Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-g98kq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-03-27T23:56:40.500Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Proposal for superscript diacritics for prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2019

Patricia Keating ,
Daniel Wymark  and
Ryan Sharif
Patricia Keating
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, UCLA keating@humnet.ucla.edu; dwymark@ucla.edu; ryansharif@me.com
Daniel Wymark
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, UCLA keating@humnet.ucla.edu; dwymark@ucla.edu; ryansharif@me.com
Ryan Sharif
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, UCLA keating@humnet.ucla.edu; dwymark@ucla.edu; ryansharif@me.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The IPA currently does not specify how to represent prenasalization, preglottalization or preaspiration. We first review some current transcription practices, and phonetic and phonological literature bearing on the unitary status of prenasalized, preglottalized and preaspirated segments. We then propose that the IPA adopt superscript diacritics placed before a base symbol for these three phenomena. We also suggest how the current IPA Diacritics chart can be modified to allow these diacritics to be fit within the chart.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Phonetic Association , Volume 51 , Issue 1 , April 2021 , pp. 75 - 90
Check for updates
Copyright
© International Phonetic Association 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anonby, Erik John. 2006. Mambay. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36(2), 221–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Árnason, Kristján. 1980. Quantity in historical phonology: Icelandic and related cases (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arnott, David W. 1969. Tiv. In Dunstan, Elizabeth (ed.), Twelve Nigerian languages, 143–151. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia. 1999. Standard Modern Greek. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29(2), 167–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia & Joseph, Brian D.. 2000. Variation in voiced stop prenasalisation in Greek. Glossologia 11/12, 113–166.Google Scholar
Ashby, Patricia. 2011. Understanding phonetics. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Avram, Andrei A. 2010. The pre-nasalized consonants of Kriyol. Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 1, 203–214.Google Scholar
Baird, Louise. 2002. Kéo. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32(1), 93–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Martin John & Rahilly, Joan. 1999. Phonetics: The science of speech. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter & Onsuwan, Chutamanee. 2003. Perception of prenasalized stops. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XV), vol. 1, Barcelona, 407–410.Google Scholar
Blevins, Juliette. 2003. The phonology of Yurok glottalized sonorants: Segmental fission under syllabification. International Journal of American Linguistics 69(4), 371–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Jason, Davis, Henry, Schwan, Michael & Sennott, Barbara. 2016. Gitksan. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46(3), 367–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, Martha W., Blumstein, Sheila E. & Stevens, Kenneth N.. 1992. A phonetic analysis of prenasalized stops in Moru. Journal of Phonetics 20(1), 127–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Barry F., Esling, John H. & Fraser, Katie. 2001. Nuuchahnulth. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31(2), 275–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catford, J. C. 1988. A practical introduction to phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Chirkova, Katia & Chen, Yiya. 2013. Lizu. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43(1), 75–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chirkova, Katia, Chen, Yiya & Antolik, Tanja Kocjančič. 2013. Xumi (part 2): Upper Xumi, the variety of the upper reaches of the Shuiluo river. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43(3), 381–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, Ian D. 2010. On the natural history of preaspirated stops. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Clayton, Ian D. 2017. Preaspiration in Hebrides English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47(2), 155–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Abigail C. & Riehl, Anastasia K.. 2012. The internal structure of nasal-stop sequences: Evidence from Austronesian. In Butler, Becky & Renwick, Margaret E. L. (eds.), Cornell Working Papers in Phonetics and Phonology 3, 21–37.Google Scholar
Cooper, James & Cooper, Nancy. 1966. Halang phonemes. Mon-Khmer Studies 2, 87–98.Google Scholar
Dawd, Abushush & Hayward, Richard J.. 2002. Nara. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32(2), 249–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiCanio, Christian T. 2010. Itunyoso Trique. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40(2), 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiCanio, Christian T. 2012. The phonetics of fortis and lenis consonants in Itunyoso Trique. International Journal of American Linguistics 78(2), 239–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiCanio, Christian T., Zhang, Caicai, Whalen, Douglas H. & García, Rey Castillo. 2018. Phonetic structure in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec consonants. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326957243_Phonetic_Structure_in_Yoloxochitl_Mixtec_Consonants (accessed 30 November 2018).Google Scholar
Donohue, Mark. 1999. Tukang Besi. In IPA (ed.), 151–153.Google Scholar
Edmondson, Jerold A., Esling, John H., Harris, Jimmy G. & Wei, James. 2004. A phonetic study of Sui consonants and vowels. Mon-Khmer Studies 34, 47–66.Google Scholar
Elliott, A. Raymond, Edmondson, Jerold A. & Cruz, Fausto Sandoval. 2016. Chicahuaxtla Triqui. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46(3), 351–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esling, John H., Fraser, Katherine E. & Harris, Jimmy G.. 2005. Glottal stop, glottalized resonants, and pharyngeals: A reinterpretation with evidence from a laryngoscopic study of Nuuchahnulth (Nootka). Journal of Phonetics 33(4), 383–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Nicholas & Miller, Julia Colleen. 2016. Nen. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46(3), 331–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinstein, Mark. 1979. Prenasalization and syllable structure. Linguistic Inquiry 10(2), 245–278.Google Scholar
Garellek, Marc. 2010. The acoustics of coarticulated non-modal phonation. MA thesis, UCLA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garellek, Marc. 2014. Voice quality strengthening and glottalization. Journal of Phonetics 45(1), 106–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geraghty, Paul A. 1983. The history of the Fijian languages (Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 19). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew. 1996. The phonetic structures of Hupa. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 93, 164–187.Google Scholar
Hamann, Silke & Kula, Nancy C.. 2015. Bemba. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45(1), 61–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haupers, Ralph. 1969. Stieng phonemes. Mon-Khmer Studies 3, 131–137.Google Scholar
Heath, Teresa. 2003. Makaa. In Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu languages, 335–348. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hejná, Michaela. 2015. Pre-aspiration in Welsh English: A case study of Aberystwyth. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Helgason, Pétur. 2002. Preaspiration in the Nordic languages: Synchronic and diachronic aspects. Ph.D. dissertation, Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Henton, Caroline, Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian. 1992. Stops in the world’s languages. Phonetica 49(2), 65–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbert, Robert K. 1976. Phonetic analysis in phonological description: Prenasalized consonants and Meinhof’s Rule. Lingua 43, 339–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, Robert K. 1986. Language universals, markedness theory, and natural phonetic processes. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinnebusch, Thomas J. & Mirza, Sarah M.. 1998. Kiswahili, msingi wa kusema kusoma na kuandika [Swahili: A foundation for speaking, reading and writing]. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Hoole, Philip & Bombien, Lasse. 2010. Velar and glottal activity in Icelandic. In Fuchs, Susanne, Hoole, Philip, Mooshammer, Christine & Żygis, Marzena (eds.), Between the regular and the particular in speech and language, 171–204. Frankfurt am Main & New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Howe, Darin & Pulleyblank, Douglas. 2001. Patterns and timing of glottalisation. Phonology 18(1), 45–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, Chai-Shune K. & Jun, Sun-Ah. 1998. Prosodic strengthening in Taiwanese: Syntagmatic or paradigmatic? UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 96, 69–89.Google Scholar
Huffman, Marie K. 2005. Segmental and prosodic effects on coda glottalization. Journal of Phonetics 33(3), 335–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPA [International Phonetic Association]. 1999. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iverson, Gregory K. & Salmons, Joseph C.. 1996. Mixtec prenasalization as hypervoicing. International Journal of American Linguistics 62(2), 165–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Daniel. 1950. The phoneme: Its nature and use. Cambridge: Heffer.Google Scholar
Karlsson, Anastasia & Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 2011. Preaspiration in Mongolian dialects: Acoustic properties of contrastive stops. Proceedings of the 10th Seoul International Altaistic Conference (SIAC 2011), Sunchon National University, Korea, 125–140.Google Scholar
Keenan, Edward L. & Chung, Sandra. 2017. The Austronesian languages by R. Blust (2013). Language 93(1), 220–239. [Review article]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Charles E. 2001. Brao-Krung phonology. Mon-Khmer Studies 31, 1–13.Google Scholar
Kruspe, Nicole & Hajek, John. 2009. Mah Meri. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39(2), 241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter. 1975. A course in phonetics, 1st edn. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Laver, John. 1994. Principles of phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Fang Kuei. 1943. The hypothesis of a pre-glottalized series of consonants in primitive Tai. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 11, 177–188. [Peking: Academia Sinica]Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 1984. On the weakening of /s/ in Latin American Spanish. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 51, 31–43.Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 1994. Latin American Spanish. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
MacMahon, Michael K. C. 2006. English phonetics. In Aarts, Bas & McMahon, April (eds.), The handbook of English linguistics, 359–381. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1989. Prenasalized stops and speech timing. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19(2), 57–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 2013. Glottalized consonants. In Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Available at http://wals.info/chapter/7 (accessed 15 November 2016).Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian & Ladefoged, Peter. 1993. Phonetics of partially nasal consonants. In Huffman, Marie K. & Krakow, Rena A. (eds.), Nasals, nasalization and the velum (Phonetics and Phonology 5), 251–301. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Makasso, Emmanuel-Moselly & Lee, Seunghun J.. 2015. Basaá. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45(1), 71–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwita, Leonard Chacha. 2007. Prenasalization and the IPA. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 106, 58–67.Google Scholar
Nabirye, Minah, de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice & Verhoeven, Jo. 2016. Lusoga (Lutenga). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46(2), 219–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nance, Claire & Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2013. Pre-aspiration and post-aspiration in Scottish Gaelic stop consonants. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43(2), 129–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NíChasaide, Ailbhe. 1985. Preaspiration in phonological stop contrasts: An instrumental phonetic study. Ph.D. dissertation, University College of North Wales.Google Scholar
Olson, Kenneth S. 2004. Mono. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34(2), 233–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Ho-hsien. 1994. Phonetic variants of Taiwanese “voiced” stops. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95(5), 2875. [Abstract]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plauché, Madelaine C., de Aconza, Rosemary Beam, Roengpitya, Rungpat & Weigel, William F.. 1998. Glottalized sonorants: A phonetic universal? In Bergen, Benjamin K., Plauché, Madelaine C. & Bailey, Ashlee C. (eds.), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 24(1), 381–390. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
Pompino-Marschall, Bernd & Żygis, Marzena. 2010. Glottal marking of vowel-initial words in German. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 52, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratliff, Martha. 2015. Word-initial prenasalization in Southeast Asia. In Enfield, N. J. & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Languages of mainland southeast Asia: the state of the art, 31–50. Berlin & Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redi, Layra & Shattuck-Hufnagel, Stefanie. 2001. Variation in the realization of glottalization in normal speakers. Journal of Phonetics 29, 407–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riehl, Anastasia K. 2008. The phonology and phonetics of nasal obstruent sequences. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Riehl, Anastasia K. & Jauncey, Dorothy. 2005. Tamambo. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35(2), 255–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda. 2013. A monophonemic analysis of prenasalized consonants in Saramaccan. Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola 4, 1–25.Google Scholar
Roach, Peter J. 1973. Glottalization of English /p/, /t/, /k/, and /ʧ/: A re-examination. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 3(1), 10–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roengpitya, Rungpat. 1997. Glottal stop and glottalization in Lai (connected speech). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 20(2), 21–56.Google Scholar
Rogers, Henry. 2000. The sounds of language: An introduction to phonetics. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, Martin. 1968. The breath-stream dynamics of simple-released-plosive production (Bibliotheca Phonetica 6). Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Samarin, William J. 1966. The Gbeya language: Grammar, texts, and vocabularies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Silverman, Daniel. 2003. On the rarity of pre-aspirated stops. Journal of Linguistics 39(3), 575–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solé, Maria-Josep. 2014. The perception of voice-initiating gestures. Laboratory Phonology 5(1), 37–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, Juliet. 2015. Predicting distributional restrictions on prenasalized stops. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 34(3), 1089–1133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, Mary & Reubold, Ulrich. 2014. Pre-aspiration, quantity, and sound change. Laboratory Phonology 5(4), 455–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivant, John Ryan. 2015. The phonology and inflectional korphology of Chá ipoqueoitknyá, Tataltepec de Valdés Chatino, a Zapotecan language. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Tench, Paul. 2007. Tera. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37(2), 227–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torreira, Francisco. 2012. Investigating the nature of aspirated stops in Western Andalusian Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42(1), 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, Timothy, Miyashita, Mizuki & Irwin, Mark. 2014. Rendaku in Japanese dialects that retain prenasalization. In Nam, Seungho, Ko, Heejeong & Jun, Jongho (eds.), Japanese/Korean Linguistics 21, 33–42. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Watson, Kevin. 2007. Liverpool English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37(3), 351–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedekind, Klaus. 1990. Glottalization constraints and Ethiopian counter-evidence. Folia Linguistica XXIV(1–2), 127–137.Google Scholar
Welmers, William E. 1973. African language structures. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar