Thanks to their relations with the Comoros and the Swahili coast, the Islamic trading ports of northern Madagascar flourished during the fifteenth century. On the northwestern coast, Mahilaka fell into decline, but new trading towns were created on the coast further south (first of all Langany): these towns exported wood, aromatic resins, gold, rice, and slaves. The latter came from the interior, with caravans. Mahilaka may have been the victim of a competing Malagasy kingdom (“Guinguimaro,” or kingdom of Sada) which we later find established in the same region. While there is no hard evidence for the existence of this kingdom prior to the seventeenth century (Sanchez 2013: 134), the site of its capital, Ankoala, may well correspond to Antrañokaràna, “house of the Indians,” “a place active as early as the fifteenth–sixteenth century” (Vérin 1975a, ii: 596; Sanchez 2013: 138).