Caloplaca sorediella Arup is described as a new species. It is so far known only from extreme maritime situations on seashore rocks in western England, Scotland and Wales.

Three new species of Lepraria, L. celata, L. humida, and L. sylvicola, are described from Europe. They each possess a finely granular unstratified thallus containing fatty acids and atranorin, but can be distinguished from each other by the type of fatty acids present and by their ecology. Anthraquinones are present in subthalline hyphae of L. humida and L. sylvicola, and are also reported for L. atlantica. Toensbergianic acid can be produced by L. jackii as a minor compound. A key is presented to species of Lepraria containing fatty acids and atranorin as major substances.

The new lichenicolous fungus, Gelatinopsis leptogii, is described from Belgium and Germany, where it grows on Leptogium byssinum. It differs from G. ericetorum, which grows on Dibaeis, in the shorter and broader ascospores and different ascomatal pigments, and from G. roccellae, which grows on Roccella, in the shorter ascospores and larger ascomata.

A new Mediterranean species, Waynea cretica, is described. The species is so far known only from Crete (Greece). Waynea cretica has flat to scarcely ascending squamules, an upper cortex being a paraplectenchymatous eucortex, and long, narrow, acicular ascospores with (5–)7 septa. The new taxon is compared with the hitherto known species of Waynea.

Caloplaca squamuloisidiata van den Boom & V. J. Rico is described as new to science. It is a saxicolous species, pale green to grey, with olivaceous patches, with a rimose-areolate, squamulose, lobulate and isidiate thallus, growing on inland exposed acid rock faces in the western half of the Iberian Peninsula in the Mediterranean region. Its ecology and distribution, and the lichen communities in which it was found are presented. A key to the isidiate and granular-isidiate Caloplaca species in Western Europe is also included.

Caloplaca amarkantakana Y. Joshi & Upreti, a species closely related to C. pellodella and belonging to the section Sideritis, is described as new to science from India. It is characterized by a ±pruinose lobed olivaceous, grey-brown thallus having a parathecium of isodiametric cells, and by smaller ascospores and conidia.

Three new species of Lithothelium are described from southern China (Yunnan) and Thailand. A world key and an annotated list of all currently described species are provided. The following new combinations are proposed: Anisomeridium concameratum (Stirt.) Aptroot (Verrucaria concamerata Stirt.) and Lithothelium fugax (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot (Astrothelium fugax Müll. Arg.).

Two Psoroma species, P. calophyllum and P. contortum, described from southern South America have been studied. The morphology, anatomy and chemistry of the two species are described together with notes on their ecology and taxonomy. The placing of these taxa in Pannaria is discussed, and the new combinations Pannaria calophylla and Pannaria contorta are proposed.

Pannaria isidiosa sp. nov. is newly described from montane forests in New South Wales, Australia. It is characterized by abundant globose to coralloid isidia, long-ellipsoid spores with a verrucose and citriform perispore. It is related to P. xanthomelana, but in addition to pannarin and porphyrilic acid, it contains methylplacodiolic acid and a chemosyndrome of four unidentified terpenoids.

Soil lichens are taxonomically diverse in subtropical eastern Australia. A total of 61 species in 25 genera is reported from a transect 1500 km long, running from the humid sub-tropical coast to the arid interior of the continent. The distribution of the lichen species and genera is associated with climatic pattern and with the growth form of the species. The total number of species found in bands of one degree of longitude along the transect decreases from the wet coastal region to the arid interior. Fruticose and foliose species dominated the flora in wetter regions and squamulose species in the dry interior.

Culture experiments that trigger the axenically grown mycobionts of Lecanora rupicola to produce the polyketide chemosyndrome typical of the naturally grown lichen are reported. This chemosyndrome comprises lecanoric, haematommic and orsellinic acids, sordidone, eugenitol and atranorin, all of which were hardly produced under standard culture conditions. The only exception was arthothelin that was only present in the voucher specimen. It has been shown that almost the complete acetyl-polymalonyl-pathway leading to depsides and chromones can be induced in culture, but apparently not the xanthones. The mycobiont was also successfully re-synthesized with its original photobiont, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope studies (SEM). Cultures of the resynthesised lichen biosynthesized additional satellite substances, which were not detected either in the voucher specimens or in the aposymbiontically (without the photobiont) grown mycobiont cultures. The identity of cultured mycobionts of L. rupicola was confirmed by comparing ITS-DNA-sequence data from the original lichen with publicly available (GeneBank) sequences of that species.

Grazing marks from snails are frequently observed in populations of the old forest epiphyte Lobaria pulmonaria. However, grazing marks are more numerous in thalli from deciduous broadleaved forests than in thalli from boreal Picea abies forests, due to higher populations of lichen-feeding molluscs in deciduous stands. Here we tested for deleterious effects of snails on the lichens by transplanting 600 more or less grazed L. pulmonaria thalli from deciduous forests to snail-free P. abies forests. Subsequent measurements showed that growth rates were as high in thalli with many grazing marks as those without, suggesting that growth of mature lobes of L. pulmonaria are not inhibited by the recorded grazing pressure imposed by lichen feeding snails.

The crustose lichen genus Maronea A. Massal (Fuscideaceae) comprises about 12 species worldwide (Kantvilas 2001, 2004). The easily recognized, diagnostic features of this group of lichens are the lecanorine apothecia, Teloschistes-type ascus, and numerous spores per ascus, and these have contributed to a very stable generic concept over the years. As in many genera of lichenized fungi, however, differing species concepts have led to confusion over how many taxa are recognized. Many species, and varieties and forms of Maronea that were described on the basis of minor morphological features have since been synonymized (e.g. Harris 2006; Magnusson 1934).