List of references

Richard Wortley

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489365.014

Abru, E. 1999, ‘Drugs behind bars’, NSW Police News 79: 18–19Google Scholar

Adams, K., Bennett, K. L., Flanagan, T. J., Marquart, J. W., Cuvelier, S. J., Fritsch, E., Gerber, J., Longmire, D. R. and Burton, V. S. 1994, ‘A large-scale multidimensional test of the effect of prison educational programs on offenders’ behavior', Prison Journal 74: 433–49CrossRef Google Scholar

Adams, R. and Campling, J. 1992, Prison Riots in Britain and the USA, London, Macmillan

Adams, V. 1981, ‘How to keep ’em honest: Honesty as an organizational policy can help prevent employee theft', Psychology Today November: 50, 53Google Scholar

Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L. and Radosevich, M. 1979, ‘Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory’, American Sociological Review 44: 636–55CrossRef Google Scholar

Almy, L., Bravo, V., Burd, L., Chin, P., Cohan, L., Gallo, F., Giorgianni, A., Gold, J., Jose, M. and Noyes, J. 1980, ‘A study of a coeducational correctional facility’, in J. O. Smykla (ed.), Coed Prison, New York, Human Sciences Press, pp. 120–49

Alpert, G. P. 1984, ‘The needs of the judiciary and misapplication of social research’, Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 22: 441–56CrossRef Google Scholar

Altheide, K. K., Adler, P. A., Adler, P. and Altheide, D. A. 1978, ‘The social meaning of employee theft’, in J. M. Johnson and J. D. Douglas (eds.), Crime at the Top: Deviance in Business and the Professions, Philadelphia PA, J.B. Lippincott, pp. 90–124

Altman, I. 1975, The Environment and Social Behavior, Monterey CA, Brooks/Cole

American Correctional Association 1981, Standards for Adult. Correctional Institutions, College Park MD, American Correctional Association

American Society for Industrial Security 1979, ‘A low profile jail’, Security Management 23: 46

Anderson, C. A. 1987, ‘Temperature and aggression: Effects on quarterly, yearly and city rates of violent and non-violent crime’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 1161–73CrossRef Google Scholar

Anno, B. J. 1985, ‘Patterns of suicide in the Texas Department of Corrections, 1980–1985’, Journal of Prison and Jail Health 5: 82–93Google Scholar

Asch, S. E. 1955, ‘Opinions and social pressure’, Scientific American November: 31–5CrossRef Google Scholar

Atkinson, D. J., Pietrasiewicz, V. J. and Junker, K. E. 1999, Video Surveillance Equipment Selection and Application Guide (NIJ Guide 201–99), Washington DC, National Institute of Justice

Atlas, R. 1982, ‘Violence in Prison: Architectural Determinism’, Unpublished doctoral thesis, School of Criminology, Florida State University

Atlas, R.1983, ‘Crime site selection for assaults in four Florida prisons’, Prison Journal 63: 59–72CrossRef

Atlas, R.1984, ‘Violence in prison. Environmental influences’, Environment and Behavior 16: 275–306CrossRef

Atlas, R.1989, ‘Reducing the opportunity for inmate suicide: A design guide’, Psychiatric Quarterly 60: 161–71CrossRef

Atlas, R. I. and Dunham, R. G. 1990, ‘Changes in prison facilities as a function of correctional philosophy’, in J. W. Murphy and J. E. Dison (eds.), Are Prisons Any Better? Twenty Years of Correctional Reform, Newbury Park CA, Sage, pp. 43–59

Backett, S. A. 1987, ‘Suicides in Scottish prisons’, British Journal of Psychiatry 151: 218–21CrossRef Google Scholar

Bandura, A. 1965, ‘Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1: 589–95CrossRef Google Scholar

Bandura, A. 1976, ‘Social learning analysis of aggression’, in E. Ribes-Inesta and A. Bandura (eds.), Analysis of Delinquency and Aggression, Hillsdale NJ, Erlbaum, pp. 203–32

Bandura, A. 1977, Social-Learning Theory, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice-Hall

Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Capara, G. V. and Pastorelli, C. 1996, ‘Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71: 364–74CrossRef Google Scholar

Bandura, A., Underwood, B. and Fromson, M. E. 1975, ‘Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims’, Journal of Research in Personality 9: 253–69CrossRef Google Scholar

Banks, C., Mayhew, P. and Sapford, R. J. 1975, Absconding from Open Prisons, London, HMSO

Banzinger, G. and Owens, K. 1978, ‘Geophysical variables and behavior: Weather factors as predictors of local social indicators of maladaptation in two non-urban areas’, Psychological Reports 43: 427–34CrossRef Google Scholar

Barak-Glantz, I. L. 1985, ‘The anatomy of another prison riot’, in M. Braswell, S. Dillingham and R. Montgomery (eds.), Prison Violence in America, Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 47–71

Baron, R. A. and Bell, P. A. 1975, ‘Aggression and heat: Mediating effects of prior provocation and exposure to an aggressive model’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31: 825–32CrossRef Google Scholar

Bartollas, C., Miller, S. J. and Dinitz, S. 1982, ‘The “booty bandit”: A social role in a juvenile institution’, in A. M. Scacco (ed.), Male Rape: A Casebook of Sexual Aggression, New York, AMS Press, pp. 153–62

Baum, A., Singer, J. E. and Baum, C. S. 1981, ‘Stress and the environment’, Journal of Social Issues 37: 4–35CrossRef Google Scholar

Baum, A. and Valins, S. 1977, Architecture and Social Behavior: Psychological Studies of Social Density, Hillsdale NJ, Erlbaum

Bayens, G. J., Williams, J. J. and Smykla, J. O. 1997, ‘Jail type and inmate behavior: A longitudinal analysis’, Federal Probation 61: 54–62Google Scholar

Bell, P. A. and Barron, R. A. 1977, ‘Aggression and ambient temperature: The facilitating and inhibiting effects of hot and cold environments’, Bulletin for the Psychonomic Society 9: 443–5CrossRef Google Scholar

Bell, P. A., Baum, A., Fisher, J. D. and Greene, T. E. 1990, Environmental Psychology (3rd edn), Fort Worth TX, Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Bennett, T. and Sibbitt, R. 2000, Drug Use Among Arrestees (Research Findings No. 119), London, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate

Benton, F. W. and Obenland, R. 1973, Prison and Jail Security, Washington DC, National Clearinghouse for Criminal Justice Planning and Architecture

Berkowitz, L. 1983, ‘The experience of anger as a parallel process in the display of impulsive, “angry” aggression’, in Green, R. G. and Donnerstein, E. I. (eds.), Aggression: Theoretical and Empirical Reviews (Vol. 1), New York, Academic Press, pp. 103–33Google Scholar

Berkowitz, L.1989, ‘The frustration aggression response: Examination and reformulation’, Psychological Bulletin 106: 59–73CrossRef

Bertam, S. and Gorta, A. 1990, Inmates' Perceptions of the Role of the New South Wales Methadone Programme in Preventing the Spread of Immumo-Deficiency Virus. Evaluation of the NSW Prison Methadone Programme: Study 9, Sydney, NSW Department of Corrective Services

Biles, D., McDonald, D. and Fleming, J. 1992, ‘Australian deaths in prison 1980–88: An analysis of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal deaths’, in D. Biles and D. McDonald (eds.), Deaths in Custody Australia, 1980–1989, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 107–36

Binda, H. 1975, ‘Effects of increased security on prison violence’, Journal of Criminal Justice 3: 33–45Google Scholar

Bird, A. G., Gore, S. M., Hutchinson, S. J., Lewis, S. C., Cameron, S. and Burns, S. 1997, ‘Harm reduction measures and injecting inside prison versus mandatory drug testing: Results of a cross sectional anonymous questionnaire survey’, British Medical Journal 314: 21–24CrossRef Google Scholar

Bloomberg, S. A. 1977, ‘Participatory management: Towards a science of correctional management’, Criminology 15: 149–63CrossRef Google Scholar

Boin, R. A. and Duin, M. J. 1995, ‘Prison riots as organizational failures: A managerial perspective’, Prison Journal 75: 357–79CrossRef Google Scholar

Bottoms, A. E. 1990, ‘Crime prevention facing the 1990s’, Policing and Society 1: 3–22CrossRef Google Scholar

Bottoms, A. E., Hay, W. and Sparks, J. R. 1995, ‘Situational and social approaches to the prevention of disorder in long-term prisons’, in T. J. Flanagan (ed.), Long-Term Imprisonment, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage, pp. 186–96

Bowker, L. H. 1980, Prison Victimization, New York, Elsevier

Bowker, L. H. 1982, ‘Victimizers and victims in American correctional institutions’, in R. Johnson and H. Toch (eds.), The Pains of Imprisonment, Beverly Hills CA, Sage, pp. 63–76

Bowker, L. H. 1985, ‘An essay on prison violence’, in M. Braswell, S. Dillingham and R. Montgomery (eds.), Prison Violence in America, Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 7–17

Brehm, J. W. 1966, A Theory of Psychological Reactance, New York, Academic Press

Brodsky, S. L. and Fowler, R. D. (1979), ‘The social psychological consequences of confinement’, in L. R. Abt and I. R. Stuart (eds.), Social Psychology and Discretionary Law, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 260–9

Brown, B. J., Druce, N. R. and Sawyer, C. E. 1978, ‘Individual differences and absconding behaviour’, British Journal of Criminology 18: 62–70CrossRef Google Scholar

Brown, B. S. and Spevacek, J. D. 1971, ‘Disciplinary offenses and offenders at two differing correctional institutions’, Corrective Psychiatry and Journal of Social Therapy 17: 48–56Google Scholar

Brown, K. A. 1994, ‘California officers quell prison melee, prevent widespread injury’, Corrections Today 56: 22Google Scholar

Buchanan, R. A., Unger, C. A. and Whitlow, K. L. 1988, Disruptive Maximum Security Inmate Management Guide, Washington DC, National Institute of Corrections

Calhoun, J. B. 1962, ‘Population density and social pathology’, Scientific American 206: 139–48Google Scholar

California Department of Corrections 1991, Suicide Prevention in the California Department of Corrections: Annual Report – 1990, Sacramento CA, California Department of Corrections

California Department of Corrections 1994, Suicide Prevention in the California Department of Corrections: Annual Report – 1993, Sacramento CA, California Department of Corrections

Camp, G. and Camp, C. 1987, Stopping Escapes: Perimeter Security, Washington DC, National Institute of Justice Construction Bulletin

Campbell, C. F. 1980, ‘Co-corrections: FCI Fort Worth after three years’, in J. O. Smykla (ed.), Coed Prison, New York, Human Sciences Press, pp. 83–109

Carbonell, J. L., Megargee, E. I. and Moorhead, K. M. 1985, ‘Predicting prison adjustment with structured personality inventories’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52: 280–94CrossRef Google Scholar

Carlson, B. E. and Cervera, N. J. 1991, ‘Inmates and their families: Conjugal visits, family contact, and family functioning’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 18: 318–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Carroll, L. 1982, ‘Humanitarian reform and biracial sexual assault in a maximum security prison’, in M. Scacco (ed.), Male Rape, New York, AMS Press, pp. 121–34

Carter, J. O. 1963, ‘Absconding at Dover Borstal’, Prison Service Journal JulyGoogle Scholar

Centre for Research, Evaluation and Social Assessment 1996, Escape Pressures. Inside Views of the Reasons for Prison Escapes, Wellington NZ, Ministry of Justice

Cherrington, D. J. and Cherrington, J. O. 1985, ‘The climate of honesty in retail stores’, in W. Terris (ed.), Employee Theft: Research, Theory, and Applications, Park Ridge IL, London House, pp. 27–39

Chonco, N. R. 1989, ‘Sexual assaults among male inmates: A descriptive study’, Prison Journal 69: 72–82CrossRef Google Scholar

Clark, J. B. and Hollinger, R. C. 1983, Theft by Employees in Work Organizations, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Clarke, R. V. 1980, ‘Absconding from residential institutions for young offenders’, in L. Hersov and I. Berg (eds.), Out of School, Chichester England, Wiley, pp. 111–36

Clarke, R. V. 1987, ‘Rational choice theory and prison psychology’, in B. J. McGurk, D. M. Thornton and M. Williams (eds.), Applying Psychology to Imprisonment, London, HMSO, pp. 117–27

Clarke, R. V. 1992, ‘Introduction’, in R.V Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, Albany NY, Harrow and Heston, pp. 3–36

Clarke, R. V. 1995, ‘Opportunity-reducing crime prevention strategies and the role of motivation’, in P. O. Wikstrom, R. V. Clarke and J. McCord (eds.), Integrating Crime Prevention Strategies: Propensity and Opportunity, Stockholm, National Council for Crime Prevention, pp. 55–67

Clarke, R. V. 1997, ‘Introduction’, in R. V. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd edn), Albany NY, Harrow and Heston, pp. 2–43

Clarke, R. V. and Homel, R. 1997, ‘A revised classification of situational crime prevention techniques’, in S. P. Lab (ed.), Crime Prevention at the Crossroads, Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 17–27

Clarke, R. V. and Martin, D. N. 1975, ‘A study of absconding and its implications for the residential treatment of delinquents’, in J. Tizzard, I. A. Sinclair and R. V. Clarke (eds.), Varieties of Residential Experience, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 249–74

Clarke, R. V. and Mayhew, P. M. 1988, ‘The British gas suicide story and its criminological implications’, in Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice (Vol. 10), Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 79–116CrossRef Google Scholar

Clear, T. R. 1994, Harm in American Penology, Albany NY, State University of New York Press

Cohen, F. and King, K. 1987, ‘Drug testing and corrections’, Criminal Law Bulletin March-April: 151–72Google Scholar

Colman, A. 1991, ‘Psychological evidence in South African murder trials’, The Psychologist November: 482–6Google Scholar

Cooke, D. J. 1991, ‘Violence in prisons: The influence of regime factors’, Howard Journal 30: 95–109CrossRef Google Scholar

Cooley, D. 1993, ‘Criminal victimization in male federal prisons’, Canadian Journal of Criminology 35: 479–95Google Scholar

Cornish, D. B. and Clarke, R. V. 1975, Residential Treatment and its Effects on Delinquency (Home Office Research Study No. 32), London, HMSO

Cornish, D. B. and Clarke, R. V.1987, ‘Understanding crime displacement: An application of rational choice theory’, Criminology 25: 933–47CrossRef

Cornish, D. B. and Clarke, R. V. (eds.) 1986, The Reasoning Criminal. Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending, New York, Springer-Verlag

Correctional Service of Canada 1981, Self-Inflicted Injuries and Suicides, Ottawa, Bureau of Management Consulting

Correctional Service of Canada 1989, Contraband Control Final Report (Vol. 1), Canada, Correctional Service of Canada

Cotton, D. J. and Groth, A. N. 1984, ‘Sexual assault in correctional institutions: Prevention and intervention’, in I. R. Stuart and J. G. Greer (eds.), Victims of Sexual Aggression: Treatment of Children, Women, and Men, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 127–55

Cotton, J. L. 1986, ‘Ambient temperature and violent crime’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16: 786–801CrossRef Google Scholar

Cox, V. C., Paulus, P. B. and McCain, G. 1984, ‘Prison crowding research: The relevance for prison housing standards and a general approach regarding crowding phenomena’, American Psychologist 39: 1148–60CrossRef Google Scholar

Coyle, A. G. 1987, ‘The Scottish experience with small units’, in A. E. Bottoms and R. Light (eds.), Problems of Long-Term Imprisonment, Aldershot, Gower, pp. 228–48

Crouch, B. M. 1985, ‘Pandora's box: Women guards in men's prisons’, Journal of Criminal Justice 13: 535–48CrossRef Google Scholar

Czerniak, S. W. and Upchurch, J. R. 1996, ‘Continuous improvement in prison security’, Corrections Today 58: 62–3Google Scholar

Dalton, V., Brown, N. and McDonald, D. 1996, Australian Deaths in Custody and Custody-Related Police Operations, 1995, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology

Darke, S., Kaye, S. and Finlay-Jones, R. 1998, ‘Drug use and injection risk-taking among prison methadone maintenance patients’, Addiction 93: 1169–75CrossRef Google Scholar

Davies, W. 1991, ‘Prison riots’, The Psychologist March: 120–2Google Scholar

Davies, W. and Burgess, P. W. 1988, ‘Prison officers’ experience as a predictor of risk of attack: An analysis within the British prison system', Medicine, Science and the Law 28: 135–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Davis, A. J. 1968, ‘Sexual assaults in the Philadelphia prison system and sheriff's vans’, Trans-action December: 8–16Google Scholar

Dean, L. M., Pugh, W. M. and Gunderson, E. K. 1978, ‘The behavioral effects of crowding: Definitions and methods’, Environment and Behavior 10: 413–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Diener, E. 1980, ‘Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation in group members’, in P. Paulus (ed.), The Psychology of Group Influence, Hillsdale NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 209–42

Dietz, P. E. and Rada, R. T. 1983, ‘Interpersonal violence in forensic facilities’, in J. R. Lion and W. H. Reid (eds.), Assaults within Psychiatric Facilities, New York: Grune and Stratton, pp. 47–59

DiIulio, J. J. 1987, Governing Prisons, New York, Free Press

DiIulio, J. J. 1991a, No Escape: The Future of American Corrections, New York, Basic Books

DiIulio, J. J.1991b, ‘Understanding prisons: The new old penology’, Law and Social Inquiry 16: 65–99CrossRef

Dillingham, S. D. and Montgomery, R. H. 1985, ‘Prison riots: A correctional nightmare since 1774’, in M. Braswell, S. Dillingham and R. Montgomery (eds.), Prison Violence in America, Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 19–38

Ditchfield, J. 1990, Control in Prisons: A Review of the Literature (Home Office Research Study No. 118), London, HMSO

Ditchfield, J. and Harries, R. 1996, ‘Assaults on staff in male local prisons and remand centres’, Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate Research Bulletin 38: 15–20Google Scholar

Dobinson, I. and Ward, P. 1986, ‘Heroin and property crime: An Australian perspective’, Journal of Drug Issues 16: 249–62CrossRef Google Scholar

Dolan, K. A., Wodak, A. D. and Hall, W. D. 1998, ‘Methadone maintenance treatment reduces heroin injection in New South Wales prisons’, Drug and Alcohol Review 17: 153–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O.H and Sears, R. R. 1939, Frustration and Aggression, New Haven CT, Yale University Press

Donaldson, S. 1995, ‘Can we put an end to inmate rape?’, USA Today May: 40–3Google Scholar

Dooley, E. 1990, ‘Non-natural deaths in prison’, British Journal of Criminology 30: 229–34CrossRef Google Scholar

Dumond, R. W. 1992, ‘The sexual assault of male inmates in incarcerated settings’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law 20: 135–57Google Scholar

Duncan, D. F. and Ellis, T. R. 1973, ‘Situational variables associated with prison escapes’, American Journal of Correction May-June: 29–30Google Scholar

Dunlop, A. B. 1974, The Approved School Experience (Home Office Research Study No. 25), London, HMSO

Edgar, K. and O'Donnell, I. 1998a, ‘Assault in prison’, British Journal of Criminology 38: 635–50CrossRef Google Scholar

Edgar, K. 1998b, Mandatory Drug Testing in Prisons: The Relationship between MDT and the Level and Nature of Drug Misuse (Home Office Research Study 189), London, HMSO

Edwards, A., Curtis, S. and Sherrard, J. 1999, ‘Survey of risk behaviour and HIV prevalence in an English prison’, International Journal of STD and AIDS 10: 464–6CrossRef Google Scholar

Eigenberg, H. M. 1994, ‘Rape in male prisons: Examining the relationship between correctional officers’ attitudes towards male rape and their willingness to respond to acts of rape', in M. C. Braswell, R. H. Montgomery and L. X. Lombardo (eds.), Prison Violence in America (2nd edn), Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 145–65

Ekland-Olson, S. 1986, ‘Crowding, social control, and prison violence: Evidence from the post-Ruiz years in Texas’, Law and Society Review 20: 389–421CrossRef Google Scholar

Ekland-Olson, S., Barrick, D. and Cohen, L. E. 1983, ‘Prison overcrowding and disciplinary problems: An analysis of the Texas prison system’, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 19: 163–76CrossRef Google Scholar

Ellis, D. 1984, ‘Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 11: 277–308CrossRef Google Scholar

Ellis, D., Grasmick, H. G. and Gilman, B. 1974, ‘Violence in prison: A sociological analysis’, American Journal of Sociology 80: 16–43CrossRef Google Scholar

Ellis, J. 1993, ‘Security officer's role in reducing inmate problem behaviors’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 20: 61–72CrossRef Google Scholar

Engel, K and Rothman, S. 1984, ‘The paradox of prison reform: Rehabilitation, prisoners’ rights, and violence', Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 7: 413–42Google Scholar

Fairweather, L. 1994, ‘Prison design in the twentieth century’, in I. Spens (ed.), Architecture of Incarceration, London, Academy Editions, pp. 24–37

Farbstein, J., Liebert, D. and Sigurdson, H. 1996, Audits of Direct-Supervision Jails, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Farbstein, J. and Wener, R. 1989, A Comparison of ‘Direct’ and ‘Indirect’ Supervision Correctional Facilities, Final Report, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Farbstein, J., Wener, R. and Gomez, P. 1979, Evaluation of Correctional Environments, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Farley, F. H. and Farley, S. V. 1972, ‘Stimulus-seeking motivation and delinquent behavior among institutionalized delinquent girls’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 39: 94–7CrossRef Google Scholar

Farmer, J. F. 1988, ‘A case study in regaining control of a violent state prison’, Federal Probation 52: 41–7Google Scholar

Farrington, D. F. and Nuttall, C. P. 1980, ‘Prison size, overcrowding, prison violence, and recidivism’, Journal of Criminal Justice 8: 221–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Felson, M. and Clarke, R. V. 1997, ‘The ethics of situational crime prevention’, in G. Newman, R. V. Clarke and S. G. Shohan (eds.), Rational Choice and Situational Crime Prevention, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 197–218

Fine, B. J. and Kobrick, J. L. 1987, ‘Effect of heat and chemical protective clothing on cognitive performance’, Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 58: 149–54Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, G. 1989, Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct, Brisbane, Queensland Government Printer

Fleisher, M. S. and Rison, R. H. 1999, ‘Gang management in corrections’, in P. M. Carlson and J. S. Garrett (eds.), Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory, Gaithersburg MD, Aspen Publishers, pp. 232–8

Fleming, J., McDonald, D. and Biles, D. 1992, ‘Self-inflicted harm in custody’, in D. Biles and D. McDonald (eds.), Deaths in Custody Australia, 1980–1989, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 381–416

Florida Department of Corrections 1981, Evaluation of Uniform System of Inmate Custody Classification, Tallahassee FL, Florida Department of Corrections

Forst, M. L. and Brady, J. M. 1985, ‘The effects of determinate sentencing on inmate misconduct in prison’, in M. Braswell, S. Dillingham and R. Montgomery (eds.), Prison Violence in America, Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 97–111

Forsyth, D. R. 1990, Group Dynamics (2nd edn), Pacific Grove CA, Brooks/Cole

Fox, V. 1971, ‘Why prisoners riot’, Federal Probation 35: 9–14Google Scholar

French, L. 1978, ‘The perversion of incarceration: A social-psychological perspective’, Corrective and Social Psychiatry and Journal of Behavior Technology, Methods and Therapy 24: 16–19Google Scholar

Frey, J. H. and Delaney, T. 1996, ‘The role of leisure participation in prison: A report from consumers’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 23: 79–89CrossRef Google Scholar

Fry, L. J. 1988, ‘Continuities in the determination of prison overcrowding effects’, Journal of Criminal Justice 16: 231–40CrossRef Google Scholar

Gaes, G. G. 1985, ‘The effects of crowding in prison’, in Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research (Vol. 6), Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 95–146CrossRef Google Scholar

Gaes, G. G.1994, ‘Prison crowding research reexamined’, Prison Journal 74: 329–63CrossRef

Gaes, G. G. and McGuire, W. J. 1985, ‘Prison violence: The contribution of crowding versus other determinants of prison assault rates’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22: 41–65CrossRef Google Scholar

Galle, O. R., Gove, W. R. and McPherson, J. 1972, ‘Population density and pathology: What are the relations for man?’, Science 176: 23–30CrossRef Google Scholar

Ganjavi, O., Scell, B. and Cachon, J. 1985, ‘Geophysical variables and behavior: Impact of atmospheric conditions on occurrences of individual violence among Canadian penitentiary populations’, Perceptual and Motor Skills 61: 259–75CrossRef Google Scholar

Garland, D. 1996, ‘The limits of the sovereign state: Strategies of crime control in contemporary society’, British Journal of Criminology 36: 445–71CrossRef Google Scholar

Geller, E. S., Koltuniak, T. A. and Shilling, J. S. 1983, ‘Response avoiding prompting: A cost-effective strategy for theft deterrence’, Behavioral Counseling and Community Interventions 3: 28–42Google Scholar

Gendreau, P., Ross, R. and Izzo, R. 1985, ‘Institutional misconduct: The effects of the UVIC program at Matsqui Penitentiary’, Canadian Journal of Criminology 27: 209–17Google Scholar

Gerber, J. and Fritsch, E. J. 1995, ‘Adult academic and vocational correctional educational programs: A review of recent research’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 22: 119–42CrossRef Google Scholar

Goffman, E. 1961, Asylums, Garden City NY, Anchor Books

Goodstein, L., MacKenzie, D. L. and Shotland, R. L. 1984, ‘Personal control and inmate adjustment to prison’, Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 22: 343–69CrossRef Google Scholar

Goranson, R. E. and King, D. 1970, Rioting and Daily Temperature: Analysis of the U.S. Riots in 1967, Toronto, York University

Gore, S. M., Bird, A. G. and Ross, A. J. 1995, ‘Prison rites: Starting to inject inside’, British Medical Journal 311: 1135–6CrossRef Google Scholar

Gorta, A. and Nguyen Da Huong, M. T. 1988, An Analysis of Interviews with Recaptured Escapees: Some Suggestions of Reasons for Escape, Sydney, NSW Department of Corrective Services

Gorta, A. and Sillavan, T. 1991, ‘Escapes from New South Wales gaols’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 24: 204–18CrossRef Google Scholar

Gould, M. S. and Shäffer, D. 1989, ‘The impact of suicide in television movies. Evidence of imitation’, in R.F W. Diekstra, R. Maris, S. Platt, A. Schmidtke and G. Sonneck (eds.), Suicide and its Prevention, New York, E. J. Brill, pp. 331–40

Gove, W. R., Hughs, M. and Galle, O. R. 1977, ‘Overcrowding in the home: An empirical investigation of its possible pathological consequences’, American Sociological Review 44: 59–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Government of Victoria 1993, Inquiry into the Victorian Prison System, Melbourne, L.V. North Government Printer

Graham, F. 1981, ‘Probability of detection and institutional vandalism’, British Journal of Criminology 21: 361–5CrossRef Google Scholar

Graham, K. and Homel, R. 1996, ‘Creating safer bars’, in M Plant, E. Single and T. Stockwell (eds.), Alcohol: Minimising the Harm, London, Free Association Press, pp. 171–92

Grant, A. A. 1995, Investigation into Drugs in Prisons in South Australia, Report to the Minister for Correctional Services, Adelaide, S. A. Government

Greenberg, J. 1997, ‘The STEAL motive. Managing the social determinants of employee theft’, in R. A. Giacalone and J. Greenberg (eds.), Antisocial Behavior in Organisations, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 85–108

Hall, W., Ward, J. and Mattick, R. 1993, ‘Methadone maintenance treatment in prisons: The New South Wales experience’, Drug and Alcohol Review 12: 193–203CrossRef Google Scholar

Haney, C., Banks, C. and Zimbardo, P. 1973, ‘Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison’, International Journal of Criminology and Penology 1: 69–97Google Scholar

Haney, C. and Zimbardo, P. 1998, ‘The past and future of U.S. prison policy. Twenty-five years after the Stanford prison experiment’, American Psychologist 53: 709–27CrossRef Google Scholar

Harries, K. D. and Stadler, S. J. 1988, ‘Heat and violence: New findings from the Dallas field data, 1980–1981’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18: 129–38CrossRef Google Scholar

Harris, G. T. and Varney, G. W. 1986, ‘A ten-year study of assaults and assaulters on a maximum security psychiatric unit’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1: 175–91CrossRef Google Scholar

Hatty, S. E. and Walker, J. R. 1986, A National Study of Deaths in Australian Prisons, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology

Haycock, J. 1991, ‘Crime and misdemeanors: A review of recent research on suicides in prison’, Omega 60: 85–98Google Scholar

Hayes, L. M. 1983, ‘And darkness closes in … A national study of jail suicides’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 10: 461–84CrossRef Google Scholar

Hayes, L. M.1989, ‘National study of jail suicides: Seven years later’, Psychiatric Quarterly, 60: 7–29CrossRef

Hayes, L. M.1995, ‘Prison suicide: An overview and a guide to prevention’, Prison Journal 75: 431–56CrossRef

Hayes, L. M. and Rowan, J. R. 1988, National Study of Jail Suicides: Seven Years Later, Alexandria VA, National Center on Institutions and Alternatives

Heffernan, E. and Krippel, E. 1980, ‘A coed prison’, in J. O. Smykla (ed.), Coed Prison, New York, Human Sciences Press, pp. 110–19

Heilpern, D. M. 1998, Fear or Favour: Sexual Assault of Young Prisoners, Lismore NSW, Southern Cross University Press

Hemmens, C. and Marquart, J. W. 1999, ‘Straight time: Inmates’ perception of violence and victimization in the prison environment', Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 28(3/4): 1–21CrossRef Google Scholar

Hepburn, J. R. 1989, ‘Prison guards as agents of social control’, in L. Goodstein and D. L. MacKenzie (eds.), The American Prison: Issues in Research and Policy, New York, Plenum, pp. 191–206

Herrick, E. 1989, ‘Survey: Inmate escapes, 1987 and 1988’, Corrections Compendium 14: 9–20Google Scholar

Hildebrand, R. J. 1969, ‘The anatomy of escape’, Federal Probation 33: 58–66Google Scholar

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales, 1999, Suicide Is Everyone's Concern: A Thematic Review. London, HMSO

Holeman, H. and Krepps-Hess, B. J. 1983, Women Correctional Officers in the California Department of Corrections, Sacramento, California Department of Corrections

Hollinger, R. C. 1989, Dishonesty in the Workplace: A Manager's Guide to Preventing Employee Theft, Park Ridge IL, London House

Holt, R., and Phillips, R. 1991, ‘Marion: Separating fact from fiction’, Federal Prisons Journal 2: 28–36Google Scholar

Home Office 1984, Suicides in Prison: Report by HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, London, HMSO

Home Office 1986, Report of the Working Group on Suicide Prevention, London, HMSO

Homel, R., Hauritz, M., Wortley, R., McIlwain, G. and Carvolth, R. 1997, ‘Preventing alcohol-related crime through community action: The Surfers Paradise Safety Action project’, in Homel, R. (ed.), Policing for Prevention: Reducing Crime, Public Intoxication and Injury. Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 7), Monsey NY, Criminal Justice Press, pp. 35–90Google Scholar

Hopper, C. B. 1962, ‘The conjugal visit at the Mississippi State Penitentiary’, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 53: 340–4CrossRef Google Scholar

Hopper, C. B. 1969, Sex in Prisons, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press

Hopper, C. B.1989, ‘The evolution of conjugal visiting in Mississippi’, Prison Journal 69: 103–9CrossRef

Horning, D. N. M. 1970, ‘Blue-collar theft: Conceptions of property, attitudes towards pilfering, and work group norms in a modern industrial plant’, in E. O. Smigel and H. L. Ross (eds.), Crimes Against Bureaucracy, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 46–64

House of Commons 1977, Report of an Inquiry by the Chief Inspector of the Prison Service into the Cause and Circumstances of the Events at H.M. Prison Hull During the Period 31st August to 3rd September, 1976, London, HMSO

Hunt, G., Riegel, S., Morales, T. and Waldorf, D. 1993, ‘Changes in prison culture: Prison gangs and the case of the “Pepsi generation”’, Social Problems 40: 398–409CrossRef Google Scholar

Ibrahim, A. I. 1974, ‘Deviant sexual behavior in men's prisons’, Crime and Delinquency 20: 38–44CrossRef Google Scholar

Inch, H., Rowlands, P. and Soliman, A. 1995, ‘Deliberate self-harm in a young offenders’ institution', Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 6: 161–71CrossRef Google Scholar

Inciardi, J. A., Lockwood, D. and Quinlan, J. A. 1993, ‘Drug use in prison: Patterns, processes, and implications for treatment’, Journal of Drug Issues 23: 119–29CrossRef Google Scholar

Incorvaia, D. and Kirby, N. 1997, ‘A formative evaluation of a drug-free unit in a correctional services setting’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 41: 231–49CrossRef Google Scholar

Indermaur, D. and Upton, K. 1988, ‘Alcohol and drug use patterns of prisoners in Perth’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 21: 144–65CrossRef Google Scholar

Innes, C. A. 1987, Population Density in the State Prisons, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Innes, C. A. 1988, Drug Use and Crime: State Prison Inmate Survey 1986, Washington DC, Bureau of Justice Statistics

Jan, L. 1980, ‘Overcrowding and inmate behavior. Some preliminary findings’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 7: 293–301CrossRef Google Scholar

Jayewardene, C. H. S. and Doherty, P. 1985, ‘Individual violence in Canadian penitentiaries’, Canadian Journal of Criminology 27: 429–39Google Scholar

Jenne, D. L. and Kersting, R. C. 1996, ‘Aggression and women correctional officers in male prisons’, Prison Journal 76: 442–60CrossRef Google Scholar

Jensen, G. F. 1972, ‘Parents, peers, and delinquent action’, American Journal of Sociology 78: 562–75CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnson, G. and Farren, E. 1996, ‘An evaluation of prisoners’ views about substance free zones', Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology 25: 30–8Google Scholar

Johnson, R. 1976, Culture and Crisis in Confinement, Lexington MA, Lexington Books

Johnson, R., Lewis, J. and Young, P. G. 1978, ‘The training school absconder: A preliminary assessment of antecedent problems and motives’, Juvenile and Family Court Journal 29: 3–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnston, E. 1991, National Report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service

Jones, E. E. 1979, ‘The rocky road from acts to dispositions’, American Psychologist 34: 107–17CrossRef Google Scholar

Jones, R. S. and Schmid, T. J. 1989, ‘Inmates’ conceptions of prison sexual assault', Prison Journal 69: 53–61CrossRef Google Scholar

Kalinich, D. B. and Stojkoviv, S. 1987, ‘Prison contraband systems: Implications for prison management’, Journal of Crime and Justice 10: 1–21CrossRef Google Scholar

Kantrowitz, N. 1996, Close Control: Managing a Maximum Security Prison, Albany NY, Harrow and Heston

Karacki, L. 1989, ‘Serious prison infractions’, Federal Prisons 1: 31–5Google Scholar

Kauffman, K. 1988, Prison Officers and their World, Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press

Kelman, H. C. and Hamilton, V. L. 1989, Crimes of Obedience, New Haven, Yale University Press

King, M. B. 1992, ‘Male rape in institutional settings’, in G. C. Mezey and M. B. King (eds.), Male Victims of Sexual Assault, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 67–74

King, R. D. 1987, ‘New generation prisons, the prison building programme, and the future of the dispersal policy’, in A. Bottoms and R. Light (eds.), Problems of Long-Term Imprisonment, Aldershot, Gower, pp. 115–38

King, R. D.1991, ‘Maximum-security custody in Britain and the USA’, British Journal of Criminology 31: 126–52CrossRef

Knox, G. W. and Tromanhauser, E. D. 1991, ‘Gangs and their control in adult correctional institutions’, Prison Journal 71: 15–22CrossRef Google Scholar

Korte, T., Pykäläinen, J. and Seppälä, T. 1998, ‘Drug abuse of Finnish male prisoners in 1995’, Forensic Science International 97: 171–83CrossRef Google Scholar

Krasnow, P. 1995, ‘Corrections architecture building for the future’, Corrections Compendium 20: 1–5Google Scholar

Kratcoski, P. C. 1988, ‘The implications of research explaining prison violence and disruption’, Federal Probation 52: 27–32Google Scholar

Kunzman, E. E. 1995, ‘Preventing suicide in jails’, Corrections Today 57: 90–94Google Scholar

Vigne, N. G. 1994, ‘Rational choice and inmate disputes over phone use on Rikers Island’, in Clarke, R. V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 3), Monsey NY, Criminal Justice Press, pp. 109–25Google Scholar

Lambiotte, J. 1980, ‘Sex role differentiation in a co-correctional setting’, in J. O. Smykla (ed.), Coed Prison, New York, Human Sciences Press, pp. 221–47

Langenbach, M., North, M. Y., Aagaard, L. and Chown, W. 1990, ‘Televised instruction in Oklahoma prisons: A study of recidivism and disciplinary actions’, Journal of Correctional Education 41: 87–94Google Scholar

Laycock, G. 1977, Absconding from Borstals (Home Office Research Study No. 41), London, HMSO

Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. 1984, Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, New York, Springer-Verlag

LeBeau, J. L. 1994, ‘The oscillation of police calls to domestic disputes with time and the temperature humidity index’, Journal of Crime and Justice 17: 149–61CrossRef Google Scholar

Lefkowitz, M., Blake, R. R. and Mouton, J. S. 1955, ‘Status factors in pedestrian violation of traffic signals’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51: 704–5CrossRef Google Scholar

Lembo, J. J. 1969, ‘The relationship of institutional disciplinary infractions and the inmate's personal contact with the outside community’, Criminologica 7: 50–4CrossRef Google Scholar

Lester, D. 1990, ‘Overcrowding in prisons and rates of suicide and homicide’, Perceptual and Motor Skills 71: 274Google Scholar

Levinson, R. B. 1982, ‘Try softer’, in R. Johnson and H. Toch (eds.), The Pains of Imprisonment, Beverly Hills CA, Sage, pp. 241–56

Leyens, J. P., Camino, L., Parke, R. D. and Bekowitz, L. 1975, ‘Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 346–60CrossRef Google Scholar

Liebling, A. 1992, Suicides in Prison, London, Routledge

Liebling, A.1993. ‘Suicides in young prisoners: A summary’, Death Studies 17: 381–409CrossRef

Liebling, A.1995, ‘Vulnerability and prison suicide’, British Journal of Criminology 35: 173–87CrossRef

Liebling, A., Muir, G., Rose, G. and Bottoms, A. 1999, Incentives and Earned Privileges for Prisoners – an Evaluation (Research Findings No. 87), London, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate

Light, S. C. 1990, ‘The severity of assaults on prison officers: A contextual study’, Social Science Quarterly 71: 267–84Google Scholar

Light, S. C.1991, ‘Assaults on prison officers: interactional themes’, Justice Quarterly 8: 241–61

Lillis, J. 1994, ‘Prison escapes and violence remain down’, Corrections Compendium 19: 6–9Google Scholar

Linden, R., Perry, L., Ayers, D and Parlett, T. A. A. 1984, ‘An evaluation of a prison education program’, Canadian Journal of Criminology 26: 65–73Google Scholar

Lockwood, D. 1980, Prison Sexual Violence, New York, Elsevier

Lombardo, L. X. 1982, ‘Stress, change and collective violence in prison’, in R. Johnson and H. Toch (eds.), The Pains of Imprisonment, Beverly Hills CA, Sage, pp. 77–93

Lombardo, L. X. 1989, Guards Imprisoned: Correctional Officers at Work (2nd edn), Cincinnati OH, Anderson

Lyons, J. A. 1997, Inmate Escape Incidents, New York, New York State Department of Correctional Services

Mabli, J., Holley, C., Patrick, J. and Walls, J. 1979, ‘Age and prison violence’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 6: 175–85CrossRef Google Scholar

McCain, G., Cox, V. and Paulus, P. B. 1980, The Effect of Prison Crowding on Inmate Behavior, Washington DC, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

McCorkle, R. C., Miethe, T. D. and Drass, K. A. 1995, ‘The roots of prison violence: A test of the deprivation, management, and “not-so total” institution models’, Crime and Delinquency 41: 317–31CrossRef Google Scholar

McDonald, D. 1992, ‘Drug testing in prisons’, in D. Biles and D. McDonald (eds.), Deaths in Custody Australia, 1980–1989, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 65–84

MacDonald, J. M. 1999, ‘Violence and drug use in juvenile institutions’, Journal of Criminal Justice 27: 33–44CrossRef Google Scholar

Macintyre, S. and Homel, R. 1997, ‘Danger on the dance floor. A study on interior design, crowding and aggression in nightclubs’, in Homel, R (ed.), Policing for Prevention: Reducing Crime, Public Intoxication and Injury. Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 7), Monsey NY, Criminal Justice Press, pp. 91–114Google Scholar

McKenzie, I. K. 1982, ‘Unlawful assembly: Riot, rout: The mechanisms of the mob’, Police Studies 5: 40–6Google Scholar

McManus, L. F. and Conner, J. C. 1994, ‘Deterring escapees through comprehensive perimeter security’, Corrections Today 56: 142–4Google Scholar

Mahan, S. 1994, ‘An “orgy of brutality” at Attica and the “killing ground” at Santa Fe: A comparison of prison riots’, in M. C. Braswell, R. H. Montgomery and L. X. Lombardo (eds.), Prison Violence in America (2nd edn), Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 253–64

Mahan, S. and Lawrence, R. 1996, ‘Media and mayhem in corrections: The role of the media in prison riots’, Prison Journal 76: 420–41CrossRef Google Scholar

Maitland, A. S. and Sluder, R. D. 1998, ‘Victimization and youthful prison inmates: An empirical analysis’, Prison Journal 78: 55–74CrossRef Google Scholar

Mandaraka-Sheppard, A. 1986, The Dynamics of Aggression in Women's Prisons in England, Aldershot Hants, Gower

Markus, T. A. 1994, ‘Can history be a guide to the design of prisons?’, in I. Spens (ed.), Architecture of Incarceration, London, Academy Editions, pp. 13–19

Marlatt, G. A., Demming, B. and Reid, J. B. 1973, ‘Loss of control drinking in alcoholics: An experimental analogue’, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 81: 233–41CrossRef Google Scholar

Marrero, D. 1977, ‘Spatial dimensions of democratic prison reform’, Prison Journal 57: 31–42CrossRef Google Scholar

Marshall, W. L. 1988, ‘The use of explicit sexual stimuli by rapists, child molesters and nonoffender males’, Journal of Sex Research 25: 267–88CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, D. N. 1977, ‘Disruptive behaviour and staff attitudes at the St. Charles Youth Treatment Centre’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 18: 221–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, F. P. and Osgood, D. W. 1987, ‘Autonomy as a source of pro-social influence among incarcerated adolescents’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 17: 97–107CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, R. and Zimmerman, S. 1990, ‘A typology of the causes of prison riots and an analytical extension to the 1986 West Virginia riot’, Justice Quarterly 7: 711–37CrossRef Google Scholar

Martinson, R. 1974, ‘What works? Questions and answers about prison reform’, Public Interest 35: 22–54Google Scholar

Megargee, E. I. 1976, ‘Population density and disruptive behavior in a prison setting’, in A. K. Cohen, G. F. Cole and R. G. Bailey (eds.), Prison Violence, Lexington MA, D.C. Heath, pp. 135–46

Megargee, E. I.1977, ‘The association of population density, reduced space, and uncomfortable temperatures with misconduct in a prison community’, American Journal of Community Psychology 5: 289–97CrossRef

Memory, J. M., Guo, G., Parker, K. and Sutton, T. 1999, ‘Comparing disciplinary infraction rates of North Carolina fair sentencing and structured sentencing inmates: A natural experiment’, The Prison Journal 79: 45–71CrossRef Google Scholar

Michael, B. 1992, An Analysis of Escapes from Prison Custody in Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Corrective Services Commission

Mieczkowski, T. 1995, Hair Analysis as a Drug Detector, Washington DC, National Institute of Justice

Mieczkowski, T. 1997, Hair Assays and Urinalysis Results for Juvenile Drug Offenders, Washington DC, National Institute of Justice

Mieczkowski, T. (ed.) 1999, Drug Testing Technology: Assessment of Field Applications, Boca Raton FL, CRC Press

Mieczkowski, T. and Lersch, K. 1997, ‘Drug testing in criminal justice: Evolving uses, emerging technologies’, National Institute of Justice Journal December: 9–15Google Scholar

Mieczkowski, T., Newel, R. and Wraight, B. 1998, ‘Using hair analysis, urinalysis, and self-reports to estimate drug use in a sample of detained juveniles’, Substance Use and Misuse 33: 1547–67CrossRef Google Scholar

Milgram, S. 1974, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, New York, Harper and Row

Millham, S., Bullock, R., Hosie, K. and Frankenburg, R. 1977, ‘Absconding’, Community Schools Gazette 71: 281–91, 325–37Google Scholar

Mischel, W. 1968, Personality and Assessment, New York, Wiley

Money, J. and Bohmer, C. 1980, ‘Prison sexology: Two personal accounts of masturbation, homosexuality, and rape’, Journal of Sex Research 16: 258–66CrossRef Google Scholar

Montgomery, R. H. 1994, ‘American prison riots: 1774–1991’, in M. C. Braswell, R. H. Montgomery and L. X. Lombardo (eds.), Prison Violence in America (2nd edn), Cincinnati OH, Anderson, pp. 227–51

Montgomery, R. H.1997, ‘Bringing the lessons of prison riots into focus’, Corrections Today 59: 28–32

Moos, R. H. 1968, ‘Assessment of the social climates of correctional institutions’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 5: 174–88CrossRef Google Scholar

Moss, C. S., Hosford, R. E. and Anderson, W. R. 1979, ‘Sexual assault in prison’, Psychological Reports 44: 823–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Nacci, P. L. and Kane, T. R. 1983, ‘The incidence of sex and sexual aggression in federal prisons’, Federal Probation 47: 31–6Google Scholar

Nacci, P. L.1984, ‘Inmate sexual aggression: Some evolving propositions, empirical findings, and mitigating counter-forces’, Journal of Offenders' Counseling Services and Rehabilitation 9: 1–20

Nacci, P. L., Teitelbaum, H. E. and Prather, J. 1977, ‘Population density and inmate misconduct rates in the federal prison system’, Federal Probation 41: 26–31Google Scholar

Nagle, J. F. 1978, Report of the Royal Commission into New South Wales Prisons, Sydney NSW, Government Printer

Nelles, J., Fuhrer, A. and Hirsbrunner, H. P. 1999, ‘How does syringe distribution in prison affect consumption of illegal drugs by prisoners?’, Drug and Alcohol Review 18: 133–8Google Scholar

Nelson, W. R. 1993, ‘New generation jails’, in Podular, Direct Supervision Jails: Information Package, Washington DC, US Department of Justice, pp. 25–41

Nelson, W. R. and Davis, R. M. 1995, ‘Podular direct supervision: The first twenty years’, American Jails 9: 11–22Google Scholar

Newman, G. 1997, ‘Introduction: Towards a theory of situational crime prevention’, in G. Newman, R. V Clarke and S.G Shohan (eds.), Rational Choice and Situational Crime Prevention, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 1–24

Newman, O. (1972), Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City, London, Architectural Press

New York State Special Commission on Attica 1972, Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica, New York, Bantam Books

O'Donnell, I. and Edgar, K. 1996, The Extent and Dynamics of Victimisation in Prisons, Oxford

O'Donnell, I. and Edgar, K.1999, ‘Fear in prison’, The Prison Journal 79: 90–9CrossRef

Ogburn, K. R. 1993, ‘Arizona officer helps end escalating kitchen melee’, Corrections Today 55: 80Google Scholar

Oliver, S. S., Roggenbuck, J. W. and Watson, A. E. 1985, ‘Education to reduce impacts in forest campgrounds’, Journal of Forestry 83: 234–6Google Scholar

O'Neill, S. M. and Paluck, B. J. 1973, ‘Altering territoriality through reinforcement’, Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, Canada, pp. 901–2

Painter, K. and Farrington, D. P. 1997, ‘The crime reducing effect of improved street lighting: The Dudley project’, in R. V. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, Albany NY, Harrow and Heston, pp. 209–26

Parmeter, J. E., Murray, D. W. and Hannum, D. V. 2000, Guide for the Selection of Drug Detectors for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 601–00), Washington DC, National Institute of Justice

Patrick, S. 1998, ‘Differences in inmate-inmate and inmate-staff altercations: Examples from a medium security prison’, Social Science Journal 35: 253–63CrossRef Google Scholar

Paulus, P. 1988, Prison Crowding: A Psychological Perspective, New York, Springer-Verlag

Paulus, P. B. and McCain, G. 1983, ‘Crowding in jails’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 4: 89–107CrossRef Google Scholar

Paulus, P. B. and Nagar, D. 1989, ‘Environmental influences on groups’, in P. B. Paulus (ed.), Psychology of Group Influence (2nd edn), Hillsdale NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 111–140

Pelissier, B. 1991, ‘The effects of rapid increase in a prison population: A pre- and post-test study’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 18: 427–47CrossRef Google Scholar

Pennsylvania Department of Corrections 1999, National Study Reveals Ridge Administration Crackdown Has Made Pennsylvania Prisons Nearly 99 Percent Drug Free (Press release) http://www.correctionsdrugtesting.com/pennstudy.htm

Phillips, D. P. 1989, ‘Recent advances in suicidology. The study of imitative suicide’, in R. F. W. Diekstra, R. Maris, S. Platt, A. Schmidtke and G. Sonneck (eds.), Suicide and its Prevention, New York, E. J. Brill, pp. 299–312

Phillips, D. P. and Carstensen, L. L. 1990, ‘The effects of suicide stories on various demographic groups 1968–1985’, in R. Surette (ed.), The Media and Criminal Justice Policy, Springfield IL, Charles C Thomas, pp. 63–72

Pilant, L. 1998, ‘Smart cards: An information tool for the future’, National Institute of Justice Journal July: 21–4Google Scholar

Porporino, F. J. 1992, ‘Violence and suicide in Canadian institutions: Some recent statistics’, Forum on Corrections Research 4: 3–5Google Scholar

Porporino, F. J., Doherty, PD. and Sawatsky, T. 1987, ‘Characteristics of homicide victims and victimizations in prisons: A Canadian historical perspective’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 32: 125–35CrossRef Google Scholar

Porporino, F. J. and Dudley, K. 1984, An Analysis of the Effects of Overcrowding in Canadian Penitentiaries (Working Paper No. 6), Ottawa, Ministry of Correctional Services

Porteous, M. A. and McLoughlin, C. S. 1974, ‘A comparison of absconders and non-absconders from an assessment centre’, Community Schools Gazette 67: 681–699Google Scholar

Power, K. G., Markova, I., Rowlands, A., McKee, K. J., Anslow, P. J. and Kilfedder, C. 1991, ‘Sexual behaviour in Scottish prisons’, British Medical Journal 302: 1507–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Poyner, B. 1993, ‘What works in crime prevention: An overview of evaluations’, in Clarke, R. V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 1), Monsey NY, Criminal Justice Press, pp. 7–34Google Scholar

Prentice-Dunn, S. and Rogers, R. W. 1982, ‘Effects of public and private self-awareness on deindividuation and aggression’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43: 503–13CrossRef Google Scholar

Prentice-Dunn, S. and Spivey, C. B. 1986, ‘Extreme deindividuation in the laboratory: Its magnitude and subjective components’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12: 206–15CrossRef Google Scholar

Quinsey, V. L. and Varney, G. W. 1977, ‘Characteristics of assaults and assaulters in a maximum security psychiatric unit’, Crime and/et Justice November: 212–20Google Scholar

Ralph, P. H. and Marquart, J. W. 1991, ‘Gang violence in Texas prisons’, Prison Journal 71: 38–49CrossRef Google Scholar

Ramsay, R. F., Tanney, B. L. and Searle, C. A. 1987, ‘Suicide prevention in high-risk prison populations’, Canadian Journal of Criminology 29: 295–307Google Scholar

Regoli, E. D. and Poole, R. M. 1993, ‘Violence in juvenile institutions’, Criminology 21: 213–32Google Scholar

Reicher, S. 1991, ‘Politics of crowd psychology’, The Psychologist November: 487–91Google Scholar

Reisig, M. D. 1998, ‘Rates of disorder in higher-custody state prisons: A comparative analysis of managerial practices’, Crime and Delinquency 44: 229–44CrossRef Google Scholar

Reser, J. 1992, ‘The design of safe and humane police cells: A discussion of some issues relating to Aboriginal people in police custody’, in D. Biles and D. McDonald (eds.), Deaths in Custody Australia, 1980–1989, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 147–90

Rideau, W. and Sinclair, B. 1982, ‘Prison: The sexual jungle’, in A. M. Scacco (ed.), Male Rape, New York, AMS Press, pp. 3–29

Riley, M. W. and Cochran, D. J. 1984, ‘Dexterity performance and reduced ambient temperature’, Human Factors 26: 207–14CrossRef Google Scholar

Robson, R. 1989, ‘Managing the long-term prisoner: A report on an Australian innovation in unit management’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 28: 187–203CrossRef Google Scholar

Roggenbuck, J. W. 1992, ‘Use of persuasion to reduce resources impacts and visitor conflicts’, in M. J. Manfredo (ed.), Influencing Human Behavior: Theory and Applications in Recreation, Tourism, and Natural Resources Management, Champaign IL, Sagamore, pp. 149–208

Rosenthal, N. E., Sack, D. A., Carpenter, C. J.et al. 1985, ‘Antidepressant effects of light in seasonal affective disorder’, American Journal of Psychiatry 142: 163–70Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R. 1990, ‘Media violence, antisocial behavior, and the social consequences of small effects’, in R. Surette (ed.), The Media and Criminal Justice Policy, Springfield IL, Charles C Thomas, pp. 53–61

Ross, L. 1977, ‘The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process’, in Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Psychology (Vol. 10), New York, Academic Press, pp. 173–220CrossRef Google Scholar

Ross, M., Grossman, A. B., Murdoch, S., Rundey, R., Golding, J., Purchase, S., Munyard, T., Scott, M. and Bridger, A. 1994, ‘Prison: Shield from threat, or threat to survival?’, British Medical Journal 308: 1092–5CrossRef Google Scholar

Rothenberg, D. 1983, ‘Sexual behavior in an abnormal setting’, Corrective and Social Psychiatry and Journal of Behavior Technology Methods and Therapy 29: 78–81Google Scholar

Rowan, J. R. 1990, ‘Design, equipment, construction, and other blunders in detention and correctional facilities: Who is to blame?’, American Jails July/August: 12–20Google Scholar

Rowan, J. R.1996, ‘Having more female officers reduces prisoner assaults on staff’, Overcrowded Times 7: 2–3

Ruback, R. B. and Carr, T. S. 1984, ‘Crowding in a women's prison: Attitudinal and behavioral effects’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 14: 57–68CrossRef Google Scholar

Rucker, L. 1994, ‘Coercive versus cooperative environments: The collateral effects in prisons’, Prison Journal 73: 73–92CrossRef Google Scholar

Salive, M. E., Smith, G. S. and Brewer, F. 1989, ‘Suicide mortality in the Maryland state prison system, 1979 through 1987’, The Journal of the American Medical Association 262: 365–9CrossRef Google Scholar

Saum, C. A., Surratt, H. L., Inciardi, J. A. and Bennett, R. E. 1995, ‘Sex in prison: Exploring the myths and realities’, Prison Journal 75: 413–30CrossRef Google Scholar

Saylor, W. G. and Gaes, G. G. 1992, PREP Study Links UNICOR Work Experience with Successful Post-Release Outcome, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Scacco, A. M. 1975, Rape in Prison, Springfield IL, Charles C Thomas

Scacco, A. M. 1982, ‘The scapegoat is almost always white’, in A. M. Scacco (ed.), Male Rape: A Casebook of Sexual Aggression, New York, AMS Press, pp. 91–103

Schaffer, N. E. 1991, ‘Prison visiting policies and practices’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 35: 263–75CrossRef Google Scholar

Schippers, G. M., Hurk, A. A., Breteler, M. H. M. and Meerkerk, G. 1998, ‘Effectiveness of a drug-free detention treatment program in a Dutch prison’, Substance Use and Misuse 33: 1027–46CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmidtke, A. and Häfner, H. 1989, ‘Public attitudes towards and effects of the massmedia on suicidal and deliberative self-harm behavior’, in R. F. W. Diekstra, R. Maris, S. Platt, A. Schmidtke and G. Sonneck (eds.), Suicide and its Prevention, New York, E. J. Brill, pp. 313–30

Scott, N. A., Mount, M. K. and Duffy, P. S. 1977, ‘MMPI and demographic correlates and predictors of female prison escape’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 4: 285–300Google Scholar

Scott-Denoon, K. 1984, B.C. Corrections: A Study of Suicides 1970–1980, British Columbia, Corrections Branch

Sechrest, D. K. 1991, ‘The effects of density on jail assaults’, Journal of Criminal Justice 19: 211–23CrossRef Google Scholar

Select Committee on Home Affairs 1999, Drugs and Prison (Home Affairs Fifth Report) http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmhaff/363/36302.htm

Senese, J. D., Wilson, J., Evans, A. O., Aguirre, R. and Kalinich, D. B. 1992, ‘Evaluating jail reform’, American Jails September/October: 14, 23Google Scholar

Shaffer, C. E., Bluoin, D. and Pettigrew, C. G. 1985, ‘Assessment of prison escape risk’, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 1: 42–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Shawver, L. and Dickover, R. 1986, ‘Exploding a myth’, Corrections Today 48: 30–4Google Scholar

Shellow, R. and Roemer, D. V. 1987, ‘No heaven for “Hell's Angels”’, in R. H. Turner and L. M. Killian (eds.), Collective Behavior (3rd edn), Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice-Hall, pp. 115–23

Sherman, L. 1993, ‘Defiance, deterrence and irrelevance: A theory of the criminal sanction’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30: 445–73CrossRef Google Scholar

Shewan, D., Gemmell, M. and Davies, J. B. 1994, ‘Prison as a modifier of drug using behaviour’, Addiction Research 2: 203–15CrossRef Google Scholar

Sigurdson, H. R. 1985, The Manhattan House of Detention: A Study of Podular Direct Supervision, US Department of Justice

Sigurdson, H. R. 1987a, Larimer County Detention Center. A Study of Podular Direct Supervision, US Department of Justice

Sigurdson, H. R. 1987b, Pima County Detention Center. A Study of Podular Direct Supervision, US Department of Justice

Sinclair, I. and Clarke, R. V. 1982, ‘Predicting, treating, and explaining delinquency: The lesson from research on institutions’, in P. Feldman (ed.), Development in the Study of Criminal Behaviour Volume 1: The Prevention and Control of Offending, Chichester, Wiley, pp. 51–77

Sinclair, I. A. 1971, Hostels for Probationers (Home Officer Research Study No. 6), London, HMSO

Skinner, B. F. 1953, Science and Human Behavior, New York, Free Press

Skovron, S. E. 1988, ‘Prison crowding: The dimensions of the problem and strategies of population control’, in J. E. Scott and T. Hirschi (eds.), Controversial Issues in Crime and Justice, Newbury Park, Sage, pp. 183–98

Smith, R. R. and Sabatino, D. A. 1990, ‘American prisoner home furloughs’, Journal of Offender Counseling 10: 18–25CrossRef Google Scholar

Snyder, N. H., Broome, O. W., Kehoe, W. J., McIntyre, J. T. and Blair, K. E. 1991, Reducing Employee Theft: A Guide to Financial and Organizational Controls, New York, Quorum

Sorensen, J. and Wrinkle, R. D. 1996, ‘No hope for parole: Disciplinary infractions among death-sentenced and life-without-parole inmates’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 23: 542–52CrossRef Google Scholar

Sparks, R., Bottoms, A. and Hay, W. 1996, Prison and the Problem of Order, Oxford, Clarendon

Spertzel, J. K. 1993, ‘New York officers quell dorm disturbance’, Corrections Today 55: 34Google Scholar

Stahl, A. B. 1993, ‘USBD corrections officers help end major disturbance’, Corrections Today 55: 28Google Scholar

Steinke, P. 1991, ‘Using situational factors to predict types of prison violence’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 17: 119–32CrossRef Google Scholar

Stephan, J. J. 1997, Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1995, Washington DC, US Department of Justice

Stevens, D. J. 1997, ‘Prison regime and drugs’, The Howard Journal 36: 14–27CrossRef Google Scholar

Stone, M. B. and Hoffman, P. B. 1982, ‘The effects of presumptive parole dates on institutional behavior: A preliminary assessment’, Journal of Criminal Justice 10: 282–97Google Scholar

Strang, J., Heuston, J., Gossop, M., Green, J. and Maden, T. 1998, HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviour Among Adult Male Prisoners (Research Findings No. 82), London, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate

Struckman-Johnson, C., Struckman-Johnson, D., Rucker, L. and Bumby, K. 1996, ‘Sexual coercion reported by men and women in prison’, Journal of Sex Research 33: 67–76CrossRef Google Scholar

Suedfeld, P. 1980, ‘Environmental effects on violent behavior in prisons’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 24: 107–16CrossRef Google Scholar

Surette, R. 1990, ‘Estimating the magnitude and mechanisms of copycat crime’, in R. Surette (ed.), The Media and Criminal Justice Policy, Springfield IL, Charles C Thomas, pp. 87–101

Swann, R. and James, P. 1998, ‘The effect of the prison environment upon inmate drug taking behaviour’, The Howard Journal 37: 252–65CrossRef Google Scholar

Sykes, G. 1958, The Society of Captives, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press

Sykes, G. and Matza, D. 1957, ‘Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency’, American Sociological Review 22: 664–70CrossRef Google Scholar

Sylvester, S. F., Reed, J. H. and Nelson, D. O. 1977, Prison Homicide, New York, Spectrum

Tewksbury, R. 1989, ‘Fear of sexual assault in prison inmates’, Prison Journal 69: 62–71CrossRef Google Scholar

Thomas, C. W. and Cage, R. J. 1977, ‘Correlates of prison drug use: An evaluation of two conceptual models’, Criminology 15: 193–210CrossRef Google Scholar

Thompson, B. 1992, Reasons for Escape: Interviews with Recaptured Escapees (Research Bulletin No. 17), Sydney, NSW Department of Corrective Services

Thornton, D. and Speirs, S. 1985, ‘Predicting absconding from young offenders institutions’, in D. P. Farrington and R. Tarling (eds.), Prediction in Criminology. Albany NY, University of New York Press, pp. 119–34

Towl, G.J and Crighton, D. A. 1998, ‘Suicide in prisons in England and Wales from 1988 to 1995’, Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 8: 184–92CrossRef Google Scholar

Trace, M. 1998, ‘Tackling drug use in prison: A success story’, International Journal of Drug Policy 9: 277–82CrossRef Google Scholar

Trasler, G. (1986). ‘Situational crime prevention and rational choice: A critique,’ in K. Heal and G. Laycock (eds.), Situational Crime Prevention: From Theory into Practice, London, HMSO, pp. 17–42

Travis, L. F., Latessa, E. J. and Oldendick, R. W. 1989, ‘The utilization of technology in correctional institutions’, Federal Probation 53: 35–40Google Scholar

Tucker, D. 1982, ‘A punk's song: View from the inside’, in A. M. Scacco (ed.), Male Rape: A Casebook of Sexual Aggression, New York, AMS Press, pp. 58–79

Unseem, B., Camp, C. G. and Camp, G. M. 1996, Resolution of Prison Riots. Strategies and Policies, New York, Oxford University Press

Unseem, B and Kimball, P. 1989, States of Siege. U.S. Prison Riots, 1971–1986, New York, Oxford University Press

US Department of Justice 1991, Intervening with Substance-Abusing Offenders: A framework for action, Longmont CO, National Institute of Corrections

US Department of Justice 1992, Fact Sheet: Drug Testing in the Criminal Justice System, Rockville MD, Drugs and Crime Data Center and Clearinghouse

US Department of Justice 1995, Technology Issues in Corrections Agencies: Results of a 1995 Survey, Longmont CO, National Institute of Corrections

US Department of Justice 1999, Video Surveillance Equipment Selection and Application Guide, Washington DC, National Institute of Justice

Vaag, J. 1994, Prison Systems, Oxford, Clarendon

Vambucca, G. 1999, ‘Finding a better way’, HIV/AIDS Legal Link 10: 7–11Google Scholar

Haag, E. 1980, ‘Prisons cost too much because they are too secure’, Corrections Magazine 6: 39–43Google Scholar

Groningen, J. 1993, ‘Drugs in gaol: The responses available to prison administrators’, Keypoints September: 13–16Google Scholar

Hoeven, K. H., Stoneburner, R. L. and Rooney, W. C. 1991, ‘Drug use among New York City prison inmates: A demographic study with temporal trends’, The International Journal of the Addictions 26: 1089–105CrossRef Google Scholar

Veno, A. and Davidson, M. 1977, ‘Prison violence: Some different perspectives’, International Journal of Criminology and Penology 5: 399–409Google Scholar

Veno, A. and Veno, E. 1993, ‘Situational prevention of public disorder at the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix’, in Clarke, R. V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 1), Monsey NY, Criminal Justice Press, pp. 157–75Google Scholar

Wale, S. and Gorta, A. 1987. View of Inmates Participating in the Pilot Prerelease Methadone Programme. Process Evaluation of the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services Methadone Programme: Study 2, Sydney, NSW Department of Corrective Services

Walters, G. D. 1998, ‘Time series and correlational analyses of inmate-initiated assaultive incidents in a large correctional system’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 42: 124–32CrossRef Google Scholar

Warr, M. and Stafford, M. 1991, ‘The influence of delinquent peers: What they think or what they do?’, Criminology 29: 851–65CrossRef Google Scholar

Watson, T. S. 1996, ‘A prompt plus delayed contingency procedure for reducing bathroom graffiti’, Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis 29: 121–4CrossRef Google Scholar

Wees, G. 1996, ‘Violence on the rise in U.S. prisons’, Corrections Compendium 21: 9–27Google Scholar

Weiss, C. and Friar, D. 1974, Terror in Prisons, New York, Bobbs-Merill

Weiss, R. P. 1987, ‘The community and prevention’, in E. H. Johnson (ed.), Handbook on Crime and Delinquency Prevention, New York, Greenwood Press, pp. 113–36

Welch, M. and Gunther, D. 1997, ‘Jail suicide and prevention: Lessons from litigation’, Crisis Intervention 3: 229–44Google Scholar

Wener, R., Frazier, W. and Farbstein, J. 1987, ‘Building better jails’, Psychology Today 21: 40–9Google Scholar

Wener, R. and Olsen, R. 1978, User Based Assessment of the Federal Metropolitan Correctional Centers Final Report, US Bureau of Prisons

1980, ‘Innovative correctional environments: A user assessment’, Environment and Behavior 12: 478–93CrossRef

Whatmore, P. B. 1987, ‘Barlinnie Special Unit: An insider's view’, in A. E. Bottoms and R. Light (eds.), Problems of Long-Term Imprisonment, Aldershot, Gower, pp. 249–60

White, T. W. and Schimmel, D. J. 1995, ‘Suicide prevention in federal prisons: A successful five-step program’, in L. Hayes (ed.), Prison Suicide: An Overview and Guide to Prevention, Washington DC, US Department of Justice, pp. 48–59

Wilkinson, R. A. and Unwin, T. 1999, ‘Visiting in prison’, in P. M. Carlson and J. S. Garrett (eds.), Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory, Gaithersburg MD, Aspen Publishers, pp. 281–6

Wilson, D. 2000, Drug Use, Testing, and Treatment in Jails, Washington DC, Bureau of Justice Statistics

Wolfgang, M. E. 1964, ‘Age, adjustment and the treatment process of criminal behavior’, Psychiatry Digest July: 21–35, August: 23–36Google Scholar

Wooden, W. S. and Parker, J. 1982, Men Behind Bars: Sexual Exploitation in Prison, New York, Plenum

Wooldredge, J. D. 1994, ‘Inmate crime and victimization in a southwestern correctional facility’, Journal of Criminal Justice 22: 367–81CrossRef Google Scholar

Wooldredge, J. D.1998, ‘Inmate lifestyles and opportunities for victimization’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35: 480–502CrossRef

Woolf, Lord Justice, and Tumin, S. 1991, Prison Disturbances April 1990, London, HMSO

Wortley, R. 1996, ‘Guilt, shame and situational crime prevention’, in Homel, R. (ed.), The Politics and Practice of Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 5), Monsey NY, Criminal Justice Press, pp. 115–32Google Scholar

Wortley, R. 1997, ‘Reconsidering the role of opportunity in situational crime prevention’, in G. Newman, R. V. Clarke and S. G. Shohan (eds.), Rational Choice and Situational Crime Prevention, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 65–82

Wortley, R. 1998, ‘A two-stage model of situational crime prevention’, Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention 7: 173–88

Wright, K. N. 1985, ‘Developing the prison environment inventory’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22: 257–77CrossRef Google Scholar

Wright, K. N.1991a, ‘A study of individual environmental and interactive effects in explaining adjustment to prison’, Justice Quarterly 8: 217–42CrossRef

Wright, K. N.1991b, ‘The violent and victimized in the male prison’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 16(3/4): 1–25CrossRef

Wright, K. N.1993, ‘Prison environment and behavioral outcomes’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 20: 95–113

Wright, K. N. and Goodstein, L. 1989, ‘Correctional environments’, in L. Goodstein and D. I. MacKenzie (eds.), The American Prison: Issues in Research and Policy, New York, Plenum Press, pp. 253–70

Zimbardo, P. G. 1970, ‘The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order, vs deindividuation, impulse, and chaos’, in W. J. Arnold and D. Levine (eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1969, Lincoln NE, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 237–307

Zimmer, L. 1987, ‘How women reshape the prison guard role’, General and Society 1: 415–31Google Scholar

Zupan, L. L. 1991, Jails: Reform and the New Generation Philosophy, Cincinnati OH, Anderson Publishing

Zupan, L. L. and Menke, B. A. 1991, ‘The new generation jail: An overview’, in J. A. Thompson and G. L. Mays (eds.), American Jails, Chicago, Nelson-Hall, pp. 180–94