauna (PP No 7 Tahun 1999) and Law Number 8 regarding the utilisation of plants and wildlife (PP No 8 Tahun 1999). Any violation of the law carries a maximum penalty of five years in prison and / or a fine of up to IDR 100 million (approximately USD 8,500). Despite being protected by legislation, illegal capture continues, and trade is carried out openly in Indonesia’s globally notorious bird markets. The species is commercially bred in the village of Klaten and the Cikananga Wildlife Center has bred over 200 Black-winged Mynas as part of a conservation breeding programme – these birds are easily recognisable as they are fitted with leg bands (Owen et al. Reference Owen, Wilkinson and Sözer2014).
Here we outline an overview of recent developments in the conservation of the Black-winged Myna, especially where it pertains to the trade in the species in Indonesia’s capital Jakarta. It aims to inform enforcement agencies of this illegal trade, and to assist in guiding further conservation actions to prevent the species from going extinct in the wild.
Methods
Three of Jakarta’s largest bird markets – Pramuka, Jatinegara and Barito – were visited on five occasions between July 2010 and July 2014. All three markets are comprised of shops openly selling birds and, to a lesser extent, small mammals and reptiles. Pramuka is the largest, with a four-storey building occupied almost exclusively by traders in birds and aviculture supplies such as food and cages. Barito and Jatinegara both consist of bird shops, both permanent and occasional in the latter, with a few temporary, mobile vendors. All three markets openly display illegally sourced and protected species.
Due to the size of the markets and the volume of birds for sale - Pramuka alone had close to 90 shops selling over 16,000 birds in July 2014 - most surveys targeted a selected number of species, including the Black-winged Myna. Black-winged Mynas were recorded to a subspecies level only in a few of the surveys, as the focus of the surveys was not always solely on this species. In July 2014, price data were obtained by interviewing dealers or through direct observation of the sale of these birds at the markets. Black-winged Mynas, like most other birds, were openly displayed for sale, and therefore no covert investigation methods were employed.
Additional data on international trade in the species were compiled from literature searches, market surveys in other South-east Asian countries carried out by TRAFFIC in the period 2010–2014 and correspondence with other birdwatchers and conservationists. Currency conversion rates were obtained from OANDA in July 2014.
Results
Domestic trade in Jakarta
The Black-winged Myna has been present in trade in Indonesia for decades, despite being protected by law, with probably always some of the largest numbers traded in the Jakarta bird markets. It is this largely domestic demand that has resulted in the severe decline and near extinction in the wild. Surveys of Pramuka market, Jakarta, in December 1987 by Basuni and Setiyani (Reference Basuni and Setiyani1989) estimated that some 300 Black-winged Mynas were traded in this market each month. In 1987 vendors bought Black-winged Mynas for IDR 5,000 (then USD 3.13) and sold them in the market for IDR 20,000 (then USD 12.50), placing them in the top one-third most expensive birds for sale out of 65 species observed during that survey. During surveys carried out by TRAFFIC in 1991–1993 on average some 30 Black-winged Mynas of both S. m. melanopterus and S. m. tricolor subspecies were observed in Jakarta’s bird markets per survey (Nash, Reference Nash1993). In May–July 2009 the Indonesian NGO ProFauna surveyed 70 bird markets across Java and recorded three Black-winged Mynas (one each in Bojonegoro and Sragen in East Java and one in Cianjur in West Java), but none in the four Jakarta markets included in the survey. They were offered at a price of between IDR 150,000 (then USD 14.92) to IDR 350,000 (USD 34.82) (ProFauna 2009).
While trade persists and the species is consistently available, as seen from irregular surveys carried out by TRAFFIC and occasionally other organisations, numbers observed in recent years have fallen sharply. An average of seven Black-winged Mynas were observed in Pramuka and Barito markets per survey in the period 2010–2014. Single birds or at most pairs were observed in Barito market during this period, whereas larger numbers were on sale in Pramuka market. In recent years, we have not observed Black-winged Mynas in Jatinegara market (Table 1).
Table 1. Number of Black-winged Mynas Acridotheres melanopterus recorded from three bird markets in Jakarta, Indonesia (NA = not available)
In July 2010, five Black-winged Mynas were observed during surveys in these same three markets in Jakarta (Table 1). According to a dealer in Pramuka market, three of the four birds in his shop were captive-bred. The dealer would not divulge further information. These birds were not recorded to subspecies level.
In January 2013, four Black-winged Mynas of the nominate race were observed in Pramuka market, while two birds were observed at Barito market. In July 2013, three Black-winged Mynas of the nominate race were observed in Pramuka market.
In July 2014, two subspecies of Black-winged Myna were observed: A. m. melanopterus and A. m. tertius, with 11 and three birds observed, respectively. All were in Pramuka market with the exception of one A. m. melanopterus observed in Barito market. The A. m. melanopterus were spread across four shops and the A. m. tertius in two shops, with no shop selling both subspecies. None of the birds had leg bands, indicating they were likely not from a captive breeding facility. In all cases, the birds were openly displayed, indicating the dealers had little fear of prosecution from law enforcement officials.
Prices were obtained from three shops in July 2014. In one, the asking price for a seemingly wild-caught A. m. tertius was IDR 1,200,000 (USD 103). In a second shop, the asking price for an A. m. melanopterus was IDR 2,500,000 (USD 214), which the dealer claimed was captive-bred in Malang, east Java. In a third shop four young A. m. melanopterus were on sale for IDR 3,000,000 (USD 256) each, which the dealer claimed were captive-bred in Solo, Central Java. Online price lists of Black-winged Mynas for sale at Pramuka list a price of IDR 1,500,000 (USD 128) for 2014 (ID Bagus 2014).
None of the birds observed in markets had leg rings. This suggests that the birds are wild-caught, but additionally could represent birds stolen from conservation or commercial breeding projects and had their rings removed (Box 1).
Box 1. Theft of Black-winged Mynas from a conservation breeding centre
On the night of 9 June 2014, the Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa Cikananga (Cikananga Wildlife Center) in Sukabumi, West Java, was broken into and 62 Black-winged Mynas of the West Java subspecies A. m. melanopterus and one Bali Myna Leucopsar rothschildi were stolen.
A second theft took place days later on the morning of 16 June and this time 92 birds were stolen, including 87 Black-winged Mynas of the west Java subspecies A. m. melanopterus, two Black-winged Mynas of the Bali subspecies A. m. tertius and three Sumatran Laughingthrushes Garrulax bicolor. All the birds had identification leg rings, all of which were closed rings, with the exception of nine birds.
The theft, which represents the majority of the birds in this breeding programme, was reported to the authorities, but to date none of the birds have been recovered. This theft represents a severe blow to the efforts being made to ensure the Black-winged Myna is not lost forever.
During this period, 10 attempts of theft were recorded, three of which were successful. The security of the Centre was breached with precision, by those who had meticulously studied its safety operations (Titto and Sözer Reference Tritto and Sözer2014). It is not known if these birds were stolen to supply local demand or for an international market. Further, it has been revealed that commercial breeders are also targeted by such bird theft, an increasing criminal activity in response to a rapidly declining and increasingly valuable species (R. Wirth in litt. 2015).
Given the pressures of poaching on wild populations of this species, conservation breeding is essential, as are efforts to rebuild this population, and to establish further captive populations to safeguard against such tragedies.
International trade
Black-winged Mynas have been traded internationally for decades. An escapee population, established through the cage bird trade from Java, was present in Singapore as early as the 1920s (Chasen Reference Chasen1935). Populations have become established and died out again over the ensuing years in Singapore, each time being founded by escaped birds (Lim Reference Lim2009, D. L. Yong in litt. 2014), indicating an ongoing trade to buyers in Singapore.
In 2010, a pair of Black-winged Mynas was observed by TRAFFIC staff in a bird shop in Chatuchak Market, in Bangkok, Thailand, indicating that this species is being smuggled out of Indonesia to foreign markets as well. The dealer was selling the pair for THB 80,000 (USD 2,505). As this species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices, there is little reason or motivation for governments outside of Indonesia to take action against the trade in this species.
Discussion
Our results indicate a consistent domestic trade in Black-winged Mynas that does not appear to be abating despite legislation in place prohibiting this practice and the extreme decline in the wild population. While the numbers of birds in the markets appear to be small, the thefts from breeding facilities and the high asking prices serve to highlight their extreme rarity in the wild. Unless steps to end this illegal trade are taken immediately, there is every reason to believe this species will go extinct in the wild in the near future. Lack of enforcement of the laws protecting this species is to blame for its continued poaching and open availability in wildlife markets in Indonesia (Shepherd Reference Shepherd2006, Reference Shepherd2010).
While the bulk of the trade appears to supply domestic demand, there is an unknown level of demand in international markets too. Given its fully protected status in Indonesia, all Black-winged Mynas can be assumed to have been illegally sourced and smuggled out of the country. As the species is not listed in the CITES Appendices, there are no official international trade records, and given the clandestine nature of the illicit wildlife trade, there is a paucity of information on the scale and dynamics of the international trade in Black-winged Mynas. If Indonesia were to list this endemic species in Appendix III of CITES, which may be done at any time by Indonesia without the need for support from other CITES Parties, all birds appearing in international trade from Indonesia would need a permit of origin to prove legality. This would allow for international support to Indonesia in clamping down on the international trade, and help with the monitoring of such trade.
While some commercial captive breeding of the species is taking place in Indonesia (Owen et al. Reference Owen, Wilkinson and Sözer2014), it is likely that breeders are operating outside the legal commercial breeding system and are utilising illegally acquired parent stock. Furthermore, the commercial captive breeding of this species does not seem to be removing the demand for illegally sourced birds, as illustrated by the continual capture and subsequent decline of wild birds, and the recent theft of birds from a conservation breeding centre (Box 1). Commercial captive breeding is therefore unlikely to remove pressure from remaining wild populations of Black-winged Mynas as long as enforcement efforts to prohibit the poaching and trade of the birds is absent or inefficient, and as long as the profit margins outweigh the risks for catching and selling these birds.
Recommendations
Action is therefore urgently needed to address the widespread and large-scale bird trade in Indonesia. We make the following recommendations in order to begin reducing the threat posed by trade to the Black-winged Myna.
The Indonesian authorities, namely the Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) under the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA), responsible for the regulation of harvest and trade in wildlife at the national level, needs to take swift action to end the illegal trade in this species. Periodic monitoring of wildlife trade hotspots, including the three markets discussed here, and subsequent enforcement actions taken against traders found to be selling birds and other wildlife illegally will, in the long term, serve as a deterrent to those violating the law.
Advocacy and awareness activities to discourage Indonesians, who serve as primary buyers of these birds, from buying protected wildlife must be developed and implemented to reduce trade in the species. Such activities must highlight the consequences of violating the law to create a deterrent.
Improved security measures are needed at conservation breeding centres to reduce the risk of theft, as these programmes, or assurance colonies, are essential at this point in time to ensure this species does not become extinct.
As recommended by the IUCN Red List assessment, the authors support the listing of this species in the Appendices of CITES. Given the species’ current status, and the possibility of it entering the international market, we recommend the Indonesian Government, as the single range country, to pursue an Appendix III listing, a move that does not require a vote at the Conference of the Parties and would be effective almost immediately. This would allow for international support to Indonesia’s national ban on the trade in this species and enable any international trade to be monitored and regulated through co-operation with other CITES Parties.
Acknowledgements
We thank Resit Sözer for providing us with the details of the two thefts that took place at the Cikananga Wildlife Center. Ding Li Yong is thanked for providing information regarding the presence of this species in Singapore, and Hery Kusumanegara for their presence in Bali Barat National Park. Roland Wirth, Richard Thomas and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this report. This work was generously supported by an anonymous donor.
