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Steady shear rheology of a viscous emulsion in the presence of finite inertia at moderate volume fractions: sign reversal of normal stress differences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2016

Priyesh Srivastava ,
Abhilash Reddy Malipeddi  and
Kausik Sarkar
Priyesh Srivastava
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
Abhilash Reddy Malipeddi
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
Kausik Sarkar*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: sarkar@gwu.edu
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Abstract

The shear rheology of an emulsion of viscous drops in the presence of finite inertia is investigated using direct numerical simulation. In the absence of inertia, emulsions display a non-Newtonian rheology with positive first and negative second normal stress differences. However, recently it was discovered that a small amount of drop-level inertia alters their signs – the first normal stress difference becomes negative and the second one becomes positive, each in a small range of capillary numbers (Li & Sarkar, J. Rheol., vol. 49, 2005, pp. 1377–1394). Sign reversal was shown numerically and analytically, but only in the limit of a dilute emulsion where drop–drop interactions were neglected. Here, we compute the rheology of a density- and viscosity-matched emulsion, accounting for the interactions in the volume fraction range of 5 %–27 % and Reynolds number range of 0.1–10. The computed rheological properties (effective shear viscosity and first and second normal stress differences) in the Stokes limit match well with previous theoretical (Choi–Schowalter in the dilute limit) and simulated results (for concentrated systems) using the boundary element method. The two distinct components of the rheology arising from the interfacial stresses at the drop surface and the perturbative Reynolds stresses are investigated as functions of the drop Reynolds number, capillary number and volume fraction. The sign change is caused by the increasing drop inclination in the presence of inertia, which in turn directly affects the interfacial stresses. Increase of the volume fraction or capillary number increases the critical Reynolds number for sign reversals due to enhanced alignment of the drops with the flow directions. The effect of increasing the volume fraction on the rheology is explained by relating it to interactions and specifically to the contact pair-distribution function computed from the simulation. The excess stresses are seen to show an approximately linear behaviour with the Reynolds number in the range of 0.1–5, while with the capillary number and volume fraction, the variation is weakly quadratic.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Drops and Bubbles Complex Fluids: Emulsions Non-Newtonian Flows: Rheology
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 805 , 25 October 2016 , pp. 494 - 522
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© 2016 Cambridge University Press 

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