We show that, contrary to simple predictions, most AGNs show at best only a small increase of lags with increasing wavelength in the J, H, K, and L bands. We suggest that a possible cause of this near simultaneity from the near-IR to the mid-IR is that the hot dust is in a hollow bi-conical outflow of which we preferentially see the near side. In the proposed model sublimation or re-creation of dust (with some delay relative luminosity variations) along our line of sight in the hollow cone as the flux varies could be a factor in explaining the AGN changing-look phenomenon (CL). Variations in the dust obscuration can help explain changes in relationship of Hβ time delay on Luv variability. The relative wavelength independence of IR lags simplifies the use of IR lags for estimating cosmological parameters.

The canonical undestanding of stellar convection has recently been put under doubt due to helioseismic results and global 3D convection simulations. This “convective conundrum” is manifested by much higher velocity amplitudes in simulations at large scales in comparison to helioseismic results, and the difficulty in reproducing the solar differential rotation and dynamo with global 3D simulations. Here some aspects of this conundrum are discussed from the viewpoint of hydrodynamic Cartesian 3D simulations targeted at testing the rotational influence and surface forcing on deep convection. More specifically, the dominant scale of convection and the depths of the convection zone and the weakly subadiabatic – yet convecting – Deardorff zone are discussed in detail.

The magnetic network is a typical magnetic structure of the quiet Sun. Investigating its cycle dependence is crucial for understanding its evolution. We aim to identify and analyze the spatial scales of the magnetic network within magnetic power spectra derived from high-resolution Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/ Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) synoptic magnetograms. The data sets cover the entirety of solar cycles 23, 24, and part of cycle 25. We find that the identified magnetic network sizes identified range from 26 Mm to 41 Mm. There seems to be no obvious dependence on the solar cycle, and the sizes are distributed uniformly within the identification range.

Flows originating from black hole magnetospheres via Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process start highly relativistically, with very large Lorentz factors γ01, imprinted into the flow during pair production within the gaps. As a result, BZ-driven outflows would produce spine-brightened images, contrary to observations of the edge-brightened jet in M87. We conclude that M87 jet is not BZ-driven.

In the past years, the results obtained by the WISSH quasar project provided a novel general picture on the distinctive multi-band properties of hyper-luminous (Lbol > 1047 erg/s) quasars at high redshift (z ∼ 2-4), unveiling interesting relations among active galactic nuclei, winds and interstellar medium, in these powerful sources at cosmic noon. Since 2022, we are performing a systematic and statistically-significant VLA study of the radio properties of WISSH. We carried out high-resolution VLA observations aiming at: 1) identifying young radio source from the broad-band spectral shape of these objects; 2) sample an unexplored high redshift/high luminosity regime, tracking possible evolutionary effects on the radio-loud/radio-quiet dichotomy; 3) quantifying orientation effects on the observed winds/outflows properties.

In this contribution, I present a selected overview of optical interferometry imaging results that brought insights on stellar activity and mass loss in evolved stars. I briefly introduce the STELLIM project that aims to characterize stellar surfaces and circumstellar environments by producing fast and reliable interferometric images.

The study of the differential rotation in the chromosphere of the Sun is of significant importance as it provides valuable insights into the rotational behaviour of the solar atmosphere at higher altitudes and the coupling mechanism between the various layers of the solar atmosphere. In this work, we employed the image correlation technique, explicitly focusing on plages, intending to estimate the chromospheric differential rotation. For this purpose, we have utilized Ca ii K spectroheliograms (1907 – 2007) from the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO), recently calibrated with a better technique to ensure accuracy. Our analysis indicates that plages in the chromosphere exhibit faster rotation and a smaller latitudinal gradient when compared to the rotation rate obtained through sunspot tracking. Furthermore, we investigate the temporal analysis of the chromospheric differential rotation parameters across various solar cycles.

The radiative mode of AGN feedback, operated through outflows, plays an essential role in the evolution of galaxies. Quasar outflows are detected as blue-shifted broad absorption lines in the UV/optical spectra of quasars. Thanks to the Sloan digital sky survey, 100,000 broad absorption line quasars are available now for ensemble statistical studies. This rich dataset has also enabled us to identify some peculiar cases of these sources. By quantifying the BAL fraction in radio-loud BAL quasars, our studies demonstrate a clear trend of increasing BAL fraction as the viewing angle approaches an edge-on orientation, favoring the orientation model of BAL quasars. Also, by contrasting the properties of BAL quasars with appearing and disappearing BAL troughs, our analysis suggests that the extreme variations in BAL troughs are driven by ionization changes.

The central parsec of AGN is a key region for the launching of winds, and near-infrared interferometry is a unique tool for its study. With GRAVITY at the VLT interferometer, we can now spatially resolve not just the hot dust continuum on milliarcsecond ‘torus’ scales through imaging but also the broad-line region (BLR) on microarcsecond scales through spectro-astrometry. We have mapped the kinematics of the BLR in seven nearby AGN, measured sizes of the hot dust for seventeen AGN, and reconstructed dust images for two AGN. BLR kinematics has allowed us to measure the BLR size and supermassive black hole mass independent of reverberation mapping. The ongoing GRAVITY+ upgrade will greatly enhance the sensitivity and sky coverage of GRAVITY, and first results demonstrate its power for AGN science at z∼2 and beyond.

The Sun’s meridional circulation is a crucial component for understanding the Sun’s dynamo and its interior dynamics. However, the determination of meridional circulation is affected by a systematic center-to-limb (CtoL) effect, which introduces systematic errors 5–10 times stronger than the meridional-flow-induced travel-time shifts in deep-flow measurements. Recently, it was found that the CtoL effect has a significant acoustic-frequency dependence, while flow-induced travel-time shifts show little frequency dependence (Chen & Zhao 2018). This discovery forms the basis for designing a new method to remove the CtoL effect. We therefore propose a frequency-dependent approach to measure the CtoL effect and the flow-induced signals in the Fourier domain. In this work, we present this new method and compare time–distance measurements in different frequency bands with those obtained by previous time-domain methods. The results demonstrate consistency with conventional time-domain fitting methods in the dominant frequency range, promising the potential for conducting meridional flow inversion across a broader frequency spectrum.

One commonly-invoked launching mechanism for AGN outflows is radiation line driving. This mechanism depends closely on the SED of the ionizing continuum, and so is inherently linked to the structure of the accretion flow. Theories of radiation line-driven winds therefore provide testable predictions as a function of black hole (BH) mass and accretion rate. In this work we confront these predictions using the ultraviolet emission line properties of 190,000 quasars from SDSS DR17. We quantify how the shape of CIV 1549Å and the equivalent width (EW) of HeII 1640Å depend on the BH mass and Eddington ratio inferred from MgII 2800Å. The blueshift of the CIV emission line is commonly interpreted as a tracer of quasar outflows, while the HeII EW traces the strength of the 10-100 eV continuum which photo-ionizes the ultraviolet emission line regions. Above L/LEdd > 0.2, there is a strong mass dependence in both CIV blueshift and HeII EW. Large CIV blueshifts are observed only in regions with both high BH mass and high accretion rate, consistent with predictions for radiation line driven winds. The observed trends in HeII and 2 keV X-ray strength are broadly consistent with theoretical models of AGN SEDs, where the ionizing SED depends on the accretion disc temperature and the strength of the soft excess. At L/LEdd < 0.2, we find a dramatic switch in behaviour: the ultraviolet emission properties show much weaker trends, and no longer agree with SED models, hinting at changes in the structure of the broad line region. Overall the observed emission line properties are generally consistent with the radiation line driving scenario, where quasar winds are governed by the SED, which itself results from the accretion flow and hence depends on both the SMBH mass and accretion rate.

We have measured zonal and meridional components of subsurface flows up to a depth of 30 Mm below the solar surface by applying the technique of ring diagram on Dopplergrams which are constructed from the spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients. The SH coefficients are obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) full-disk Dopplergrams. We find a good agreement and some differences between the flows obtained in this study with those from the traditional methods using direct Dopplergrams.

Compact obscured nuclei (CONs) are relatively common in the centers of local (U)LIRGs, yet their nature remains unknown. Both AGN activity and extreme nuclear starbursts have been suggested as plausible nuclear power sources. The prevalence of outflows in these systems suggest that CONs represent a key phase in the nuclear feedback cycle, in which material is ejected from the central regions of the galaxy. Here, we present results from MUSE for the confirmed local CON galaxy NGC4418. For the first time we spatially map the spectral features and kinematics of the galaxy in the optical, revealing several previously unknown structures. In particular, we discover a bilateral outflow along the minor axis, an outflowing bubble, several knot structures and a receding outflow partially obscured by the galactic disk. Based on the properties of these features, we conclude that the CON in NGC4418 is most likely powered by an AGN.

We present a new method to measure the rotational height gradient in the solar photosphere. The method is inspired from differential interferometric techniques, we applied it to spectroscopic observations in the FeI 630.15 nm obtained at the solar telescope THEMIS which is equipped with an efficient adaptive optics system. The spectroscopic data was used to obtain images of the granulation at different line cords formed at different heights in the photosphere. Cross-correlation allows us to measure small systematic shifts between similar images. When observations are performed out of the center of the solar disk, the perspective effect gives rise to a radial shift between images formed at different heights. The measurement of this shift provides us with their formation-height difference. At the center of the disk the perspective effect vanishes but we measured a systematic retrograde shift along the east/west direction of the images formed at higher heights. The measured shifts are proportional to the formation height of the images. We interpret these findings as the evidence of a decrease of the rotational velocity with height in the low photosphere of the Sun and we give an estimate of this gradient.

We here present 0.02–0.04″ resolution ALMA observation of the compact obscured nucleus (CON) of IRAS 17578-0400. A dusty torus within the nucleus, approximately 4 pc in radius, has been uncovered, exhibiting a usually flat spectral index at ALMA band 3, likely due to the millimeter corona emission from the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The dense gas disk, traced by 13CO(1-0), spans 7 pc in radius and suggests an outflow driven by a disk wind due to its asymmetrical structure along the minor axis. Collimated molecular outflows (CMO), traced by the low-velocity components of the HCN(3-2) and HCO+(3-2) lines, align with the minor axis gas disk. Examination of position-velocity plots of HCN(3-2) and HCO+(3-2) reveals a flared dense gas disk extended a radius of ∼60 pc, infalling and rotating at speeds of about 200 km s−1 and 300 km s−1 respectively. A centrifugal barrier, located around 4 pc from the dynamical center, implies an SMBH mass of approximately 108 Mȯ, consistent with millimeter corona emission estimates. The CMO maintains a steady rotation speed of 200 km s−1 over the 100 pc scale along the minor axis. The projected speed of the CMO is about 80 km s−1, corresponding to around ∼500 km s−1, assuming an inclination angle of 80°. Such a kinematics structure of disk-driven collimated rotating molecular outflow with gas supplies from a falling rotating disk indicates that the feedback of the compact obscured nucleus is likely regulated by the momentum transfer of the molecular gas that connects to both the feeding of the nuclear starburst and supermassive black hole.

Helioseismology has discovered a thin layer beneath the solar surface where the rotation rate increases rapidly with depth. The normalized rotational shear in the upper 10 Mm of the layer is constant with latitude. Differential rotation theory explains such a rotational state by a radial-type anisotropy of the near-surface convection and a short correlation time of convective turbulence compared to the rotation period. The shear layer is the main driver of the global meridional circulation.

The connection between X-ray weakness and powerful X-ray outflows is both expected in a scenario where outflows are connected with radiation-driven winds, and observed in several sources, both in the local Universe and at high redshift. Here I present the first results of a new study of this possible connection based on a search for SDSS quasars with weak X-ray emission in serendipitous XMM-Newton observations. The selected objects have a “normal” optical/UV blue continuum, but a flat and extraordinarily weak X-ray spectrum. The availability of rest-frame optical/UV spectra allows to check for the signature of outflows in the absorption lines and/or in the profiles of the emission lines. This method could reveal the presence of a population of so-far overlooked outflowing quasars and confirm the connection between winds and X-ray weakness in quasars.

We present a theoretical model of the near-surface shear layer (NSSL) of the Sun. Convection cells deeper down are affected by the Sun’s rotation, but this is not the case in a layer just below the solar surface due to the smallness of the convection cells there. Based on this idea, we show that the thermal wind balance equation (the basic equation in the theory of the meridional circulation which holds inside the convection zone) can be solved to obtain the structure of the NSSL, matching observational data remarkably well.

Just like the Sun, other stars also exhibit differential rotation. Currently, the rotation profile of a star that hosts a transiting planet can be estimated if during a transits, the planet occults a spot on the photosphere of the star, causing slight variations in its light curve. By detecting the same spot during a later transit, the stellar rotation period at that latitude is determined. Here, we present the results of differential rotation for 48 stars, 13 from the spot transit mapping method, while the remaining 35 stars from other techniques. The results show that the differential rotation is correlated with the stellar mean rotation period for fast rotating stars and strongly anti-correlated for slow rotators. The transition occuring at rotation period of 5 days. On the other hand, the differential shear increases with effective temperature for fast rotating stars, but the correlation is lost for the slow rotators.

Using hydrodynamic simulations and photoionization calculations, we demonstrate that quasar emission line spectra contain information on the driving mechanism of galaxy-scale outflows. Outflows driven by a hot shocked bubble are expected to exhibit LINER-like optical line ratios, while outflows driven by radiation pressure are expected to exhibit Seyfert-like line ratios. Driving by radiation pressure also has a distinct signature in the narrow UV lines, which is detected in an HST-COS spectrum of a nearby quasar hosting a large-scale wind.