Barker, DJ, Osmond, C, Golding, J, Kuh, D, Wadsworth, ME. Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BMJ 1989;298:564–7.Google Scholar

Manning Frank, A: Fetal medicine, Principles and Practice. Chapter 2, The fetal heart rate – genesis of fetal heart rate patterns. Appleton & Lange Verlag, Norwalk, CT, 1995.Google Scholar

Dawes, GS, Visser, GH, Goodman, JD, Levine, DH. Numerical analysis of the human fetal heart rate: Modulation by breathing and movement. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140:535–44.Google Scholar

Henson, GL, Dawes, GS, Redman, CW. Antenatal fetal heart-rate variability in relation to fetal acid-base status at caesarean section. BJOG 1983;90:516–21.Google Scholar

Murotsuki, J, Bocking, AD, Gagnon, R. Fetal heart rate patterns in growth-restricted fetal sheep induced by chronic fetal placental embolization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:282–90.Google Scholar

Schäffer, L, Burkhardt, T, Müller-Vizentini, D, Rauh, M, Tomaske, M, Mieth, RA, Bauersfeld, U, Beinder, E. Cardiac autonomic balance in small-for-gestational-age neonates. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294:H884–90.Google Scholar

Jones, CT, Robinson, JS. Studies on experimental growth retardation in sheep. Plasma catecholamines in fetuses with small placenta. J Dev Physiol 1983;5:77–87.Google Scholar

Lohmeier, TE. The sympathetic nervous system and long-term blood pressure regulation. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:147S–154S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McMillen, IC, Robinson, JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: Prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev 2005;85:571–633.Google Scholar

Pardi, G, Cetin, I, Marconi, AM, Lanfranchi, A, Bozzetti, P, Ferrazzi, E, Buscaglia, M, Battaglia, FC. Diagnostic value of blood sampling in fetuses with growth retardation. N Engl J Med 1993;328:692–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bekedam, DJ, Visser, HA, Mulder, EJH, Poelmann-Weesjes, G. Heart rate variation and movement incidence in growth retarded fetuses: The significance of antenatal late heart rate decelerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:126–33.Google Scholar

Ribbert, LSM, Snijders, RJM, Nicolaides, KH, Visser, GHA. Relation of fetal blood gases and data from computer assisted analysis of fetal heart rate patterns in small for gestation fetuses. BJOG 1991;98:820–3.Google Scholar

Snijders, RJM, Ribbert, LSM, Visser, GHA, Mulder, EJH. Numeric analysis of heart rate variation in intrauterine growth-retarded fetuses: A longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:22–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Visser, GH, Redman, CW, Huisjes, HJ, Turnbull, AC. Nonstressed antepartum heart rate monitoring: Implications of decelerations after spontaneous contractions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;138:429–35.Google Scholar

Emmen, L, Huisjes, HJ, Aarnoudse, JG, Visser, GH, Okken, A. Antepartum diagnosis of the “terminal” fetal state by cardiotocography. BJOG 1975;82:353–9.Google Scholar

Visser, GHA, Sadovsky, G, Nicolaides, KH. Antepartum heart rate patterns in small-for-gestational-age third-trimester fetuses: Correlations with blood gas values obtained at cordocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:698–703.Google Scholar

Hecher, K, Bilardo, CM, Stigter, RH, Ville, Y, Hackelöer, BJ, Kok, HJ, Senat, MV, Visser, GH. Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: A longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:564–70.Google Scholar

Ribbert, LS, Visser, GH, Mulder, EJ, Zonneveld, MF, Morssink, LP. Changes with time in fetal heart rate variation, movement incidences and haemodynamics in intrauterine growth retarded fetuses: A longitudinal approach to the assessment of fetal well being. Early Hum Dev 1993;31:195–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Figueras, F, Albela, S, Bonino, S, Palacio, M, Barrau, E, Hernandez, S, Casellas, C, Coll, O, Cararach, V. Visual analysis of antepartum fetal heart rate tracings: Inter- and intra-observer agreement and impact of knowledge of neonatal outcome. J Perinat Med 2005;33:241–5.Google Scholar

Pardey, J, Moulden, M, Redman, CWG. A computer system for the numerical analysis of nonstress tests. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1095–103.Google Scholar

Dawes, GS, Visser, GHA, Goodman, JDS, Redman, CWG. Numerical analysis of the human fetal heart rate: The quality of ultrasound recorts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Street, P, Dawes, GS, Moulden, M, Redman, CWG. Short-term variation in abnormal antenatal fetal heart rate records. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:515–23.Google Scholar

Nijhuis, IJ, Ten Hof, J, Mulder, EJ, Nijhuis, JG, Narayan, H, Taylor, DJ, Visser, GH. Fetal heart rate in relation to its variation in normal and growth retarded fetuses. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;89:27–33.Google Scholar

Serra, V, Bellver, J, Moulden, M, Redman, CWG. Computerized analysis of normal fetal heart rate pattern throughout gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009;34:74–9.Google Scholar

Nijhuis, IJM, Ten Hof, J, Mulder, EJH, Nijhuis, JG, Narayan, H, Taylor, DJ et al. Numerical fetal heart rate analysis: Nomograms, minimal duration of recording and intrafetal consistency. Prenat Neonat Med 1998;3:314–22.Google Scholar

Nijhuis, IJ, Ten Hof, J, Nijhuis, JG, Mulder, EJ, Narayan, H, Taylor, DJ, Visser, GH. Temporal organization of fetal behavior from 24-weeks gestation onwards in normal and complicated pregnancies. Dev Psychobiol 1999;34:257–68.Google Scholar

Van Vliet, MA, Martin, CB Jr, Nijhuis, JG, Prechtl, HF. The relationship between fetal activity and behavioral states and fetal breathing movements in normal and growth-retarded fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:582–8.Google Scholar

Mushkat, Y, Ascher-Landsberg, J, Keidar, R, Carmon, E, Pauzner, D, David, MP. The effect of betamethasone versus dexamethasone on fetal biophysical parameters. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;97:50–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mulder, EJ, Derks, JB, Visser, GH. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy and fetal behaviour: A randomised study of the effects of betamethasone and dexamethasone. BJOG 1997;104:1239–47.Google Scholar

Dawes, GS, Serra-Serra, V, Moulden, M, Redman, CW. Dexamethasone and fetal heart rate variation. BJOG 1994;101:675–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Serra, V, Moulden, M, Bellver, J, Redman, CW. The value of the short-term fetal heart rate variation for timing the delivery of growth-retarded fetuses. BJOG 2008;115:1101–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anceschi, MM, Piazze, JJ, Ruozi-Berretta, A, Cosmi, E, Cerekja, A, Maranghi, L, Cosmi, EV. Validity of short term variation (STV) in detection of fetal acidemia. J Perinat Med 2003;31:231–6.Google Scholar

Dawes, GS, Moulden, M, Redman, CWG. Short term fetal heart rate variation, decelerations, and umbilical flow velocity waveforms before labor. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:673–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Anceschi, MM, Ruozi-Berretta, A, Piazze, JJ, Cosmi, E, Cerekja, A, Meloni, P, Cosmi, EV. Computerized cardiotocography in the management of intrauterine growth restriction associated with Doppler velocimetry alterations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004;86:365–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lees, CC, Marlow, N, Van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, A, Arabin, B, Bilardo, CM, Brezinka, C, Calvert, S, Derks, JB, Diemert, A, Duvekot, JJ, Ferrazzi, E, Frusca, T, Ganzevoort, W, Hecher, K, Martinelli, P, Ostermayer, E, Papageorghiou, AT, Schlembach, D, Schneider, KT, Thilaganathan, B, Todros, T, Valcamonico, A, Visser, GH, Wolf, H; TRUFFLE study group. 2 year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): A randomised trial. Lancet 2015;385:2162–72.Google Scholar

Signorini, MG, Fanelli, A, Magenes, G. Monitoring fetal heart rate during pregnancy: Contributions from advanced signal processing and wearable technology. Comput Math Methods Med 2014;2014:707581. doi: 10.1155/2014/707581. Epub 2014 Jan 30.Google Scholar

Gonçalves, H, Rocha, AP, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Bernardes, J. Frequency domain and entropy analysis of fetal heart rate: Appealing tools for fetal surveillance and pharmacodynamic assessment of drugs. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2008;8:91–8.Google Scholar

Van Leeuwen, P, Lange, S, Bettermann, H, Grönemeyer, D, Hatzmann, W. Fetal heart rate variability and complexity in the course of pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1999;54:259–69.Google Scholar

Schneider, U, Fiedler, A, Liehr, M, Kähler, C, Schleussner, E Fetal heart rate variability in growth restricted fetuses. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2006;51:248–50.Google Scholar

Huhn, EA, Lobmaier, S, Fischer, T, Schneider, R, Bauer, A, Schneider, KT, Schmidt, G: New computerized fetal heart rate analysis for surveillance of intrauterine growth restriction. Prenat Diagn 2011;31:509–14.Google Scholar

Lobmaier, SM, Huhn, EA, Pildner von Steinburg, S, Müller, A, Schuster, T, Ortiz, JU, Schmidt, G, Schneider, KT. Phase-rectified signal averaging as a new method for surveillance of growth restricted fetuses. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:2523–8.Google Scholar

Graatsma, EM, Mulder, EJ, Vasak, B, Lobmaier, SM, Pildner von Steinburg, S, Schneider, KT, Schmidt, G, Visser, GH. Average acceleration and deceleration capacity of fetal heart rate in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:2517–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lobmaier, SM, Mensing van Charante N, Ferrazzi E, Giussani DA, Shaw CJ, Müller A, Ortiz JU, Ostermayer E, Haller B, Prefumo F, Frusca T, Hecher K, Arabin B, Thilaganathan B, Papageorghiou AT, Bhide A, Martinelli P, Duvekot JJ, Van Eyck J, Visser GH, Schmidt G, Ganzevoort W, Lees CC, Schneider KT. Phase-rectified signal averaging method to predict perinatal outcome in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction – a secondary analysis of TRUFFLE-trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016. Nov;215(5):630.e1-630.e7Google Scholar