The contrasting reality of the camps’ stood out in their administration and staffing. In American centers, staff were usually drawn from the idealistic or humane professions. They came from the ranks of New Deal bureaucrats, especially the departments of Agriculture and Interior, from the Indian Bureau, then under the reformer John Collier, from the Settlement House Movement, the ranks of the Baptist, Quaker, and Brethren religious denominations, from theological seminaries, the YMCA and YWCA, nursing and from former school administrators, recreationists, and teachers. The only two directors of the WRA, were both 1940s liberals and they screened center guards carefully to exclude Nikkei haters. No administrator came from such famous American penal institutions as Sing Sing or Alcatraz. In contrast, concentration camp staff was appalling and the Nazis always found ways to make it more so. Beneath the governing SS, stood layer upon layer of riff raff, often anti-Semitic. The SS soon realized that criminals made perfect foremen or kapos, who would drive workers remorselessly. Finally, there was often a communist underground among the prisoners, who often won out in the struggles to dominate. The SS often incorporated them into the camp government, a sort of Hitler-Stalin Pact redivivus, writ small. In contrast, Professor Sandra Taylor found relocation authority: “if ultimately absolute, rarely dictatorial or coercive.”