The final chapter outlines three reasons why representation of the poor in Congress falls short and discusses how each might be improved. The first issue is that the poor have relatively few organized groups to advance their interests. Although theory dictates that interest groups should lobby friendly legislators, the friends of the poor are far from clear. Thus insights about surrogate champions can help groups focus their limited resources on the most receptive legislators. A second concern is the lack of diversity in Congress, since legislative advocates for the poor are disproportionately women and African Americans. Growing diversity in Congress raises the prospect of greater representation of the poor in the future, even though surrogate representation has its limitations. A final challenge is the striking lack of representation of the poor by Republicans, particularly among rural members from high-poverty districts. The current wave of economic populism and attention to previously-ignored voters, however, suggests that some of these heretofore inactive members may begin to take the interests of the poor more seriously.