This chapter discusses the impact of the imposition of martial law in Poland in December 1981 on a follow-up meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation (CSCE) in Madrid. Thus, the chapter complicates the widely held view of the Final Act of the CSCE as a milestone for the human rights revolution of the 1970s, arguing instead that six years after the Final Act had been signed the position of human rights in international politics remained strongly contested and highly precarious. To make this point, this chapter focuses particularly on the response of the US, the UK, West Germany, France, and Italy to events in Poland.Thus, this chapter demonstrates that, when confronted with massive human rights violations in Poland, the US government did not invoke the CSCE's human rights provisions so much as try to use the situation in Poland as a pretext to end the entire CSCE process. West European governments, on the other hand, insisted on the CSCE Final Act's noninterference clause. It was only a rag-tag alliance of activists from Western civil societies – trade unionists, Cold War hardliners, French Left-wing intellectuals, even peace activists – which pushed their governments to pressure Warsaw to respect human rights.