This chapter explores indigenous peoples’ engagement with mainstream society in trade and investment. It expands the survey of the treatment of indigenous peoples in economic arrangements with examples illustrating the varied ways in which indigenous peoples may interact with international economic law to protect or advance their interests. The examples are presented as “case studies.” To some extent, the cases show how indigenous interests have used different arrangements to resist the cycle of susceptibility and exclusion created by economic interconnection or to take advantage of economic liberalization when possible. Some of the cases also incorporate the author’s own experiences and perspectives working with different institutions between 2014 and 2019.