Chapter 9 focuses on the processes of transition from a state of schism to Christian unity in Gaul and Hispania. The comparison of two councils, that of Orléans in 511 and Épaone in 517, show the lack of a uniform pattern to the organisation and enforcement of this change. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the transformation of the Visigothic kingdom begun in 589 and interpreted as a huge project, developed in close collaboration between the king and the secular and ecclesiastical elites, which laid the foundation for Christian culture in seventh-century Hispania and demonstrated the transformative power of conversion ideas in the early medieval West.