Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-pfhbr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T07:17:25.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Prosociality in Middle Childhood

from Part I - Development of Prosociality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2023

Tina Malti
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Maayan Davidov
Affiliation:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Get access

Summary

Children in middle childhood, from about ages 6 to 12, are developing increased competencies that affect the ways in which they interact with others. Additionally, their contexts change, as they typically begin formal schooling and are exposed to different opportunities, challenges, and individuals with whom they interact. Considering these changes, it is important to consider both how these impact children’s prosocial development and how their prosocial behaviors support their development. In this chapter, we review the development of prosociality in middle childhood, highlighting key issues and central research findings, centering on the developmental tasks that are key to this age period. We also discuss issues and considerations in assessing prosocial development in middle childhood. Finally, we consider the implications for promoting a more just society through the promotion of prosociality and highlight future considerations for research.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Prosociality
Development, Mechanisms, Promotion
, pp. 145 - 162
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, D., Van de Vyver, J., Pelletier, J., & Cameron, L. (2015). Children’s prosocial behavioural intentions towards outgroup members. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(3), 277294. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12085Google Scholar
Abramson, L., Daniel, E., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2018). The role of personal values in children’s costly sharing and non-costly giving. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 165, 117134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashworth, E., & Humphrey, N. (2020). More than the sum of its parts: Cumulative risk effects on school functioning in middle childhood. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 4361. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, J., Bailenson, J., Obradović, J., & Aguiar, N. (2019). Virtual reality’s effect on children’s inhibitory control, social compliance, and sharing. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 64, 101052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, K., & Im-Bolter, N. (2020). My way or your way? Perspective taking during social problem solving. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101087Google Scholar
Bekkers, R. (2007). Intergenerational transmission of volunteering. Acta Sociologica, 50(2), 99114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307077653Google Scholar
Blake, P. R., Piovesan, M., Montinari, N., Warneken, F., & Gino, F. (2015). Prosocial norms in the classroom: The role of self-regulation in following norms of giving. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 115, 1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.10.004Google Scholar
Blandon, A. Y., & Scrimgeour, M. B. (2015). Child, parenting, and situational characteristics associated with toddlers’ prosocial behavior. Infant and Child Development, 24(6), 643660. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1910Google Scholar
Brenner, P. S., & DeLamater, J. (2016). Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias. Social Psychology Quarterly, 79(4), 333354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272516628298Google Scholar
Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., & Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), 542559. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1847Google Scholar
Bombari, D., Schmid Mast, M., Canadas, E., & Bachmann, M. (2015). Studying social interactions through immersive virtual environment technology: Virtues, pitfalls, and future challenges. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 869869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00869Google Scholar
Butler, R. (2005). Competence assessment, competence, and motivation between early and middle childhood. In Elliot, A. J. & Dweck, C. S. (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 202221). Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Prosocial foundations of children’s academic achievement. Psychological Science, 11(4), 302306. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00260Google Scholar
Caputi, M., Lecce, S., Pagnin, A., & Banerjee, R. (2012). Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: The role of prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48, 257270. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025402Google Scholar
Chen, X., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020). Bidirectional relations between subjective well-being in school and prosocial behavior among elementary school-aged children: A longitudinal study. Child & Youth Care Forum, 49(1), 7795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566–019-09518-4Google Scholar
Chung-Hall, J., & Chen, X. (2010). Aggressive and prosocial peer group functioning: Effects on children’s social, school, and psychological adjustment. Social Development, 19(4), 659680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00556.xGoogle Scholar
Cowell, J. M., Lee, K., Malcolm‐Smith, S., Selcuk, B., Zhou, X., & Decety, J. (2017). The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures. Developmental Science, 20(4), e12403. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crandall, V. C. (1966). Personality characteristics and social and achievement behaviors associated with children’s social desirability response tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(5), 477486. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023891Google Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2014). Middle childhood: An evolutionary-developmental synthesis. Child Development Perspectives, 8(4), 193200. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12084Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Granic, I. (2004). Naturalistic observation of relationship processes. In Haynes, S. N. & Haiby, E. M. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol. 3: Behavioral assessment (pp. 143161). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 701778). Wiley.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2015). Prosocial development. In Lamb, M. E., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Socioemotional processes (7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 610656). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Sadovsky, A. (2006). Empathy-related responding in children. In Killen, M. & Smetana, J. (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 517549). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Fabes, R. A., Catherine, E., Quick, M., Blevins, D., & Musgrave, A. (2021). The price of punishment: Days missed due to suspension in U.S. K-12 public schools. Psychology in the Schools, 115. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1996). Meta-analyses of age and sex differences in children’s and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., Martin, C. L., Moss, A., & Reesing, A. (2012). The effects of young children’s affiliations with prosocial peers on subsequent emotionality in peer interactions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 569585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02073.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabes, R. A., Martin, C. L., & Hanish, L. D. (2002, October). The role of sex segregation in young children’s prosocial behavior and disposition. Groningen Conference on Prosocial Dispositions and Solidarity, Groningen, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Farrant, B. M., Devine, T. A. J., Maybery, M. T., & Fletcher, J. (2012). Empathy, perspective taking and prosocial behaviour: The importance of parenting practices. Infant and Child Development, 21(2), 175188. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.740Google Scholar
Flouri, E., & Sarmadi, Z. (2016). Prosocial behavior and childhood trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: The role of neighborhood and school contexts. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 253258. http://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000076Google Scholar
Foulkes, L., Leung, J. T., Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S. J. (2018). Age differences in the prosocial influence effect. Developmental Science, 21(6), e12666. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12666CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greener, S. H. (2000). Peer assessment of children’s prosocial behaviour. Journal of Moral Education, 29(1), 4760. https://doi.org/10.1080/030572400102925Google Scholar
Guinn, C. H., Baxter, S. D., Royer, J. A., Hardin, J. W., Mackelprang, A. J., & Smith, A. F. (2010). Fourth-grade children’s dietary recall accuracy for energy intake at school meals differs by social desirability and body mass index percentile in a study concerning retention interval. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 505514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309353814Google Scholar
Hadaway, K. C., Marler, P. L., & Chaves, M. (1998). Overreporting church attendance in America: Evidence that demands the same verdict. American Sociological Review, 63, 122130. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657484Google Scholar
Harter, S. (2006). The development of self-esteem. In Kernis, M. H. (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 144150). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hartup, W. W. (1984). The peer context in middle childhood. In Collins, W. A. (Ed.), Development during middle childhood: The years from six to twelve (pp. 240282). National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/56Google Scholar
Hastings, P. D., Utendale, W. T., & Sullivan, C. (2007). The socialization of prosocial development. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research. Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Hein, G., & Singer, T. (2010). Neuroscience meets social psychology: An integrative approach to human empathy and prosocial behavior. In Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature (pp. 109125). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12061-006Google Scholar
House, B. R. (2017). Diverse ontogenies of reciprocal and prosocial behavior: Cooperative development in Fiji and the United States. Developmental Science, 20(6), e12466. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12466Google Scholar
House, B. R. (2018). How do social norms influence prosocial development? Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 8791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., … & Laurence, S. (2013). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 1458614591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221217110Google Scholar
House, B. R., & Tomasello, M. (2018). Modeling social norms increasingly influences costly sharing in middle childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 171, 8498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.014Google Scholar
Huber, L., Plötner, M., & Schmitz, J. (2019). Behavioral observation of prosocial behavior and social initiative is related to preschoolers’ psychopathological symptoms. PLoS ONE, 14(11), e0225274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225274Google Scholar
Iannotti, R. J. (1985). Naturalistic and structured assessments of prosocial behavior in preschool children: The influence of empathy and perspective taking. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 4655. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imuta, K., Henry, J. D., Slaughter, V., Selcuk, B., & Ruffman, T. (2016). Theory of mind and prosocial behavior in childhood: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 52(8), 11921205. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000140.suppGoogle Scholar
Killen, M., Rutland, A., & Yip, T. (2016). Equity and justice in developmental science: Discrimination, social exclusion, and intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 87(5), 13171336. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12593Google Scholar
Kuhnert, R.-L., Begeer, S., Fink, E., & de Rosnay, M. (2017). Gender-differentiated effects of theory of mind, emotion understanding, and social preference on prosocial behavior development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 154, 1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.10.001Google Scholar
Ladd, G. W., & Profilet, S. M. (1996). The child behavior scale: A teacher-report measure of young children’s aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 10081024. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.1008Google Scholar
Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., Kurtz, J. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 385398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1198924Google Scholar
Li, X., & Griffin, W. A. (2013). Using ESDA with social weights to analyze spatial and social patterns of children’s behavior. Applied Geography, 43, 6780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.06.003Google Scholar
Liu, M.-C., & Huang, Y.-M. (2017). The use of data science for education: The case of social-emotional learning. Smart Learning Environments, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561–016-0040-4Google Scholar
Longobardi, E., Spataro, P., & Rossi-Arnaud, C. (2019). Direct and indirect associations of empathy, theory of mind, and language with prosocial behavior: Gender differences in primary school children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 180(6), 266279. https://doi.org./10.1080/00221325.2019.1653817CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, T.-L., Zarrett, N., Simpkins, S., Vandell, D. L., & Jiang, S. (2020). Brief report: Patterns of prosocial behaviors in middle childhood predicting peer relations during early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 78, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.11.004Google Scholar
Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Keller, M., & Buchmann, M. (2009). Children’s moral motivation, sympathy, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 80(2), 442460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01271.xGoogle Scholar
Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Ongley, S., Chaparro, M., Nola, M., & Bae, N. Y. (2016). “Who is worthy of my generosity?” Recipient characteristics and the development of children’s sharing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(1), 3140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414567007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malti, T., Ongley, S. F., Peplak, J., Chaparro, M. P., Buchmann, M., Zuffianò, A., & Cui, L. (2016). Children’s sympathy, guilt, and moral reasoning in helping, cooperation, and sharing: A 6-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 87(6), 17831795. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12632Google Scholar
Maunder, R., & Monks, C. P. (2019). Friendships in middle childhood: Links to peer and school identification, and general self‐worth. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(2), 211229. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12268Google Scholar
McAuliffe, K., Raihani, N. J., & Dunham, Y. (2017). Children are sensitive to norms of giving. Cognition, 167, 151159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.006Google Scholar
Metzger, A., Alvis, L. M., Oosterhoff, B., Babskie, E., Syvertsen, A., & Wray-Lake, L. (2018). The intersection of emotional and sociocognitive competencies with civic engagement in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(8), 16631683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–018-0842-5Google Scholar
Nantel‐Vivier, A., Kokko, K., Caprara, G. V., Pastorelli, C., Gerbino, M. G., Paciello, M., … & Tremblay, R. E. (2009). Prosocial development from childhood to adolescence: A multi‐informant perspective with Canadian and Italian longitudinal studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 590598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02039.xGoogle Scholar
Okonofua, J. A., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2015). Two strikes: Race and the disciplining of young students. Psychological Science, 26(5), 617624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615570365Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., & Lewis, N. A., Jr. (2017). Seeing the destination and the path: Using identity-based motivation to understand and reduce racial disparities in academic achievement. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 159194. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2014). Parental socialization of prosocial behavior. In Padilla-Walker, L. M. & Carlo, G. (Eds.), Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199964772.003.0007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastorelli, C., Lansford, J. E., Luengo Kanacri, B. P., Malone, P. S., Di Giunta, L., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Zelli, A., Miranda, M. C., Bornstein, M. H., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Oburu, P., Skinner, A. T., & Sorbring, E. (2016). Positive parenting and children’s prosocial behavior in eight countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(7), 824834. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12477CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavey, L., Greitemeyer, T., & Sparks, P. (2011). Highlighting relatedness promotes prosocial motives and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(7), 905917. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211405994Google Scholar
Peplak, J., Song, J., Colasante, T., & Malti, T. (2017). “Only you can play with me!” Children’s inclusive decision-making, reasoning, and emotions based on peers’ gender and behavior problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, 134138. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167211405994Google Scholar
Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Zelli, A., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., & Bombi, A. S. (2018). Parental acceptance–rejection and child prosocial behavior: Developmental transactions across the transition to adolescence in nine countries, mothers and fathers, and girls and boys. Developmental Psychology, 54(10), 18811890. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/dev0000565Google Scholar
Rutland, A., & Killen, M. (2015). A developmental science approach to reducing prejudice and social exclusion: Intergroup processes, social-cognitive development, and moral reasoning. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 121154. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selman, R. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analysis. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Shin, H., Ryan, A. M., & North, E. (2019). Friendship processes around prosocial and aggressive behaviors: The role of teacher–student relatedness and differences between elementary-school and middle-school classrooms. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 65(2), 232263. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.65.2.0232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinohara, A., Kanakogi, Y., & Myowa, M. (2019). Strategic reputation management: Children adjust their reward distribution in accordance with an observer’s mental state. Cognitive Development, 50, 195204. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.04.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shohet, C., Shay, M., Almog-Greenberg, C., & Adi-Japha, E. (2019). Early friendships: Does a friend’s presence in daycare promote toddlers’ prosocial behavior toward peers? The Journal of Experimental Education, 87(3), 517529. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2018.1496062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierksma, J., Spaltman, M., & Lansu, T. A. (2019). Children tell more prosocial lies in favor of in-group than out-group peers. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 14281439. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000721Google Scholar
Skinner, A. L., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2019). Childhood experiences and intergroup biases among children. Social Issues and Policy Review, 13(1), 211240. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12054Google Scholar
Smetana, J. G., & Braeges, J. L. (1990). The development of toddlers’ moral and conventional judgments. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36(3), 329346.Google Scholar
Song, J.-H., Colasante, T., & Malti, T. (2018). Helping yourself helps others: Linking children’s emotion regulation to prosocial behavior through sympathy and trust. Emotion, 18(4), 518527. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000332Google Scholar
Starck, J. G., Riddle, T., Sinclair, S., & Warikoo, N. (2020). Teachers are people too: Examining the racial bias of teachers compared to other American adults. Educational Researcher, 49(4), 273284. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20912758CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straub, S., Bondü, R., & Roth, F. (2020). Justice sensitivity in middle childhood: Measurement and location in the temperamental and social skills space. Journal of Personality Assessment. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1753754Google Scholar
Tamnes, C. K., Overbye, K., Ferschmann, L., Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Blakemore, S.-J., & Dumontheil, I. (2018). Social perspective taking is associated with self-reported prosocial behavior and regional cortical thickness across adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 54(9), 17451757. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000541Google Scholar
Tesson, G., Lewko, J. H., & Bigelow, B. J. (1987). The social rules that children use in their interpersonal relations. Contributions of Human Development, 18, 3657. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414251Google Scholar
Thijssen, S., Wildeboer, A., Muetzel, R. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., El Marroun, H., Hofman, A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., van der Lugt, A., Verhulst, F. C., Tiemeier, H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & White, T. (2015). Cortical thickness and prosocial behavior in school-age children: A population-based MRI study. Social Neuroscience, 10(6), 571582. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1014063Google Scholar
Thomson, K. C., Oberle, E., Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., Rowcliffe, P., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2018). Measuring social-emotional development in middle childhood: The Middle Years Development Instrument. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 55, 107118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.03.005Google Scholar
Underwood, M. K., Ehrenreich, S. E., More, D., Solis, J. S., & Brinkley, D. Y. (2015). The Blackberry Project: The hidden world of adolescents’ text messaging and relations with internalizing symptoms. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(1), 101117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12101Google Scholar
Uzefovsky, F., Döring, A. K., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Values in middle childhood: Social and genetic contributions. Social Development, 25(3), 482502. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12155Google Scholar
van den Berg, Y. H. M., Deutz, M. H. F., Smeekens, S., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2017). Developmental pathways to preference and popularity in middle childhood. Child Development, 88(5), 16291641. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12706Google Scholar
Yeager, D. S., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Hooper, S. Y., & Cohen, G. L. (2017). Loss of institutional trust among racial and ethnic minority adolescents: A consequence of procedural injustice and a cause of life-span outcomes. Child Dev, 88(2), 658676. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12697Google Scholar
Youniss, J. (1980). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan-Piaget perspective. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×