Aalberse, S., Backus, A., & Muysken, P. (2019). Heritage languages: A language contact approach. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Achugar, M., & Pessoa, S. (2009). Power and place: Language attitudes towards Spanish in a bilingual academic community in Southwest Texas. Spanish in Context, 6(2), 199–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aikio, A., Arola, L., & Kunnas, N. (2015). Variation in North Saami. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalising sociolinguistics (pp. 243–255). Routledge.Google Scholar

Albano Leoni, F. (2015). < Carmniell o’srngar >. Osservazioni sulla ortografia ingenua del napoletano e sulle sue possibili implicazioni fonetiche. In Negro, S. D., Guerini, F., & Iannacarro, G. (Eds.), Elaborazione ortografica delle varietà non standard. Esperienze spontanee in Italia e all’estero (pp. 51–78). Bergamo University Press/Edizioni Sestante.Google Scholar

Amengual, M. (2012). Interlingual influence in bilingual speech: Cognate status effect in a continuum of bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 517–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amengual, M. (2016). Acoustic correlates of the Spanish tap-trill contrast: Heritage and L2 Spanish speakers. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 88–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amery, H., & Cartwright, S. (1987). First 100 words. London: Usborne.Google Scholar

Anderson, J. A., & Ansah, G. N. (2015). A sociolinguistic mosaic of West Africa: Challenges and prospects. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalising sociolinguistics challenging and expanding theory (pp. 54–65). Routledge.Google Scholar

Anstatt, T. (2011). Sprachattrition. Abbau der Erstsprache bei russisch-deutschen Jugendlichen. [Language attrition. Weakening of first language among Russian-German adolescents]. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 67, 7–31.Google Scholar

Anstatt, T. (2013). Polnisch als Herkunftssprache: Sprachspezifische grammatische Kategorien bei bilingualen Jugendlichen [Polish as source language: Language-specific grammatical categories in bilingual adolescents]. In Kempgen, S., Wingender, M, Franz, N., & Jakiša, M. (Eds.), Deutsche Beiträge zum 15. Internationalen Slavistenkongress Minsk 2013 (pp. 15–25). Otto Sagner.Google Scholar

Antoniou, M., Best, C. T., Tyler, M. D., & Kroos, C. (2010). Language context elicits native-like stop voicing in early bilinguals’ productions in both L1 and L2. Journal of Phonetics 38(4), 640–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anttila, A., & Cho, Y. Y. (1998). Variation and change in optimality theory. Lingua, 104(1), 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(97)00023-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ascoli, G. I. (1878). Schizzi franco-provenzali. Archivio Glottologico Italiano, 3(1), 61–120.Google Scholar

Au, T. K., Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., & Oh, J. S. (2002). Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychological Science, 13(3), 238–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Auer, P. (2013). The geography of language: Steps toward a new approach. Freiberger Arbeitspapiere zur Germanistischen Linguistik, 16, 1–39.Google Scholar

Bailey, C. J. N., & Shuy, R. W. (1973). New ways of analyzing variation in English. Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Bailey, G., Wikle, T., Tillery, J., & Sand, L. (1991). The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change, 3(3), 241–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baird, A., Cristiano, A., & Nagy, N. (2021). Apocope in Heritage Italian. Languages, 6(3), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6030120CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ball, D. L., & Bass, H. (2000). Interweaving content and pedagogy in teaching and learning to teach: Knowing and using mathematics. In Boaler, J. (Ed.), Multiple perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematics (pp. 83–104). Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar

Barasa, S. N. (2015). Ala! Kumbe? “Oh my! Is it so?”: Multilingualism controversies in East Africa. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalising Sociolinguistics (pp. 39–53). Routledge.Google Scholar

Barbiers, S. (2005). Word order variation in three-verb clusters and the division of labour between generative linguistics and sociolinguistics. In Cornips, L. & Corrigan, K. P. (Eds.), Syntax and variation: Reconciling the biological and the social (pp. 233–264). John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barry, W. J. (1997). Another R-tickle. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 27(1–2), 35–45.Google Scholar

Bassiouney, R. (2015). Gender in a North African setting: A sociolinguistic overview. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalising sociolinguistics (pp. 123–136). Routledge.Google Scholar

Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauer, R. S., Kwan-hin, C., & Pak-man, C. (2003). Variation and merger of the rising tones in Hong Kong Cantonese. Language Variation and Change, 15(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394503152039CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayley, R., & Pease-Alvarez, L. (1996). Null and expressed subject pronoun variation in Mexican-descent children’s Spanish. In Arnold, J., Blake, R., Davidson, B., Schwenter, S., & Solomon, J. (Eds.), Sociolinguistic variation: Data, theory, and analysis (pp. 85–99). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bayley, R., & Pease-Alvarez, L. (1997). Null pronoun variation in Mexican-descent children’s narrative discourse. Language Variation and Change, 9(3), 349–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayley, R., Preston, D., & Li, X. (Eds.). (2022). Variation in second and heritage languages: Crosslinguistic perspectives. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.28.12disCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayona, P., & García-Martin, E. (Eds.). (2022). Second Language and Heritage Learners in Mixed Classrooms. Multilingual Matters. www.multilingual-matters.com/page/detail/?k=9781800415003CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaman, K. V. (2021). Identity and mobility in linguistic change across the lifespan: The case of Swabian German. In Ziegler, A., Kleczkowski, S. Edler, & Oberdorfe, G. (Eds.), Urban matters: Current approaches in variationist sociolinguistics (pp. 27–60). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaman, K. V., & Guy, G. (Eds.). (2022). The Coherence of linguistic communities: Orderly heterogeneity and social meaning. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaudrie, S. (2023). Special Issue “Developing Heritage Language Learners’ Critical Language Awareness.” Languages 8(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaudrie, S., Amezcua, A., & Loza, S. (2021). Critical language awareness in the heritage language classroom: Design, implementation, and evaluation of an instructional intervention. International Multilingual Research Journal, 15(1), 61–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckman, M. (1996). When a syllable is not a syllable? In Otake, T. & Cutler, A. (Eds.), Phonological structure and language processing, cross-linguistic studies (pp. 95–123). Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, A. (2013). A guidebook to sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, A. (2016). Succeeding waves: Seeking sociolinguistic theory for the twenty-first century. In Coupland, N. (Ed.), Sociolinguistics: Theoretical debates (pp. 391–416). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2010). Prolegomena to heritage linguistics. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and Harvard University. http://scholar.harvard.edu/mpolinsky/publications/white-paper-prolegomena-heritage-linguistics.Google Scholar

Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2013a). Defining an “ideal” heritage speaker: Theoretical and methodological challenges Reply to peer commentaries. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3–4), 259–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2013b). Heritage languages and their speakers: Opportunities and challenges for linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3–4), 129–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, J. (1998). Official multiculturalism. In Edwards, J. (Ed.), Language in Canada (pp. 84–101). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blainey, D. (2013). First to Come, Last to Go: Phonological Change and Resilience in Louisiana Regional French [Doctoral dissertation]. Tulane University.Google Scholar

Blake, B. J. (2001). Case (2nd ed.). Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boberg, C. (2011). Reshaping the vowel system: An index of phonetic innovation in Canadian English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 17(2), (article 4, 21–29).Google Scholar

Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2022). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (6.3.02).Google Scholar

Borlongan, A. M. (2015). Conyo English: Explorations of Philippine English sociolects. 21st Conference of the International Association for World Englishes, Instanbul.Google Scholar

Bouchard, C. (2002). La langue et le nombril: Histoire d’une obsession québécoise (2nd ed.). Fides.Google Scholar

Bowie, D. (2005). Language change over the Lifespan: A test of the apparent time construct. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 11(2), 45–58.Google Scholar

Brenzinger, M., Yamamoto, A., Aikawa, N., Koundiouba, D., Minasyan, A., Dwyer, A., Grinevald, C., Krauss, M., Miyaoka, O., Sakiyama, O., Smeets, R., & Zepeda, O. (2003). Language vitality and endangerment. UNESCO Expert Meeting on Safeguarding Endangered Languages.Google Scholar

Brezina, V., & Meyerhoff, M. (2014). Significant or random? A critical review of sociolinguistic generalisations based on large corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 19(1), 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Britain, D. (2009). One foot in the grave? Dialect death, dialect contact, and dialect birth in England. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2009(196–197), 121–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brugman, H., & Russel, A. (2004). Annotating multimedia/multi-modal resources with ELAN. Proceedings of LREC 2004, Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. [ELAN] (Software) Available at https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/elan/.Google Scholar

Buchstaller, I., & D’Arcy, A. (2009). Localized Globalization: A Multi-Local, Multivariate Investigation of Quotative be like. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(3), 291–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budzhak-Jones, S., & Poplack, S. (1997). Two generations, two strategies: The fate of bare English-origin nouns in Ukrainian. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1(2), 225–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buttler, D. (1976). Innowacje składniowe współczesnej polszczyzny [Syntactic innovations in contemporary Polish]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Google Scholar

Bybee, J. (2003). Phonology and Language use. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Canadian Education Association. (1991). Heritage Language Programs in Canadian School Boards. Canadian Education Association.Google Scholar

Canadian Heritage Languages Institute Act, no. C7, Senate and House of Commons of Canada. (1991). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-17.6/20021231/P1TT3xt3.htmlGoogle Scholar

Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. (n.d.). Italian Immigration, National Statistics. The Italian Trunk. https://pier21.ca/culture-trunks/italian-trunkGoogle Scholar

Canagarajah, S. (2011). Translanguaging in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review, 2, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caramazza, A., & Yeni-Komshian, G. (1974). Voice onset time in two French dialects. Journal of Phonetics, 2(3), 239–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carvalho, A. M. (2021). Differential object marking in monolingual and bilingual Spanish. In The Routledge handbook of variationist approaches to Spanish (pp. 393–410). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Catricalà, M., & Di Ferrante, L. (2010). Les droits linguistiques: Droit à la reconnaissance droit à la formation. In Agresti, G. & Bienkowski, F. (Eds.), Actes des deuxièmes Journées des droits linguistiques (pp. 241–257). Aracne.Google Scholar

Cedergren, H. J., & Sankoff, D. (1974). Variable rules: Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language, 50(2), 333–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Celata, C. (2010). Rhotic retroflexion in Romance. Acoustic data for an articulation-driven sound change. In Recasens, D., Miret, F. S., & Wireback, K. (Eds.), Experimental phonetics and sound change (pp. 35–60). Lincom Europa.Google Scholar

Celata, C., & Nagy, N. (2022). Sociophonetic variation and change in heritage languages: Lexical effects in Heritage Italian aspiration of voiceless stops. Language and Speech. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00238309221126483CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Census and Statistics Department. (2014). Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics: Use of Language in Hong Kong in 2012. www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B71406FB2014XXXXB0100.pdfGoogle Scholar

Chambers, J. K. (2000). Universal sources of the vernacular. Sociolinguistica, 14(1), 11–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistics of immigration. In Britain, D. & Cheshire, J. (Eds.), Social dialectology. In honour of Peter Trudgill (pp. 96–113). John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (1980). Dialectology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chang, C. B. (2012). Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production. Journal of Phonetics, 40(2), 249–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chao, Y. R. (1951). The Cantian idiolect: An analysis of the Chinese spoken by a twenty-eight-months-old child. University of California Publications in Semitic Philolology, 1, 27–44.Google Scholar

Cheng, L. (2017). Mergers-in-progress in Hong Kong and Vancouver Cantonese-English bilinguals [Honours Thesis]. University of British Columbia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, J. (2005). Syntactic variation and spoken language. In Corrigan, L. Cornips & K. (Eds.), Syntax and variation: Reconciling the biological and the social (pp. 81–106). John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Cho, G., Cho, K. S., & Tse, L. (1997). Why ethnic minorities need to develop their heritage language: The case of Korean Americans. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 10(2), 106–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chociej, J. (2011). Polish Pro-Drop: English influence on heritage Polish in Toronto [Generals Paper, University of Toronto]. http://individual.utoronto.ca/chociej/Files/UToronto-GP1-Chociej.pdfGoogle Scholar

Clumeck, H., Barton, D., Macken, M., & Huntington, D. A. (1981). The aspiration contrast in Cantonese word-initial stops: Data from children and adults. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 9(2), 210–225.Google Scholar

Cole, M. (2009). Null subjects: A reanalysis of the data. Linguistics, 47(3), 559–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coursen, C. (1846). It blows, it snows: A Winter’s rambles through Canada. Brady.Google Scholar

Cristiano, A. (2019). Fenomeni di riduzione fonetica nel napoletano parlato [Tesi di laurea]. Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II.Google Scholar

Cristiano, A. (2022). (r) in Heritage Calabrese Italian: Cross-generational nativeness [Tesi di laurea in Fonetica e Fonologia]. Università di Bologna.Google Scholar

Cumming, A. (2014). Programs for education in immigrant, heritage, or international languages in Canada [Policy brief]. CERLL (Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies), OISE, University of Toronto.Google Scholar

Cummings Ruiz, L. D., & Montrul, S. (2020). Assessing rhotic production by bilingual Spanish speakers. Languages, 5(4), 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, J. (2005). A proposal for action: Strategies for recognizing heritage language competence as a learning resource within the mainstream classroom. Modern Language Journal, 89(4), 585–592.Google Scholar

Cummins, J., & Danesi, M. (1990). Heritage languages: The development and denial of Canada’s linguistic resources. Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation.Google Scholar

Cuza, A., & Frank, J. (2010). The acquisition of double que questions in Heritage and L2 Spanish. In Heijl, M. (Ed.), Actes du congrès annuel de l’association canadienne de linguistique 2010 (pp. 1–13). Canadian Linguistic Association. www.academia.edu/attachments/27798094/download_fileGoogle Scholar

Cuza, A., Pérez-Leroux, A. T., & Sánchez, L. (2013). The role of semantic transfer in clitic drop among simultaneous and sequential Chinese-Spanish bilinguals. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(1), 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cyrino, S. M. L., Duarte, M. E. L., & Kato, M. A. (2000). Visible subjects and invisible clitics in Brazilian Portuguese. In Kato, M. A. & Negrão, E. V. (Eds.), Brazilian Portuguese and the null Subject Parameter (pp. 55–73). Iberoamericana.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dąbrowska, E. (2012). Different speakers, different grammars: Individual differences in native language attainment. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 2(3), 219–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Danesi, M., McLeod, K., & Morris, S. (Eds.). (1993). Heritage languages and education: The Canadian experience. Mosaic Press.Google Scholar

Davidson, J. (2015). Social dynamics of Catalan-Spanish contact in the evolution of Catalonian Spanish [Doctoral thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar

De Blasi, Nicola. (2014). Geografia e storia dell’italiano regionale. Il Mulino.Google Scholar

de Groot, C. (2005). The grammars of Hungarian outside Hungary from a linguistic-typological perspective. In Fenyvesi, A. (Ed.), Hungarian language contact outside Hungary (pp. 351–370). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Jong, N., & Bosker, H. R. (2013). Choosing a threshold for silent pauses to measure second language fluency. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS 2013), 17–20.Google Scholar

de Leeuw, E., & Celata, C. (Eds.). (2019). Plasticity of native phonetic and phonological domains in the context of bilingualism. Special issue of Journal of Phonetics, 73, 88–93.Google Scholar

de Leeuw, E., Schmid, M., & Mennen, I. (2010). The effects of contact on native language pronunciation in a migrant context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 33–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Del Torto, L. (2010). ‘It’s so cute how they talk’: Stylized Italian English as sociolinguistic maintenance. English Today, 26(3), 55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Di Ferrante, L. (2007). Spazi linguistici in cambiamento: Una nuova inchiesta di matched guise a Milano, Napoli e Roma [PhD dissertation]. Università per stranieri di Siena.Google Scholar

Di Salvo, M. (2017). Heritage language and identity in old and new Italian migrants in Toronto. In Di Salvo, M. & Moreno, P. (Eds.), Italian Communities Abroad: Multilingualism and Migration (pp. 75–96). Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar

Di Salvo, M., & Moreno, P. (Eds.). (2017). Heritage language and identity in old and new Italian migrants in Toronto. In Italian communities abroad: Multilingualism and migration (pp. 74–95). Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar

Di Salvo, M., & Nagy, N. (2022). Differential object marking in heritage and homeland Italian. In Bayley, R., Preston, D. R., & Li, X. (Eds.), Variation in Second and Heritage Languages: Crosslinguistic perspectives (pp. 311–336). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorian, N. (1993). Internally and externally motivated change in language contact settings: Doubts about the dichotomy. In Jones, C. (Ed.), Historical linguistics: Problems and perspectives (pp. 131–155). Routledge.Google Scholar

Dressler, R. (2010). “There is no space for being German”: Portraits of Willing and Reluctant Heritage Language Learners of German. Heritage Language Journal, 7(2), 1–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2023). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-sixth edition. SIL International. www.ethnologue.comGoogle Scholar

Eckert, P. (2000). Linguistic variation as social practice. Blackwell.Google Scholar

Einfeldt, M., van de Weijer, J., & Kupisch, T. (2019). The production of geminates in Italian-dominant bilinguals and heritage speakers of Italian. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 10(2), 177–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elias, V., McKinnon, S., & Milla-Muñoz, Á. (2017). The effects of code-switching and Lexical Stress on Vowel Quality and duration of Heritage speakers of Spanish. Languages, 2(4), 29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erker, D., & Otheguy, R. (2016). Contact and coherence: Dialectal leveling and structural convergence in NYC Spanish. Lingua, 172–173, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.10.011Google Scholar

Evans, N., & Levinson, S. C. (2009). The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5), 429–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fagyal, Z. (2010). Accents de banlieues: Aspects prosodiques du français populaire en contact avec les langues de l’immigration. L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Fagyal, Z., & Davidson, J. (2022). Sociophonetics. In Gabriel, C., Gess, R., Meisenburg, T., (Eds.), Manual of Romance phonetics and phonology, 27, 342–374. De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Farnetani, E., & Busà, M. G. (1999). Quantifying the range of vowel reduction in Italian. In Ohala, J. J., (Ed.) Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 1, (pp. 491–494). University of California Press.Google Scholar

Fava, E. & Magno Caldognetto, E. (1976). Studio sperimentale delle caratteristiche elettroacustiche delle vocali toniche e atone in bisillabi italiani. In Simone, R., Vignuzzi, U., & Ruggiero, G. (Eds.), Studi di fonetica e fonologia (pp. 35–80). Bulzoni.Google Scholar

Fenyvesi, A. (2000). The affectedness of the verbal complex in American Hungarian. In Fenyvesi, A. & Sándor, K. (Eds.), Language contact and the verbal complex of Dutch and Hungarian (pp. 94–107). JGyTF Press.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flege, J. (1991). Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89, 395–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of ‘new’ and ‘similar’ phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O.-S. (2021). The revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r). In Wayland, R. (Ed.), Second language speech learning: Theoretical and empirical progress (pp. 3–83). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108886901.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. R. A. (1995). Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), 3125–3134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, C. (2015). Understanding heritage language acquisition. Some contributions from the research on heritage speakers of European Portuguese. Lingua, 164, 251–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, C., Gürel, A., & Putnam, M. (Eds.). (2020). Different perspectives on critical factors in heritage language development and maintenance. Language Learning, 70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, C., & Rinke, E. (2020). The relevance of language-internal variation in predicting heritage language grammars. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 25–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, C., Rinke, E., & Rato, A. (2017). Comparing the outcomes of early and late acquisition of European Portuguese: An analysis of morpho-syntactic and phonetic performance. Heritage Language Journal, 14(2), 124–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores-Ferrán, N. (2004). Spanish subject personal pronoun use in New York City Puerto Ricans: Can we rest the case of English contact? Language Variation and Change, 16(1), 49–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fowler, C. A., Sramko, V., Ostry, D. J., Rowland, S. A., & Halle, P. (2008). Cross language phonetic influences on the speech of French-English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 36(4), 649–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Geeslin, K. L., & Gudmestad, A. (2016). Subject expression in Spanish: Contrasts between native and non-native speakers for first and second-person singular referents. Spanish in Context, 13(1), 53–79. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.1.03geeCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geikie, Rev. A. C. (2010). Canadian English. In Gold, E. & McAlpine, J. (Eds.), Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader (pp. 44–54). Strathy Language Unit.Google Scholar

Ghosh, I. (2020). Ranked: The 100 Most Spoken Languages Around the World. Visual Capitalist. www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/Google Scholar

Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In Giles, H. (Ed.), Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations (pp. 307–348). Academic.Google Scholar

Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1987). Ethnolinguistic identity theory: A social psychological approach to language maintenance. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 68, 69–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Givón, T. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: An introduction. In Givón, T. (Ed.), Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-linguistic study (pp. 1–41). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glovinskaja, M. Y., Zemskaja, E. A. & Bobrik, M. A., (Eds.). (2001). Jazyk russkogo zarubežja [The Language of the Russian Diaspora]. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 53.Google Scholar

Godley, A. J., Reaser, , , J., Moore, , , K. G., (Eds.). (2015). Pre-service English Language Arts teachers’ development of Critical Language Awareness for teaching. Linguistics and Education, 32, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2015.03.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Godley, A. J., Sweetland, J., Wheeler, R. S., Minnici, A., & Carpenter, B. D. (2006). Preparing teachers for dialectally diverse classrooms. Educational Researcher, 35(8), 30–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goebl, H., Nelde, P. H., Starý, Z., & Wölck, W., (Eds.). (1996). Contact linguistics: An international handbook of contemporary research (Vol. 1). Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Gorman, K., Howell, J., & Wagner, M. (2011). Prosodylab-aligner: A tool for forced alignment of laboratory speech. Canadian Acoustics, 39(3), 192–193.Google Scholar

Greenberg, M. L. (2015). The Slavic area: Trajectories, borders, centres and peripheries in the Second World. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalising sociolinguistics challenging and expanding theory (pp. 164–177). Routledge.Google Scholar

Grenoble, L. A. (2010). Language documentation and field linguistics: The state of the field. In Grenoble, L. A. & Furbee, N. L. (Eds.), Language Documentation: Practice and Values (pp. 289–309). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grenoble, L. A. (2016). A response to “Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)” by Nala Huiying Lee & John Van Way. Language in Society, 45(2), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gruszczyński, W. Bralczyk, , , J. (2002). Słownik gramatyki je˛zyka polskiego. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne S.A.Google Scholar

Gu, W., & Lee, T. (2007). Effects of tonal contrast and focus on Cantonese f0. Saarbrücken, Germany: International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS).Google Scholar

Guijarro-Fuentes, P., & Marinis, T. (2011). Voicing language dominance: Acquiring Spanish by British English/Spanish bilingual children. In Potowski, K. & Rothman, J. (Eds.), Bilingual youth: Spanish in English-speaking societies (pp. 227–248). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guijarro-Fuentes, P., & Schmitz, K. (2015). The nature and nurture of heritage language acquisition. Lingua, 164(B), 239–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gürel, A. (2020). Towards a comprehensive model of heritage language development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000439CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, G. (1991). Explanation in variable phonology: An exponential model of morphological constraints. Language Variation and Change, 3(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, G. (2007). Variation and phonological theory. In Bayley, R. & Lucas, C. (Eds.), Sociolinguistic variation: Theories, methods and applications (pp. 5–23). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, G. (2014). Variation and change in Latin American Spanish and Portuguese. In Amaral, P. & Carvalho, A. M. (Eds.), Portuguese-Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact (pp. 443–464). John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Guy, G., & Boberg, C. (1997). Inherent variability and the obligatory contour principle. Language Variation and Change, 9(2), 149–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haegeman, L., & Ihsane, T. (2001). Adult null subjects in the non-pro-drop languages: Two diary dialects. Language Acquisition, 9(4), 329–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hale, K. (1998). On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity. In Grenoble, L. A. & Whaley, L. J. (Eds.), Endangered languages: Loss and community response. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hall-Lew, L., & Starr, R. (2010). Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area. English Today, 26(3), 12–19.Google Scholar

Halmari, H., & Backus, A. (Eds.). (2020). International Journal of Bilingualism 19, Sage.Google Scholar

Harada, T. (2003). L2 influence on L1 speech in the production of VOT. In Solé, M. J., Recasens, D., & Romero, J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1085–1088). Causal Productions.Google Scholar

Harrison, B. (2000). Passing on the language: Heritage language diversity in Canada. Canadian Social Trends, 58(14). www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2000002/article/5165-eng.pdf.Google Scholar

Harvie, D. (1998). Null subject in English: Wonder if it exists? Cahiers Linguistique d’Ottawa, 26, 15–25.Google Scholar

Haviland, V. S. (2008). Things get glossed over rearticulating the silencing power of whiteness in education. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(1), 40–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hay, J., & Drager, K. (2007). Sociophonetics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 36, 89–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heap, D. & Nagy. (1998). Subject pronoun variation in Faetar and Francoprovençal. In Paradis, C., (Ed.) Papers in Sociolinguistics. NWAVE-26 à l’Université Laval. Nota bene, Québec (pp. 291–300).Google Scholar

Henriksen, N. C., & Willis, E. W. (2010). Acoustic characterization of phonemic trill production in Jerezano Andalusion Spanish. In Somerville, M. O.-L. (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Conference of Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology (pp. 115–127). Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar

Hickey, R. (2012). Internally and externally motivated language change. In Hernández-Compoy, J. M. & Conde-Silvestre, J. C. (Eds.), The handbook of historical sociolinguistics (pp. 387–407). Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hildebrandt, K. A., Jany, C., & Silva, W. (Eds.). (2017). Documenting variation in endangered languages. Language Documentation and Conservation SP13. University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar

Hilpert, M., & Gries, S. (2016). Quantitative approaches to diachronic corpus linguistics. In Kytö, M. & Pahta, P. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of English historical linguistics (pp. 36–53). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinskens, F., & Guy, G. R. (Eds.). (2016). Coherence, covariation and bricolage. Various approaches to the systematicity of language variation. Lingua, 172–173, 1–146.Google Scholar

Hoffman, M. F. (2010). The role of social factors in the Canadian Vowel Shift: Evidence from Toronto. American Speech, 85(2), 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffman, M. F., & Walker, J. A. (2010). Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change, 22, 37–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hollett, M. (2010). Heritage Russian in Toronto: Generational change and subject omission. Paper presented at Change and Variation in Canada IV. Memorial University of Newfoundland.Google Scholar

Holmberg, A. (2005). Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(4), 533–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hombert, J. M. (1978). Consonant types, vowel quality and tone. In Fromkin, V. (Ed.), Tone: A linguistic survey (pp. 77–112). Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Houle, R., & Maheux, H. (2017). Children with an immigrant background: Bridging cultures (Census Report No. 98-200-X2016015; Census in Brief). Statistics Canada.Google Scholar

Howell, R. B. (1991). Old English breaking and its Germanic Analogues. Max Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hulsen, M. (2000). Language loss and language processing. Three generations of Dutch migrants in New Zealand [PhD dissertation]. University of Nijmegen.Google Scholar

Hyams, N., & Wexler, K. (1993). On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language. Linguistic Inquiry, 24(3), 421–459.Google Scholar

Hyland, K. (2009). Corpus informed discourse analysis: The case of academic engagement. In Charles, M., Pecorari, D., & Hunston, S. (Eds.), Academic writing: At the interface of corpus and discourse. (pp. 110–128). Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar

Iannozzi, M. (in prep.). Variation in verbal ambiguity and pro-drop in Italian languages: Analyzing homeland and heritage varieties of Calabrian Regional Italian and Ciociaro [PhD dissertation]. University of Western Ontario.Google Scholar

Institute of Russian Language, Russian Academy of Sciences. (2003). Russian National Corpus. https://ruscorpora.ru/Google Scholar

International Languages Educators’ Association. (n.d.). About ILP. ILEA Ontario. Retrieved December 5, 2022, from https://ilea.ca/news-2/ilp/Google Scholar

Irizarri van Suchtelen, P. (2016). Spanish as a heritage language in the Netherlands: A cognitive linguistic exploration [PhD dissertation]. Radboud University. https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/159312/159312.pdf.Google Scholar

Isai, V. (2022, August 20). Canada’s Growing Linguistic Diversity. New York Times.Google Scholar

Jaadi, Z. (2021). A Step-by-Step Explanation of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data Science. https://builtin.com/data-science/step-step-explanation-principal-component-analysisGoogle Scholar

Jauncey, D. (1997). A grammar of Tamambo, the language of western Malo, Vanuatu. [PhD thesis]. Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5D666220A63B3Google Scholar

Johnson, D. (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language & Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 359–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnstone, B., & Kiesling, S. F. (2008). Indexicality and experience: Exploring the meanings of /aw/-monophthongization in Pittsburgh. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(1), 5–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Juillard, C. (2007). Options variables du répertoire dans le champ du français parlé en interaction entre des jeunes d’origine variée et des adultes, réunis dans des centres de formation de la protection judiciaire à la jeunesse (région parisienne). In Ledegen, G. (Ed.) Pratiques linguistiques des jeunes en terrains plurilingues (pp. 47–63). L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Kagan, O. (2007). Teaching Heritage Languages. Start Teaching! http://startalk.nhlrc.ucla.edu/startalk/lessons.aspxGoogle Scholar

Kagan, O., & Dillon, K. (2001). A new perspective on teaching Russian: Focus on the heritage learner. The Slavic and East European Journal, 45(3), 507–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kagan, O., & Dillon, K. (2006). Russian heritage learners: So what happens now? The Slavic and East European Journal, 50(1), 83–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang, Y. (2008). Interlanguage segmental mapping as evidence for the nature of phonological representation and segmental mapping in interlanguage phonology. Language & Linguistics Compass, 2(1), 103–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang, Y. (2014). Voice Onset Time merger and development of tonal contrast in Seoul Korean stops: A corpus study. Journal of Phonetics, 45, 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2014.03.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang, Y., George, S., & Soo, R. (2016). Cross-language influence in stop voicing contrast in Heritage Tagalog. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 184–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang, Y., & Han, S. (2013). Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study. Lingua, 134, 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.06.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang, Y., & Nagy, N. (2016). VOT merger in Heritage Korean in Toronto. Language Variation and Change, 28(2), 249–272. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439451600003XCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasstan, J., Auer, A., & Salmons, J. (Eds.). (2018). Heritage-language speakers–Theoretical and empirical challenges on sociolinguistic attitudes and prestige. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22(4), 387–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasstan, J., & Nagy, N. (2018). Francoprovençal: Documenting contact varieties in Europe and North America. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 249(Francoprovençal in Europe and North America), 1–9.Google Scholar

Kasstan, J. R. (2015). Variation and change in Francoprovençal: A study of an emerging linguistic norm [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Kent.Google Scholar

Kasstan, J. R. (2017). New speakers: Challenges and opportunities for variationist sociolinguistics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 11(4), 12249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasstan, J. R. (2019). On new speakers and language revitalisation: Arpitan and community (re)formation. In Harrison, M. & Joubert, A. (Eds.), French language policies and the revitalisation of regional languages in the 21st century (pp. 149–170). Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keating, P. A. (1984). Phonetic and phonological representation of stop consonant voicing. Language, 60(2), 286–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keefe, S., & Padilla, A. (1987). Chicano ethnicity. University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar

Keeptwo, S. (2021). We all go back to the land: The Who, Why, and How of Land Acknowledgements. Brush Education.Google Scholar

Kehoe, M. (2018). The development of rhotics: A comparison of monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 710–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khattab, G. (2002). VOT Production in English and Arabic bilingual and monolingual children. In D. Parkinson & E. Benmamoun (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XIII-XIV., (1–38). John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Kim, J.-H., Montrul, S., & Yoon, J. (2009). Binding interpretation of anaphors in Korean heritage speakers. Language Acquisition, 16(1), 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, J.-H., Montrul, S., & Yoon, J. (2010). Dominant language influence in acquisition and attrition of binding: Interpretation of the Korean reflexive caki. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(1), 73–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, M.-R. (2021). Voice onset time in English and Korean stops with respect to a sound change. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 13(2), 9–17.Google Scholar

Kim, Y.-J. (2000). Subject/object drop in the acquisition of Korean: A cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 9(4), 325–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kircher, R., & Fox, S. (2021). Multicultural London English and its speakers: A corpus-informed discourse study of standard language ideology and social stereotypes. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 42(9), 792–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirchner, R. M. (1998). An Effort-based Approach to Consonant Lenition [Doctoral dissertation]. University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar

Kisselev, O., Dubinina, I., & Polinsky, M. (2020). Form-focused instruction in the Heritage language classroom: Toward research-informed Heritage Language Pedagogy. Frontiers in Education, 5. (Article 53), 1–10 www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feduc.2020.00053.Google Scholar

Kissling, E. M. (2018). An exploratory study of Heritage Spanish rhotics: Addressing methodological challenges of heritage language phonetics research. Heritage Language Journal, 15(1), 25–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klaere, S., & Meyerhoff, M. (2017). A case for clustering speakers and linguistic variables: Big issues with smaller samples in language variation. In Buchstaller, I. & Siebenhaar (Eds.), B., Language variation – European perspectives VI: Selected papers from the eight international conference on language variation in Europe (ICLaVE 8) (pp. 23–46). John Benjamins. 10.1075/silv.19.02meyGoogle Scholar

Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., Oh, J. S., & Au, T. K. (2003). Production benefits of childhood overhearing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(1), 465–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kupisch, T. (2012). Generic subjects in the Italian of early German-Italian bilinguals and German learners of Italian as a second language. Language and Cognition.Google Scholar

Kupisch, T. (2020). Towards modelling heritage speakers’ sound systems. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 29–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kupisch, T. (2021). The missing link: Perceived accents in German/Russian schoolchildren. www.spanport.utoronto.ca/events/kupischGoogle Scholar

Kupisch, T., & Pierantozzi, C. (2010). Interpreting definite plural subjects: A comparison of German and Italian monolingual and bilingual children. In Franich, K., Iserman, M., & Keil, L. L. (Eds.), 34th Boston University Conference on Language development (pp. 245–254). Boston University Press.Google Scholar

Kupisch, T., & Polinsky, M. (2022). Language history on fast forward: Innovations in heritage languages and diachronic change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 25(1), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuznetsova, A., Brockoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in Linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1969). Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language, 45(4), 715–762. https://doi.org/10.2307/412333Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1972a). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1972b). Some principles of linguistic methodology. Language in Society, 1(1), 97–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1984). Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation. In Baugh, J. & Scherzer, J. (Eds.), Language in use: Readings in sociolinguistics (pp. 28–53). Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1987). The overestimation of functionalism. In Dirven, R. & Fried, V. (Eds.), Functionalism in Linguistics (pp. 311–332). John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic change: Internal factors (Vol. 1). Blackwell.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (2001a). Applying our knowledge of African American English to the problem of raising reading levels in inner-city schools. In Lanehart, S. (Ed.), African American English: State of the art (pp. 299–318). John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (2001b). Principles of Linguistic change. Social factors (Vol. 2). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (2007). Transmission and diffusion. Language, 83, 344–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W., & Baker, B. (2010). What is a reading error? Applied Psycholinguistics, 31, 735–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ladilova, A., & Müller, K. (2022). Language maintenance among German and Italian immigrants in Brazil and Argentina. Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas, Madison, WI.Google Scholar

Laleko, O. V. (2010). The syntax-pragmatics interface in language loss: Covert restructuring of aspect in heritage Russian [PhD Dissertation]. University of Minnesota. conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/92219Google Scholar

Laleko, O. V., & Dubinina, I. (2018). Word order production in Heritage Russian: Perspectives from Linguistics and Pedagogy. In Kresin, S. & Bauckus, S. (Eds.), Connecting across languages and cultures: A heritage language festschrift in honor of Olga Kagan (pp. 191–215). Slavica Publishers.Google Scholar

Lane, J. (2021, June 2). The 10 most spoken languages in the world. Babbel Magazine. www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-10-most-spoken-languages-in-the-worldGoogle Scholar

Lapidus, N., & Otheguy, R. (2005). Overt nonspecific ellos in Spanish in New York. Spanish in Context, 2(2), 157–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laskowski, R. (1993). The endangered language. The acquisition of the case system by Polish children in Sweden. In Hentschel, G. & Laskowski, R. (Eds.), Studies in Polish morphology and syntax (pp. 121–162). Verlag Otto Sagner.Google Scholar

Laskowski, R. (2009). Je˛zyk w zagrożeniu: Przyswajanie je˛zyka polskiego w warunkach polsko-szwedzkiego bilingwizmu. Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas.Google Scholar

Lee, J., Chen, L., Lam, C., Lau, C. M., & Tsui, T.-H. (2022). PyCantonese: Cantonese Linguistics and NLP in Python. In Calzolari, N., Béchet, F., Blache, P., Choukri, K., Cieri, C., Declerck, T., Goggi, S., Isahara, H., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Mazo, H., Odijk, J., & Piperidis, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (pp. 6607–6611). European Language Resources Association.Google Scholar

Lee, K. S., & Leung, W. M. (2012). The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong. Multilingual Education, 2(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/10.1186/2191-5059-2-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, N. H., & Way, J. V. (2016). Assessing Levels of Endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI). Language in Society, 45(2), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeman, J. (2005). Engaging critical pedagogy: Spanish for native speakers. Foreign Language Annals, 38(1), 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeman, J. (2012). Investigating language ideologies in Spanish as a heritage language. In Beaudrie, S. M. & Fairclough, M. (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the United States: The state of the field (pp. 43–59). Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Leeman, J. (2018). Critical language awareness and Spanish as a heritage language: Challenging the linguistic subordination of US Latinxs. In Potowski, K. (Ed.), Handbook of Spanish as a minority/heritage language (pp. 345–358). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Léglise, I., & Chamoreau, C. (Eds.) (2013). The interplay of variation and change in contact settings. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leisiö, L. (2006). Genitive subjects and objects in the speech of Finland Russians. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 14(2), 289–316.Google Scholar

Leung, J. R. (2021). Directional motion event expression in Toronto Heritage Cantonese: A variationist sociolinguistic investigation [MA thesis]. University of Toronto.Google Scholar

Leung, J. R. (2022). Variation in path encoding in motion events in Toronto Heritage Cantonese. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 28(2), Article 10. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2162&context=pwplGoogle Scholar

Leung, J. R., Diep, B., & Nagy, N. (2022). ‘Lazy pronunciation’ in Toronto Heritage Cantonese: The case of (n-/l-). Workshop on Innovations in Cantonese Linguistics 6, Columbus, OH.Google Scholar

Lewis, G., Jones, B., & Baker, C. (2012). Translanguaging: Developing its conceptualisation and contextualisation. Educational Research and Evaluation, 18(7), 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, Y., Lee, T., & Qian, Y. (2002). Acoustical F0 analysis of continuous Cantonese speech. International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing, Taipei, Taiwan.Google Scholar

Liceras, J., & Senn, C. (2009). Linguistic theory and the analysis of minority languages: Native, Immigrant and Heritage Spanish. Lengua y migración, 1(1), 39–74.Google Scholar

Lindau, M. (1985). The story of R. In Fromkin, V. A. (Ed.), Phonetic Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Peter Ladefoged (pp. 157–168). Academic Press.Google Scholar

Lippi-Green, R. (1994). Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in courts. Language in Society, 23(2), 163–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A Cross-Language Study of Voicing in Initial Stops: Acoustical Measurements. WORD, 20(3), 384–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, C., & Yao, Y. (2019). Social meanings of “lazy” and standard pronunciations in Cantonese. UKLVC, London. https://uklvc12.qmul.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Liu_UKLVC12.pdfGoogle Scholar

Lleó, C. (2018). Aspects of the phonology of Spanish as a heritage language: From incomplete acquisition to transfer. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 732–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lo, S., Wang, E., Daudjee, Z., & Nagy, N. (2016). Use of Heritage Cantonese and Korean classifiers in Toronto. Workshop on Innovations in Cantonese Linguistics (WICL), The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Loporcaro, M. (1988). Grammatica storica del dialetto di Altamura. Giardini.Google Scholar

Loporcaro, M., Romito, L., Mendicino, A., & Turano, T. (1998). La neutralizzazione delle vocali finali in crotonese: Un esperimento percettivo. In Bertinetto, P. M. & Cioni, L. (Eds.), Unità fonetiche e fonologiche: Produzione e percezione, Atti delle 8 giornate di studio del Gruppo di Fonetica Sperimentale, Pisa, 17-19 dicembre 1997 (Collana degli Atti dell’Associazione Italiana di Acustica) (pp. 91–100). Scuola Normale Superiore.Google Scholar

Luciano, R., Tiziana, T., Michele, L., & Antonio, M. (1997). Micro e macrofenomeni di centralizzazione nella variazione diafasica: Rilevanza dei dati fonetico-acustici per il quadro dialettologico calabrese. In Francesco, C. (Ed.), Fonetica e fonologia degli stili dell’italiano parlato. Atti delle VII Giornate di Studio del Gruppo di Fonetica Sperimentale, Napoli 14-15.XI.1996 (pp. 157–175). Bologna, Italy: Casalini.Google Scholar

Łyskawa, P. (2015). Variation in case marking in Heritage Polish [MA thesis]. University of Toronto.Google Scholar

Łyskawa, P., Maddeaux, R., Melara, E., & Nagy, N. (2016). Heritage speakers follow all the rules: Language contact and convergence in Polish Devoicing. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 219–244. https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.13.2.7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Łyskawa, P., & Nagy, N. (2019). Case marking variation in heritage Slavic languages in Toronto: Not so different. Language Learning, 70(SI), 122–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12348CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magloire, J., & Green, P. (1999). A cross-language comparison of speaking rate effects on the production of Voice Onset Time in English and Spanish. Phonetica, 56(3–4), 158–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mahajan, G. (2009). Heritage-Schmeritage: It’s their language. Second Language Acquisition Conference, San Diego.Google Scholar

Mardale, A. (2008). Microvariation within differential object marking: Data from romance. Revue Romaine de Linguistique, LIII(4), 448–467.Google Scholar

Marotta, G., & Sorianello, P. (1998). Vocali contigue a confine di parola. In Bertinetto, P. M. & Cioni, L. (Eds.), Unità fonetiche e fonologiche: Produzione e percezione. Atti delle VIII Giornate di Studio del Gruppo di Fonetica Sperimentale, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, 18-20 dicembre 1997 (pp. 101–113). Stamperia SNS.Google Scholar

Martin, C., Mordvinova, V., & Pawluk, A. (2014). Comparing heritage language complexity using vocabulary size and English isage in Russian and Ukrainian Speakers over three generations [TBB 199 course paper, University of Toronto].Google Scholar

Martino, A. (2011). Reliquie franco-provenzali nella parlata di Celle di San Vito (Foggia). LINCOM GmbH.Google Scholar

Mata, M., & Peace, M. M. (2022, November 12). “Así se dice!” Spanish textbooks’ hold on heritage speakers. Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas, Madison, WI.Google Scholar

Matras, Y., & Sakel, J. (Eds.). (2007). Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective (Vol. 38). Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maturi, P., & Mastantuoni, E. (2012). La variabile schwa nei dialetti campani. In Bianchi, P., De Blasi, N., De Caprio, C., & F. Montuori, (Eds.), La variazione nell’italiano e nella sua storia. Varietà e varianti linguistiche e testuali: Vol. II (pp. 869–878). Franco Cesati.Google Scholar

Mayr, R., & Morris, J. (2021). Social and psychological factors in bilingual speech production: Introduction to the special issue. In Mayr, R. & Morris, J., (Eds.) Languages 6(4), (p. 155). MDPI.Google Scholar

Mazzaro, N., Cuza, A., & Colantoni, L. (2016). Age effects and the discrimination of consonantal and vocalic contrasts in heritage and native Spanish. In Romance Linguistics 2013: Selected papers from the 43rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), New York, 17–19 April, 2013 (pp. 277–300). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McIntosh, P. (1990). White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. Independent School, Winter, 1990, 31–36.Google Scholar

Meisel, J. M. (2020). Shrinking structures in heritage languages: Triggered by reduced quantity of input? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 33–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000452CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menke, M. R. (2018). Development of Spanish rhotics in Spanish-English bilingual children in the United States. Journal of Child Language, 45(3), 788–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mesthrie, R. (2015). Towards a distributed sociolinguistics of postcolonial multilingual societies: The case of Southern Africa. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalising Sociolinguistics (pp. 80–92). Routledge.Google Scholar

Meyerhoff, M. (2009). Replication, transfer, and calquing: Using variation as a tool in the study of language contact. Language Variation and Change, 21(3), 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyerhoff, M. (2017). Writing a linguistic symphony: Analyzing variation while doing language documentation. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 62(4), 525–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyerhoff, M., Adachi, C., Nanbakhsh, G., & Strycharz, A. (2011). Sociolinguistic fieldwork. In Thieberger, N. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic fieldwork (pp. 121–145). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Meyerhoff, M., & Nagy, N. (Eds.). (2008). Social Lives in Language – Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities. John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Meyerhoff, M., & Nagy, N. (2019). Panel Discussion: What’s so standard about standards? New Ways of Analyzing Variation 48, Eugene, Oregon. nwav48.uoregon.edu/Google Scholar

Milroy, J. (2001). Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(4), 530–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mok, P., Zuo, D., & Wong, P. (2013). Production and perception of a sound change in progress: Tone merging in Hong Kong Cantonese. Language Variation and Change, 25(3), 341–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S. (2008). Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism. Re-examining the age factor. Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S. (2009). Knowledge of tense-aspect and mood in Spanish heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 239–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S., & Bowles, M. (2009). Back to basics: Incomplete knowledge of Differential Object Marking in Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(3), 363–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S., & Bowles, M. (2010). Is grammar instruction beneficial for heritage language learners? Dative case marking in Spanish. Heritage Language Journal, 7(1), 47–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S., Foote, R., & Perpiñán, S. (2008). Knowledge of wh-movement in Spanish L2 learners and heritage speakers. In Almazán, M., de Garavito, J. B., & Valenzuela, E. (Eds.), Selected Papers from the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 93–106). Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar

Montrul, S., & Ionin, T. (2010). Transfer effects in the interpretation of definite articles by Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(4), 449–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S., & Mason, S. A. (2020). Smaller vocabularies lead to morphological overregularization in heritage language grammars. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 35–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montrul, S., & Sánchez-Walker, N. (2013). Differential object marking in child and adult Spanish heritage speakers. Language Acquisition, 2013(2), 109–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mooney, D. (2019). Phonetic transfer in language contact: Evidence for equivalence classification in the mid-vowels of Occitan-French bilinguals. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49(1), 53–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100317000366CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morris, J. (2013). Sociolinguistic variation and regional minority language bilingualism: An investigation of Welsh-English bilinguals in North Wales [Doctoral thesis]. University of Manchester.Google Scholar

Morris, J. (2017). Sociophonetic variation in a long-term language contact situation:/l/-darkening in Welsh-English bilingual speech. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21(2), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12231CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mougeon, R., & Beniak, É. (1991). Linguistic consequences of language contact and restriction: The case of French in Ontario. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mougeon, R., Nadasdi, T., & Rehner, K. (2005). Contact-induced linguistic innovations on the continuum of language use: The case of French in Ontario. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8(2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728905002142CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mufwene, S. (2015). Creole and pidgin language varieties. In Wright, J. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of behavioral and social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 133–145). Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muszyńska, M. (2001). Dopełniaczowa i biernikowa rekcja czasowników polskich [Genitive and accusative Polish forms]. Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Rozprawy Komisji Je˛zykowej [Wroclaw Scientific Society, Dissertations of the Language Commission], 27, 11–44.Google Scholar

Muxika-Loitzate, O. (2017). Sibilant merger in the variety of Basque spoken in Amorebieta-Etxano. Languages, 2(4), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages2040025CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muxika-Loitzate, O. (2020). The role of bilingualism in phonological neutralization: Sibilant mergers in the case of Basque-Spanish contact [Doctoral thesis]. Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993a). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993b). Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N. (1994). Language Contact: Italian(?) Geminates in Faetar. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 1(1), 87–101.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (1996). Language Contact and Language Change in the Faetar Speech Community [Doctoral thesis]. University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (1997). Modeling contact-induced language change. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 4(1), 399–418.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2000a). Faetar. Lincom Europa.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2000b). What I didn’t know about working in an endangered language community: Some fieldwork issues. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 144(18), 143–160.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2009a). HLVC Project Long Questionnaire (English). https://ngn.artsci.utoronto.ca/pdf/HLVC/long_questionnaire_English.pdfGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N. (2009b). The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar. In Preston, D. & Stanford, J (Eds.), Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages (pp. 397–417). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N. (2011). A multilingual corpus to explore geographic variation. Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, 43(1–2), 65–84.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2015). A sociolinguistic view of null subjects and VOT in Toronto heritage languages. Lingua, 164, 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2014.04.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N. (2016a). Smakman, D. and Heinrich, P. (eds.). Review of Globalising sociolinguistics: Challenging and expanding theory. Abingdon, UK/New York: Routledge. 2015. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 20(5), 712–721.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2016b). Heritage languages as new dialects. In Côté, M., Knooihuizen, R., & Nerbonne, J. (Eds.), The future of dialects: Selected papers from methods in dialectology: Vol. XV (pp. 15–34). Language Science. https://doi.org/10.17169/langsci.b81.81.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2017a). Documenting variation in (endangered) heritage languages: How and why? Language Documentation and Conservation SP13, 33–64.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2017b, November 13). Cross-cultural approaches: Comparing heritage languages in Toronto. Guest lecture, University of Lausanne.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. (2018). Heritage Language Speakers in the University Classroom, Doing Research. In Trifonas, P. P. & Themistoklis, A. (Eds.), Handbook of research and practice in Heritage language education (pp. 53–73). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N. (2021). Heritage languages in Canada. In Montrul, S. & Polinsky, M. (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics (pp. 178–204). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., Aghdasi, N., Denis, D., & Motut, A. (2011). Null subjects in heritage languages: Contact effects in a cross-linguistic context. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 17(2), 135–144.Google Scholar

Nagy, N., & Brook, M. (2020). Constraints on speech rate: A heritage-language perspective. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19, https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006920920935Google Scholar

Nagy, N., Chociej, J., & Hoffman, M. F. (2014). Analyzing Ethnic Orientation in the quantitative sociolinguistic paradigm. Special Issue of Language and Communication: New Perspectives on the Concept of Ethnolect, 35, 9–26.Google Scholar

Nagy, N., & Gadanidis, T. (2021). Heritage language variation and change – How complex is it? Heritage Language Journal, 18, 1–27. https://doi.org/doi:10.1163/15507076-12340012CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., & Gadanidis, T. (2022). Looking for Covariation in Heritage Italian in Toronto. In Beaman, K. V. & Guy, G. R. (Eds.), The Coherence of linguistic communities: Orderly homogeneity and social meaning (pp. 107–126). Routledge.Google Scholar

Nagy, N., & Heap, D. (1998 ). Francoprovençal Null Subject and Constraint Interaction. In Gruber, M. C., Higgins, D., Olson, K. S., & Wysocki, T. (Eds.), CLS 34: The Panels (Vol. 2, pp. 151–166). Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar

Nagy, N., Hoffman, M. F., & Walker, J. A. (2020). How do Torontonians hear ethnic identity? Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 42. https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v42i1.33190CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., Iannozzi, M., & Heap, D. (2018). Faetar null subjects: A variationist study of a heritage language in contact. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 249, 31–47.Google Scholar

Nagy, N. & Irwin, P.. (2010). Boston (r): Neighbo(r)s nea(r) and fa(r). Language Variation and Change, 22(2), 241–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., & Kochetov, A. (2013). Voice onset time across the generations: A cross-linguistic study of contact-induced change. In Siemund, P., Gogolin, I., Schulz, M., & Davydova, J. (Eds.), Multilingualism and language diversity in urban areas: Acquisition, identities, space, education (pp. 19–38). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., & Lo, S. (2019). Classifier use in Heritage and Hong Kong Cantonese. Asia-Pacific Language Variation, 5(1), 84–108. https://doi.org/10.1075/aplv.17001.nagCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., & Meyerhoff, M. (2008). The social lives of linguistics. In Meyerhoff, M. & Nagy, N. (Eds.), Social lives in language – Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities (pp. 1–17). John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Nagy, N., & Meyerhoff, M. (2015). Extending ELAN into Variationist Sociolinguistics. Linguistic Vanguard, 1(1), 271–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagy, N., Tse, H., & Stanford, J. (in press). Have Cantonese tones merged in spontaneous speech? In Rao, R. (Ed.), The Phonetics and Phonology of Heritage Languages. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nance, C. (2013). Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic [Doctoral thesis]. University of Glasgow.Google Scholar

Nance, C. (2014). Phonetic variation in Scottish Gaelic laterals. Journal of Phonetics, 47, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Napoli, D. J. (1982). Initial material deletion in English. Glossa, 16(1), 85–111.Google Scholar

National Institute of the Korean Language (NIKL). (2005). A speech corpus of reading-style Standard Korean [DVDs]. National Institute of the Korean Language.Google Scholar

Nespor, M. (1990). Vowel deletion in Italian: The organization of the phonological component. The Linguistic Review, 7, 375–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ng, C. L. C. (吳彩莉). (2017). Merger of the syllable-initial [n-] and [l-] in Hong Kong Cantonese [Final Year Thesis]. City University of Hong Kong. http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk/handle/2031/100Google Scholar

Nodari, R. (2017). L’italiano degli adolescenti: Aspirazione delle occlusive sorde in Calabria e percezione della varieta locale [PhD dissertation]. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa.Google Scholar

Nodari, R., Celata, C., & Nagy, N. (2019). Socio-indexical phonetic features in the heritage language context: Voiceless stop aspiration in the Calabrian community in Toronto. Journal of Phonetics, 73, 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.12.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noels, K. (2014). Language variation and ethnic identity: A social psychological perspective. Language & Communication, 35, 88–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oberst, J. (2011). Heidegger on language and death: The intrinsic connection in human existence. A&C Black.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, V., & Anderson, T. (2017). The Aboriginal languages of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit (Census Report 98-200-X2016021; Census in Brief). Statistics Canada.Google Scholar

Oh, J., & Au, T. K. (2005). Learning Spanish as a heritage language: The role of sociocultural background variables. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 18(3), 229–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oh, J. S., Jun, S.-A., Knightly, L. M., & Au, T. K. (2003). Holding on to childhood language memory. Cognition, 86(3), 53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otheguy, R., Zentella, A.-C., & Livert, D. (2007). Language and dialect contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the formation of a speech community. Language, 83(4), 770–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paredes Silva, V. (1993). Subject omission and functional compensation: Evidence from written Brazilian Portuguese. Language Variation and Change, 5(1), 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patrick, P., & Eades, D. (2011). Language & Asylum Research Group. www.essex.ac.uk/larg.Google Scholar

Pauwels, A. (2016). Language maintenance and shift. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peace, M. M. (under review). Heritage Spanish in the news: Understanding, reevaluating, and embracing one’s heritage language on the national stage.Google Scholar

Pearce, M. (2009). Kera tone and voicing interaction. Lingua, 119, 846–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peng, G. (2006). Temporal and tonal aspects of Chinese syllables: A corpus-based comparative study of Mandarin and Cantonese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 34(1), 134–154.Google Scholar

Pérez-Leroux, A., Cuza, A., & Thomas, D. (2011). Clitic placement in Spanish–English bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(2), 221–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Philipp-Muller, N. (2023). Academic stress and cultural coping: The moderating effect of heritage language proficiency on well-being in a multilingual sample [MA Thesis in clinical psychology]. University of Windsor.Google Scholar

Pires, A. (2011). Linguistic competence, poverty of the stimulus and the scope of native language acquisition. In Flores, C. (Ed.), Multiple Perspectives on Bilingualism (pp. 115–143). Braga Húmus/CEHUM.Google Scholar

Piske, T., MacKay, I R. A., & Flege, J. E.. (2001). Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 191–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polinsky, M. (1995). Cross-linguistic parallels in language loss. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 14, 87–123.Google Scholar

Polinsky, M. (1997). American Russian: Language loss meets language acquisition. In Browne, W. (Ed.), Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics (pp. 370–407). Michigan Slavic Publications.Google Scholar

Polinsky, M. (2006). Incomplete acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 14(1–2), 191–262.Google Scholar

Polinsky, M. (2008). Russian gender under incomplete acquisition. Heritage Language Journal, 6(1), 40–71. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3382970CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polinsky, M. (2011). Annotated bibliography of research in heritage languages. Oxford Bibliographies, Linguistics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0067Google Scholar

Polinsky, M. (2015). When L1 becomes an L3: Do heritage speakers make better L3 learners? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(2), 163–178.Google Scholar

Polinsky, M. (2018). Heritage Languages and their Speakers. www.cambridge.org/core/books/heritage-languages-and-their-speakers/74A57CC524A9C5C982B29F30057B18FDGoogle Scholar

Polinsky, M., & Kagan, O. (2007). Heritage languages: In the ‘wild’ and in the classroom. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(5), 368–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polinsky, M., & Putnam, M. T. (in press). Formal approaches to complexity in heritage language grammars. Language Science Press.Google Scholar

Polinsky, M., & Scontras, G. (2020a). A roadmap for heritage language research. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 50–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polinsky, M., & Scontras, G. (2020b). Understanding heritage languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 4–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7/8), 581–618.Google Scholar

Poplack, S., & Dion, N. (2009). Prescription vs. praxis: The evolution of future temporal reference in French. Language, 85(3), 557–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poplack, S., & Levey, S. (2010). Contact-induced grammatical change: A cautionary tale. In Auer, P. & Schmidt, J. (Eds.), Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. (pp. 391–419). Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Poplack, S., & Meechan, M. (1998). Introduction: How languages fit together in codemixing. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 127–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poplack, S., & Tagliamonte, S. (2001). African American English in the Diaspora. Blackwell.Google Scholar

Poplack, S., Zentz, L., & Dion, N. (2012). Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence. Bilingualism: Language & Cognition, 2, 203–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Press, I., & Pugh, S. (2015). Colloquial Ukrainian: The Complete Course for Beginners (1st ed.). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pustovalova, E. (2011). Null subject variation in the Russian spoken language (based on the materials of the Russian National Corpus). National Research University – Higher School of Economics.Google Scholar

Putnam, J., & Sánchez, L. (2013). What’s so incomplete about incomplete acquisition. A prolegomenon to modeling heritage language grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 3(4), 478–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. www.R-project.org.Google Scholar

Rakhilina, E., Vyrenkova, A., & Polinsky, M. (2016). Linguistic Creativity in Heritage Speakers. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 1(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.90Google Scholar

Ramirez, B. (1989). The Italians in Canada. Canadian Historical Association.Google Scholar

Raña Risso, R. (2010). Subject pronoun placement as evidence of contact and leveling in Spanish in New York. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 203, 101–114.Google Scholar

Rao, R. (2014). On the status of the phoneme /b/ in heritage speakers of Spanish. Sintagma, 26, 37–54.Google Scholar

Rao, R. (Ed.). (in press). The Phonetics and Phonology of Heritage Languages. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ravid, D., & Farah, R. (1999). Learning about noun plurals in early Palestinian Arabic. First Language, 19, 187–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ravindranath, M. (2015). Sociolinguistic variation and language contact. Language and Linguistic Compass, 9(6), 243–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reaser, J., & Wolfram, W. (2005). Voices of North Carolina: Language and Life from the Atlantic to the Appalachians. North Carolina State University.Google Scholar

Rennicke, I. (2015). Variation and Change in the Rhotics of Brazilian Portuguese [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Helsinki.Google Scholar

Rentillo, P., & Nuñez, J. R. (2011). Transfer effects of English to Tagalog phonology among Filipino college students. Globalization and Localization in Computer-Assisted Language Learning Conference.Google Scholar

Reynolds, B. (1994). Variation and phonological theory [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Ringen, C., & Kulikov, V. (2012). Voicing in Russian stops: Cross-linguistic implications. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 20(2), 269–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rinke, E., Flores, C., & Barbosa, P. (2018). Null objects in the spontaneous speech of monolingual and bilingual speakers of European Portuguese. Probus, 30(1), 93–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roberts, I., & Holmberg, A. (2010). Introduction: Parameters in minimalist theory. In Biberauer, T., Holmberg, A., Roberts, I., & Sheehan, M. (Eds.), Parametric Variation: Null Subjects in Minimalist Theory. (pp. 1–57). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Romano, A. (2020). Vowel reduction and deletion in Apulian and Lucanian dialects with reference to speech rhythm. Italian Journal of Linguistics, 32(1), 85–102.Google Scholar

Romano, A., & Manco, F. (2003). Incidenza di Fenomeni di Riduzione Vocalica nel Parlato Spontaneo a Bari e a Lecce. In Leoni, F. A., Cutugno, F., Pettorino, M., & Savy, R. (Eds.), Il Parlato Italiano. Atti del Convegno Naz., Napoli, 13-15 Febbraio 2003. D’Auria.Google Scholar

Romito, L., & Lorenzi, M. (1997). Considerazioni generali sul comportamento di alcune varietà dialettali meridionali e settentrionali rispetto all’accento intensivo. In Romito, L. (Ed.) Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica dell’Università della Calabria (pp. 11–34). Università della Calabria.Google Scholar

Ronquest, R. (2012). An acoustic analysis of heritage Spanish vowels [Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University.Google Scholar

Rothman, J. (2007). Heritage speaker competence differences, language change, and input type: Inflected infinitives in Heritage Brazilian Portuguese. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(4), 359–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rothman, J. (2009). Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 155–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rothman, J. (2020, October 12). Heritage Language Epistemology: Issues and ways forward [Conference presentation]. Heritage Language Syntax (HLS1), University of Utrecht. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ul7ATTvhNGIGoogle Scholar

Rousseau, P., & Sankoff, D. (1978). Singularities in the analysis of binomial data. Biometrika, 65(3), 603–609.Google Scholar

Russo, M., & Barry, W. J. (2002). Gradi di elisione dello schwa finale nelle varietà di Ischia e Pozzuoli: Un’analisi strumentale e implicazioni ritmiche. In Regnicoli, A. (Ed.), Atti di XII Giornate di Studio del Gruppo di Fonetica Sperimentale (GFS), Macerata (pp. 13–15). Casalini.Google Scholar

Saadah, E. (2011). Gender differences in VOT production of Arabic/English bilingual children. In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics: Vol. XXII–XXIII (pp. 245–268). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Samek-Lodovici, V. (1996). Constraints on Subjects: An Optimality Theoretic Analysis [Doctoral Dissertation]. Rutgers University-New Brunswick.Google Scholar

Sanders, N., Umbal, P., & Konnelly, L. (2020). Methods for increasing equity, diversity, and inclusion in linguistics pedagogy. Actes Du Congrès de l’ACL 2020 | 2020 CLA Conference Proceedings. Canadian Linguistic Association. https://cla-acl.artsci.utoronto.ca/actes-2020-proceedings/Google Scholar

Sanders, N., Umbal, P., & Konnelly, L. (2021). The Linguistics Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Repository (LEDIR). https://ledir.ling.utoronto.ca/Google Scholar

Sankoff, D. (1988). Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation. In Newmeyer, F. (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge survey (Vol. 4, Language: The socio-cultural context, pp. 140–161). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sankoff, G. (1980). The Social Life of Language. University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sankoff, G. (2002). Linguistic outcomes of language contact. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P., & Schilling-Estes, N. (Eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (pp. 638–668). Blackwell.Google Scholar

Sankoff, G., & Vincent, D. (1977). L’emploi productif de ne dans le français parlé de Montréal. Le français moderne: Revue de linguistique française, 45(3), 243–256.Google Scholar

Sankoff, G., & Vincent, D. (1980). The productive use of ne in spoken Montreal French. In Sankoff, G. (Ed.), The social life of language (pp. 295–310). University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Satyanath, S. (2015a). Editorial. Asia-Pacific Language Variation, 1(1), 1–6.Google Scholar

Satyanath, S. (2015b). Language variation and change: The Indian experience. In Smakman, D. & Heinrich, P. (Eds.), Globalizing sociolinguistics: Challenging and expanding theory (pp. 107–122). Routledge.Google Scholar

Savy, R., & Cutugno, F. (1997). Ipoarticolazione, riduzione vocalica, centralizzazione: Come interagiscono nella variazione diafasica? In Cutugno, F. (Ed.), Fonetica e fonologia degli stili dell’italiano parlato. Atti delle VII Giornate di Studio del GFS, Napoli Vols. 14-15.XI.1996, 1997, pp. 177–194.Google Scholar

Schilling-Estes, N. (2007). Sociolinguistic fieldwork. In Bayley, R. & Lucas, C. (Eds.), Sociolinguistic variation: Theories, methods, and applications (pp. 165–189). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schmid, H. (1994). Probabilistic Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Decision Trees. In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, Manchester, UK.Google Scholar

Schmid, M. S. (2002). First language attrition, use, and maintenance: The case of German Jews in Anglophone countries. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmid, M. S., & Köpke, B. (2017). The relevance of first language attrition to theories of bilingual development. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(6), 637–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmitz, K., DiVenanzio, L., & Scherger, A.-L. (2016). Null and overt subjects in Italian and Spanish heritage speakers in Germany. Lingua, 180, 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2016.04.004Google Scholar

Schweinberger, M. (2020). Analyzing change in the American English amplifier system in the fiction genre. In Rautionaho, P., Nurmi, A., & Klemola, J. (Eds.), Corpora and the Changing Society: Studies in the evolution of English (pp. 223–250). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schwenter, S. (2011). Variationist approaches to Spanish morphosyntax: Internal and external factors. In Campos, M. D. (Ed.) The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics (pp. 123–147). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Sebregts, K. (2014). The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r [Doctoral dissertation]. Utrecht University.Google Scholar

Shea, C., & Kim, J. Y., eds. (2021). Heritage Speaker Phonetics and Phonology: Testing Models and Expanding the Range. Special issue of Languages 6(4).Google Scholar

Shin, N. L. (2014). Grammatical complexification in Spanish in New York: 3sg pronoun expression and verbal ambiguity. Language Variation and Change, 26(3), 303–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shin, N. L., Cuza, A., & Sánchez, L. (2023). Structured variation, language experience, and crosslinguistic influence shape child heritage speakers’ Spanish direct objects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 26(2), 317–329.Google Scholar

Shiraishi, H. (2015). Nivkh writing practices: Literacy and vitality in an endangered language. In Smakman, D. and Heinrich, P., (Eds.) Globalising Sociolinguistics: Challenging and Expanding Theory (pp. 229–242). Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siemund, P., Gogolin, I., Schulz, M., & Davydova, J. (2013). Multilingualism and Language Contact in Urban Areas. Acquisition – Identities – Space – Education. John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Siemund, P., & Kintana, N. (2008). Language contact and contact languages. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar