Almost one decade ago, the Lisbon Treaty came into force. It promised great advances for European governance, particularly in the policy areas that collectively come under the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ).1 Fundamental rights, law and order, civil justice, and migration are policy areas that citizens typically care a great deal about, but they surfaced relatively late in EU law and politics. Only in the Maastricht Treaty (1993) were these matters placed on the EU agenda, and until the Amsterdam Treaty (1999) they were decided exclusively through the intergovernmental method. Then, in the Amsterdam Treaty, a first block of competences dealing with borders, migration, asylum, and judicial cooperation in civil matters was transferred to the ordinary Community, i.e. supranational, method of EU policymaking.2 In the Lisbon Treaty (2009) the process was completed: police and judicial cooperation on criminal matters also became subject to the Community method, and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR) was given binding effect, thus boosting legislative efforts in the fundamental rights area.