Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qs9v7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T02:08:58.612Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Self-control and social control of deviant behavior in context: development and interactions along the life course

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2009

By
Marc Le Blanc
Edited by
Per-Olof H. Wikström  and
Robert J. Sampson
Marc Le Blanc
Affiliation:
Professor University of Montreal
Per-Olof H. Wikström
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Robert J. Sampson
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Developmental criminology is concerned with the description and explanation of within-individual changes in deviant behavior along the life course. This chapter focuses on individual development in the context of a community environment. Earlier, we proposed an integrated multi-layered control theory of general deviance (Le Blanc, 1997a). This chapter expands this theory with propositions about the developmental interaction between self and social controls. This chapter is not directly concerned with the general deviance syndrome. Elsewhere, we have proposed an analytical paradigm to study its development (Le Blanc & Loeber, 1998), tested an operatationalization of this hierarchical construct (Le Blanc & Bouthillier, 2003), and formulated a theory of its growth and decline using the chaos–order paradigm (Le Blanc, 2005). In this chapter, we keep in mind these theoretical formulations and the empirical facts about within-individual changes in deviant behavior (Le Blanc & Loeber, 1998; Piquero, Farrington, & Blumstein, 2003), but we are particularly concerned with the development of self and social controls in an environmental context.

We use the term control according to its third literal definition in Webster's Dictionary: “a mechanism used to regulate and guide the operation of a system.” This notion is compatible with Gibbs' (1989: 23) sociological definition of control: “control is overt behavior by humans in the belief that (1) the behavior increases the probability of some subsequent condition and (2) the increase or decrease is desirable.” This definition is central in psychology (Lytton, 1990) and in the social sciences since Comte (Le Blanc, 2004).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Explanation of Crime
Context, Mechanisms and Development
 , pp. 195 - 242
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboud, F. E. & Mendelson, M. J. (1996). “Determinants of friendship selection and quality: developmental perspectives.” In Bukowski, W. B., Newcomb, A. F., & Hartup, W. W. (eds.), The Company They Keep. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Abraham, F. D. (1995). “Introduction to dynamics: a basic language; a basic metamodeling strategy.” In Abraham, F. D. & Gilgen, A. R. (eds.), Chaos Theory in Psychology.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (1992). “Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency.” Criminology 30: 47–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akers, R. L. (1998). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston. Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality.New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
Andrews, D. A. & Bonta, J. (1998). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, 2nd edn. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (1999). “Adolescent storm and stress reconsidered.” American Psychologist 54: 317–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asendorpf, J. B., Borkenau, P., Ostendorf, F., & Aken, M. A. G. (2001). “Carving personality description at its joint: confirmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults.” European Journal of Personality 15: 169–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asendorpf, J. B. & Aken, M. A. G. (1999). “Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled personality prototypes in childhood: replicability, predictive power, and trait-type issue.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 815–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berk, L. (1989). Child Development. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Blackburn, R. (1993). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct: Theory, Research and Practice.Toronto: Wiley.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1971). Lives through Time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft.Google Scholar
Boudon, R. (1984). La place du désordre.Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Briggs, J. & Peat, F. D. (1989). Turbulent Mirror. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Brownfield, D. & Sorenson, A. M. (1993). “Self-control and juvenile delinquency: theoretical issues and empirical assessment of selected elements of a general theory of crime.” Deviant Behavior 14: 243–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhrmester, D. (1996). “Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship.” In Bukowski, W. M., Newcomb, A. F., and Hartup, W. W. (eds.), The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bursik, R. J. (1986). “Ecological stability and the dynamics of delinquency.” In Reiss, A. J. & Tonry, M. (eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bursik, R. J. & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1994). “Personality evoked: the evolutionary psychology of stability and change.” In Heatherton, T. F. & Weinberger, J. L. (eds.), Can Personality Change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplow, T. (1988). “The comparative charting of social change in advanced industrial societies.” European Studies Newsletter 5: 1–6.Google Scholar
Caspi, A. (1993). “Why maladaptive behaviors persist: sources of continuity and change across the life course.” In Funder, D. C, Parke, R. D., Tomlinson-Keasy, C., & Widaman, K. (eds.), Studying Lives through Times: Personality and Development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A.(1998). “Personality development across the life course.” In Damon, W. (ser. ed.) & Eisenberg, N. (vol. ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology, vol. III: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Caspi, A. & Roberts, B. W. (1999). “Personality continuity and change across the life course.” In Pervin, L. A. & John, O. P. (eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Caspi, A. & Silva, P. A. (1995). “Temperamental qualities at age 3 predicts personality traits in young adulthood: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort.” Child Development 66: 486–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, Chang R. & Gjerde, P. F. (2002). “Preschool personality prototypes: internal coherence, cross-study replicability, and developmental outcomes in adolescence.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 1229–1241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Gordon, R. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1997). “Neighbourhood and family influences on the intellectual and behavioral competence of preschool and early school-aged children.” In Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Larence, J. (eds.), Neighbourhood Poverty, vol. I: Context and Consequences for Children.New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1999). “Temperament: a new paradigm for trait psychology.” In Pervin, L. A. & John, O. P. (eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cloward, R. A. & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang.New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, E. G. & Farrington, D. P. (1998). “Changes in the most cited scholars in major American criminology and criminal justice journals between 1986–1990 and 1991–1995.” Journal of Criminal Justice 26: 99–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1997). “Longitudinal stability of adult personality.” In Hogan, R., Johnson, J., & Briggs, S. (eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Deng, X. (1994). “Toward more understanding of crime: an integrated model of rational choice and self-control theories.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami.
Drever, J. (1969). A Dictionary of Psychology. Baltimore: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Dunford, F. W. & Elliott, D. S. (1984). “Identifying career offenders using self-reported data.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 21(1): 57–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1895). Les règles de la méthode sociologique. Paris: Alcan (1960 edition, Presses Universitaires de France).
Durkheim, E. (1934). De l'éducation morale. Paris: Alcan (1963 edition, Presses Universitaires de France).
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple Problem Youth: Delinquency, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Problems. New York: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D. S. & Menard, S. (1996). “Delinquent friends and delinquent behavior: temporal and developmental patterns.” In Hawkins, J. D. (ed.), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elliott, D. S., Wilson, W. J., Huizinga, D.Sampson, R. J., Elliott, A., & Rankin, B. (1996). “The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33: 389–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Empey, L. T. (1978). American Delinquency.Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Erickson, E. H. (1972). Adolescence et crise, la quête de l'identité. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1989). “Personality and criminality: a dispositional analysis.” Advances in Criminological Theory 1: 89–111.Google Scholar
Fararo, T. J. (1989). The Meaning of General Theoretical Sociology: Tradition and Formalization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, M. P. (1978). Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Analysis. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H. (1971). “Stage related properties of cognitive development.” Cognitive Psychology 2: 421–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fréchette, M. & Blanc, M. (1987). Délinquances et délinquants.Montreal: Gaétan Morin.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1905). Trois essais sur la théorie de la sexualité. Paris: Gallimard (1964).Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1963). An Outline of Psychoanalysis.New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Gibbs, J. J., Giever, D. & Kerr, J. S. (1994). “Parental management and self-control: an empirical test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami.
Gibbs, J. P. (1989). Control Sociology's Central Notion. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making of a New Science. New York: Viking Penguin.Google Scholar
Glenn, N. D. (1980). “Values, attitudes, and beliefs.” In Brim, O. G. & Kagan, J. (eds.), Constancy and Change in Human Development.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. R. & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime.Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. R. & Hirschi, T.(2003). “Self-control and opportunity.” In Britt, C. L. & Gottfredson, M. R. (eds.), Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency. Advances in Theoretical Criminology 12. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D. C., McNeil, R. J., & Gottfredson, G. D. (1991). “Social areas' influences on delinquency: a multilevel analysis.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28: 197–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). “Testing the core implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30: 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harpur, T. J. & Hare, R. D. (1994). “Assessment of psychopathy as a function of age.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103: 604–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, D., Hofmann, V., Edelstein, W., & Keller, M. (1997). “The relation of childhood personality types to adolescent behavior and development: a longitudinal study of Icelandic children.” Developmental Psychology 33: 195–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helson, R., Kwan, V. S. Y., John, O. P., & Jones, C. (2002). “The growing evidence of personality change in adulthood: findings from research with personality inventories.” Journal of Research in Personality 36: 287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond Adolescence: Problem Behavior and Young Adult Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jessor, R. & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem Behavior and Psychological Development: A Longitudinal Study. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. & Moss, H. (1962). Birth to Maturity. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempf, K. (1993). “Hirschi's theory of social control: is it fecund but not yet fertile?”Advances in Theoretical Criminology 4: 143–186.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1976). “Moral stages and moralization: the cognitive-developmental approach.” In Lickong, T. (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social Sources of Delinquency: An Appraisal of Analytic Models. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Thornberry, T. P., Smith, C., & McDowall, D. (1996). “Reciprocal causal relationships among drug use, peers, and belief: a five waves panel model.” Journal of Drug Issues 2: 405–426.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2000). “Epidemiological personology: the unifying role of personality in population-based research on problem behaviors.” Journal of Personality 68: 967–998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupersmidt, J. B., Griesler, P. C., Derosier, M. E., Patterson, C. J., & Davis, P. W. (1995). “Childhood aggression and peer relations in the context of family and neighborhood factors.” Child Development 66: 356–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R. & Bradley, M. H. (1991). “Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence: changing developmental contexts.” Child Development 62: 284–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R. W. & Richards, M. H. (1989). “Introduction: the changing life space of early adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 18: 501–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R. W. & Verma, S. (1999). “How children and adolescents spend time across the world: work, play, and developmental opportunities.” Psychological Bulletin 125: 701–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laursen, B., Coy, K. C., & Collins, W. A. (1998). “Reconsidering changes in parent–child conflict across adolescence. a meta-analysis.” Child Development 69: 817–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Blanc, M. (1983). “Delinquency as an epiphenomenon of adolescence.” In Corrado, R., Blanc, M., & Trépanier, J. (eds.), Current Issues in Juvenile Justice. Toronto: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Blanc, M.(1992). “Family dynamics, adolescent delinquency and adult criminality.” Psychiatry 55: 236–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Blanc, M.(1993). “Prevention of adolescent delinquency: an integrative multilayered theoretically based perspective.” In Farrington, D. P., Sampson, R., & Wikström, P.-O. (eds.), Linking Community and Individual Levels Explanations of Crime. Stockholm: National Council on Crime Prevention.Google Scholar
Le Blanc, M.(1994a). “Measures of escalation and their personal and social predictors.” In Kerner, H. J. & Weitekamp, E. (eds.), Longitudinal Research on Human Development and Criminal Behavior. Amsterdam: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Le Blanc, M.(1994b). “The relative importance of internal and external constraints in the explanation of late adolescence delinquency and adult criminality.” In McCord, J. (ed.), Coercion and Punishment in Long-term Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blanc, M.(1997a). “A generic control theory of the criminal phenomenon, the structural and the dynamical statements of an integrative multilayered control theory.” Advances in Theoretical Criminology 7: 215–286.Google Scholar
Blanc, M.(1997b). “Socialization or propensity: a test of an integrative control theory with adjudicated boys.” Studies in Crime and Crime Prevention 6 (2): 200–224.Google Scholar
Blanc, M.(2002). “The offending cycle, escalation and de-escalation in delinquent behavior: a challenge for criminology.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 26 (1): 53–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Blanc, M.(2004). “Théories de la régulation de la déviance.” In Jolivet, D., Lopez, G., & Tiztzis, S. (eds.), Dictionnaire critique des sciences criminelles. Paris: Dalloz.Google Scholar
Blanc, M.(2005). “An integrative personal control theory of deviant behavior answers to contemporary empirical and theoretical developmental criminology issues.” Advances in Theoretical Criminology 14: 125–163.Google Scholar
Blanc, M. & Biron, L. (1980). Vers une théorie intégrative de la régulation de la conduite délinquante des garçons. Montreal: Groupe de recherche sur l'inadaptation juvénile, Université de Montréal.Google Scholar
Blanc, M. & Bouthillier, C. (2003). “A developmental test of the general deviance syndrome with adjudicated girls and boys using hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis.” Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 13: 81–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanc, M. & Caplan, A. (1993). “Theoretical formalization, a necessity: the example of Hirschi's bonding theory.” Advances in Theoretical Criminology 4: 239–343.Google Scholar
Blanc, M., Charland, R., Cote, G., & Pronovost, L. (1980). Développement psycho-social et évolution de la délinquance au cours de l'adolescence.Montreal: Groupe de recherche sur l'inadaptation juvénile, Université de Montréal.Google Scholar
Blanc, M. & Fréchette, M. (1989). Male Criminal Activity from Childhood through Youth: Multilevel and Developmental Perspectives. New York: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Blanc, M. & Janosz, M. (1998). “The development of problem behavior, course and processes.” Paper presented at the Life History Research Society, Montreal, May 6–9.
Le Blanc, M. & Loeber, R. (1998). “Developmental criminology upgraded.” In Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice Handbook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Blanc, M., Ouimet, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (1988). “An integrative control theory of delinquent behavior: a validation 1976–1985.” Psychiatry 51: 164–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanc, M., Vallières, E., & McDuff, P. (1992). “Adolescents' school experience and self-reported offending: a longitudinal test of a social control theory.” International Journal of Youth and Adolescence 8: 197–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Lewin, K. (1946). “Behavior and development as a function of the total situation.” In Carmichael, L. (ed.), Manual of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lizotte, A. J., Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., & Chard-Weirscheim, D. (1993). “Neighbourhood context and delinquency: a longitudinal analysis.” In Kerner, H. J. & Weitekamp, E. (eds.), Cross-national Longitudinal Research on Human Development and Criminal Behavior. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Loeber, R., Drinkwater, M., Yin, Y., Anderson, S. J., , Schmidt L. C., & Crawlord, A. (2000). “Stability of family interactions from age 6 to 18.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28: 353–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R. & Hay, D. (1997). “Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood.” Annual Review in Psychology 48: 371–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R. & Le Blanc, M. (1990). “Toward a developmental criminology.” In Tonry, M. & Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Wikström, P.-O. (1993). “Individual pathways to crime in different types of neighborhoods.” In Farrington, D. P., Sampson, R. J., & Wikström, P.-O. (eds.), Integration of Individual and Ecological Aspects of Crime. Stockholm: Allmänanna Förlaget.Google Scholar
Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego Development: Conceptions and Theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Longshore, D., Chang, E., Hsieh, S-C., & Messina, N. (2004). “Self-control and social bonds: a combined control perspective on deviance.” Crime and Delinquency 50: 542–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longshore, D., Turner, S., & Stein, J. (1996). “Self-control in a criminal sample: an examination of construct validity.” Criminology 3: 209–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lytton, H. (1990). “Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: a reinterpretation.” Developmental Psychology 26: 683–697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mak, A. S. (1990). “Testing a psychosocial control theory of delinquency.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 17: 215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, G. & Deary, I. J. (1998). Personality Traits. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Matza, D. (1957). Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebickova, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sanchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kusdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., Saunders, P. R., & Smith, P. B. (2000). “Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and the life span development.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78: 173–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. D. & Lynam, D. (2001). “Structural models of personality and their relation to antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review.” Criminology 39: 765–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). “ ‘Life-course-persistent’ and ‘adolescent-limited’ antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100: 674–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morizot, J. & Blanc, M. (2003a). “Continuity and change in personality from adolescence to midlife: a 25-year longitudinal study comparing representative and adjudicated men.” Journal of Personality 71(5): 705–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morizot, J. & Blanc, M.(2003b). “Searching for a developmental typology of personality in an adjudicated men's sample and its relations to antisocial behavior: a longitudinal study of an adjudicated men sample.” Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 13(4): 241–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morizot, J. & Blanc, M.(2005). “Searching for a developmental typology of personality and its relations to antisocial behavior: a longitudinal study of a representative sample of men.” Journal of Personality 73(1): 139–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagin, D. S. & Paternoster, R. (1994). “Individual capital and social control: the deterrence implications of a theory of individual differences in criminal offending.” Criminology 32: 581–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nye, F. I. (1958). Family Relationships and Delinquent Behavior. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Oden, S. (1988). “Alternative perspectives on children's peer relationships.” In Yawkey, T. D. & Johnson, J. E. (eds.), Integrative Process and Socialization: Early to Middle Childhood. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Osgood, D. & Lee, H. (1993). “Leisure activities, age and adult roles across the lifespan.” Society and Leisure 16(1): 181–208.Google Scholar
Osgood, D. W., Wilson, J. K., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). “Routine activities and individual deviant behavior.” American Sociological review 61: 635–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paternoster, R. (1987). “The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment: a review of the evidence and issues.” Justice Quarterly 4: 173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial Boys. Eugene: Castalia.Google Scholar
Peak, D. & Frame, M. (1994). Chaos under Control. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar
Peter, T., Lagrange, T. C., & Silverman, R. A. (2003). “Investigating the interdependence of strain and self-control.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 45: 431–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1967). La psychologie de l'intelligence. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2003). “The criminal career paradigm.” Crime and Justice 30: 359–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piquero, A. & Tibbets, S. (1994). “Specifying low self-control and situational factors in offender decision-making.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami.
Platt, T. C. & Cullen, F. C. (2000). “The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime: meta-analysis.” Criminology 38: 932–964.Google Scholar
Polakowski, M. (1994). “Linking self and social control with deviance: illuminating the structure underlying a general theory of crime and its relation to deviant activity.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 10(1): 41–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, T. C., Turner, M. G., & Piquero, A. R. (2004). “Parental socialization and community context: a longitudinal analysis of the structural sources of low self-control.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41: 219–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulkkinen, L. (1996). “Female and male personality styles: a typological and developmental analysis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70: 1288–1306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quetelet, A. (1835). Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou essai de physique sociale. Paris: Bachelier.Google Scholar
Reckless, W. C. (1961). “A new theory of delinquency and crime.” Federal Probation 25 (December): 42–46.Google Scholar
Reiss, A. J. (1951). “Delinquency as a failure of individual and social controls.” American Sociological Review 16: 196–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiss, A. J. & Rhodes, A. L. (1961). “The distribution of juvenile delinquency in the social class structure.” American Sociological Review 26: 720–732.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W. & Vecchio, Del W. F. (2000). “The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies.” Psychological Bulletin 126(1): 3–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W., Robins, R. W., Caspi, A., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (in press). “Personality trait development in adulthood.” In Mortimer, J. L. & Shanahan, M. (eds.), Handbook of the Life Course. New York: Plenum.CrossRef
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., & Caspi, A. (1998). “The typological approach to studying personality.” In Cairns, R. B., Bergman, L. R., & Kagan, J. (eds.), Methods and Models for Studying the Individual. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). “Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: three replicable personality types.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70: 157–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial Behavior by Young People. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1993). “Family and community-level influences on crime.” In Farrington, D. P., Sampson, R. J., & Wikström, P.-O. (eds.), Integration of Individual and Ecological Aspects of Crime. Stockholm: Allmänanna Förlaget.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, J. D., & Earls, F. (1997). “Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy.” Science 277: 918–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuerman, L. A. & Kobrin, S. (1986). “Community careers in crime.” In Reiss, A. J. & Tonry, M. (eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. J. (2005). Theories of Delinquency: An Examination of Explanations of Delinquent Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simcha-Fagan, O. & Schwartz, J. E. (1986). “Neighbourhood and delinquency: an assessment of contextual effects.” Criminology 24: 667–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, R. L., Johnson, R. D., Conger, V. D., & Elder, G. (1998). “A test of a latent trait versus a life course perspective on the stability of adolescent antisocial behavior.” Criminology 36: 217–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, L. (1996). Adolescence. Toronto: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Stoolmiller, M. (1994). “Antisocial behavior, delinquent peer association, and unsupervised wandering for boys: growth and change from childhood to early adolescence.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 29: 263–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, D. E., Grant, M. W., and Grant, J. D. (1957). “The development of interpersonal maturity: application to delinquency.” Psychiatry 20 (4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, E. H. & Cressey, D. R. (1960). Principles of Criminology, 6th edn. Chicago: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Tarde, G. (1924). La criminalité comparée. Paris: Alcan.Google Scholar
Tarter, R. E., Vanykov, M. M., Giancola, P., Dawes, M. A., Blackson, T., Mezzich, A., & Clark, D. (1999). “Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: a maturational perspective.” Development and Psychopathology 11: 657–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thelen, E. & Smith, L. B. (1998). “Dynamic system theories.” In Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M. (eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, vol. I: Theoretical Models of Human Development. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. Criminology 25(4): 963–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornberry, T. P. (1996). “Empirical support for interactional theory: a review of the literature.” In Hawkins, J. D. (ed.), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C., & Tobin, K. (2003). Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., & Farnworth, M. (1994). “Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: a longitudinal test of interactional theory.” Criminology 32(1): 47–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Farnworth, M., & Jang, S. J. (1991). “Testing interactional theory: an examination of reciprocal causal relationship among family, school and delinquency.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82: 3–33.Google Scholar
Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The Gang. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tubman, J. G., Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., & Eye, A. (1992). “Temperament and adjustment in young adulthood: a 15-year longitudinal analysis.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62: 564–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, M. G. & Piquero, A. R. (2002). “The stability of self-control.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30: 457–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Aken, M. A. G., van Lieshout, C. F. M., Scholte, R. H. J., & Haselager, G. J. T. (2002). “Personality types in childhood and adolescence: main effects and person–relationship transactions.” In Pulkkinen, L. & Caspi, A. (eds.), Paths to Successful Development: Personality in the Life.New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vazsonyi, A. T., Pickering, L. E., Junger, M., & Hessing, D. (2001). “An empirical test of a general theory of crime: a four-nation comparative study of self-control and the prediction of deviance.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38: 91–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warr, M. (1993). “Age, peers, and delinquency.” Criminology 31: 17–40.
Warr, M. (2002). Companions in Crime: The Social Aspect of Criminal Conduct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, H. (1957). “The concept of development from a comparative and organismic point of view.” In Harris, D. B. (ed.), The Concept of Development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wikström, P.-O. (2004). “Crime as alternative: towards a cross-level situational action theory of crime causation.” In McCord, J. (ed.), Beyond Empiricism: Insitutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime. Advances in Criminological Theory 13. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Wikström, P-O.(2005). “The social origins of pathways in crime: towards a developmental ecological action theory of crime involvement and its changes.” In Farrington, D. P. (ed.), Integrated Developmental and Life Course Theories of Offending. Advances in Criminological Theory 14. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Wikström, P.-O. & Loeber, R. (2000). “Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents?”Criminology 38: 1109–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikström, P.-O. & Sampson, R. J. (2003). “Social mechanisms of community influences on crime and pathways in criminality.” In Lahey, B. B., Moffitt, T. E. & Caspi, A.. (eds.), Causes of Conduct Disorder and Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. (2000). “Temperament and adolescent substance use: an epigenetic approach to risk and protection.” Journal of Personality 68: 1127–1151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J. Q. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Wood, P. B., Pfefferbaum, B., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). “Risk-taking and self-control: social psychological correlates of delinquency.” Journal of Crime and Justice 16: 111–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, K. L. & John, O. P. (1992). “The four faces of Eve: a typological analysis of women's personality at midlife.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 494–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Q., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1997). “Developmental trends of delinquency attitudes and delinquency: replication and synthesis across time and samples.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 13: 181–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, R. A. (1987). “The four alcoholisms: a developmental account of the etiologic process.” In Rivers, P. C. (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Moses, H. D. (1995). “Emergence of alcohol problems and the several alcoholisms: a developmental perspective on etiologic theory and life course trajectory.” In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (eds.), Developmental Psychopathology, vol. II: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×