This project is the outcropping of work undertaken at two universities, Nottingham and Manchester: first at Nottingham, as a research student, next at Manchester as a lecturer and, finally, back at Nottingham as an academic. From my early days at Nottingham, I owe a debt of gratitude to my supervisors Nigel D. White and Dino Kritsiotis, and to David Harris and the School of Law for granting me a scholarship to pursue my interest in international criminal law.

At Manchester, aside from providing a first-rate intellectual environment, my colleagues were supportive and kind. Particular thanks ought to be recorded to Margot Brazier, Neil Duxbury, Angus McCulloch and John Murphy. Since my return to Nottingham I have received help, support and advice from colleagues, especially Di Birch, Peter Cartwright, Matthew Happold, Robert McCorquodale, Andrew Simester and Dirk van Zyl Smit. Matthew and Robert have also been kind enough to read and comment on parts of this work, as have Richard Burchill and Sangeeta Shah. I have imposed the vast majority of the manuscript of this book on Nigel White, who has given freely of his time to read and comment on it, even though he must be rather tired of seeing some of the material again. I would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for Cambridge University Press for their helpful comments. One in particular gave a set of exceptionally detailed suggestions, which has been invaluable.