Even though some participants predicted that bloodshed in Beijing would mark the end of Communist rule, there was no nationwide uprising in the aftermath of the massacre because killing, arrests, and purges sowed fear and underlined the high costs of direct resistance. Another alternative path many called for in the aftermath of the massacre was for an official re-evaluation (pingfan) of June Fourth. Some victims demand a reappraisal, while others reject the notion that the Communist Party is a legitimate arbiter of Chinese history.