Scientific research areas and their development in Africa vary. In this chapter, the nature of science that is produced in Africa is gleaned from the analysis of the scientific research areas. Using large quantities of publication data, a closer look is taken at all scientific research areas in African countries. The analysis shows the contribution of countries to specific scientific areas, strengths in specific research areas, and recent research foci. Using two time periods, not only the trends in the production of science according to the scientific research areas but also to the shifting foci of countries in scientific research are revealed. Countries and their focused research areas are shown in this analysis. Some countries, in contrast to others, were in the forefront of producing the highest number of publications for African science. They are the key science producers in specific areas of research that are very relevant for the development of Africa. Clear differentiation between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa in research areas is seen in the analysis. The attention and focus on specific research areas by African countries are influenced by developmental needs, interests and scientific capabilities.