The third part of this study deals with the doctrine of justification in Catholicism from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth. Chapter 20 opens this analysis by considering the development of the doctrine within Catholicism from 1490 to 1545. This takes the form of a survey of evangelical movements in Spain, France and Italy during this period, which represented a renewal of Pauline theology, but without any suggestion that this should lead to separation from the Catholic church. Writers considered in this overview include Spanish theologian Juan de Valdés, the Italian writers Vittoria Colonna and Benedetto de Mantova, and the French writer Aimé Maigret. In each case, the doctrines of justification associated with the writers are considered, aiming to establish the extent of their provenance within the Catholic tradition, and how their ecclesiological implications were understood. This chapter suggests that an evangelical interest in the Pauline letters developed in many parts of Europe around this time.