In conclusion, as the ninth king regnant of the Chakri dynasty, HM King Bhumibol was extremely successful in constructing a neo-monarchy with extensive barami. However, according to Theravada Buddhist concepts, personal barami is untransferable. His successors must work to achieve it for themselves.

Just as HM King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), another successful absolute monarch whose barami vanished with him, HM King Vajiravudh, Rama VI (1910–25) and HM King Prajadhipok, Rama VII (1925–35) had to develop it on their own. Absolute monarchy ended in Siam in 1932, only twenty-two years after the death of King Rama V. King Rama IX’s successor will face the same problem of how to maintain, or adapt, the new monarchy to suit new contexts.

As mentioned before, in 1927, Prince Damrong, a chief minister and historian, gave a resoundingly influential lecture about the Thai people and their nation. At one point, the prince said, “The Thai people have three important virtues that sustain Siam to the present day: one, love of national independence; two, tolerance; and three, the power of assimilation.”

At the height of Anglo-French colonialism, Chulalongkorn’s Siam managed to survive external threats and remain semi-independent. During the Second World War, the new 1932 government of Thailand, the People’s Party or Khana Ratsadon, collaborated with the Japanese as well as the Allies with even-handed results.