Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T04:18:42.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Technical Appendix

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 July 2009

Viktoria Hnatkovska
Affiliation:
Ph.D. Candidate in Economics, Georgetown University
Joshua Aizenman
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Cruz
Brian Pinto
Affiliation:
The World Bank
Get access

Summary

This appendix provides a basic set of derivations and the intuition underlying the technical concepts in selected chapters. The audience we have in mind is the busy, and possibly impatient, practitioner who will want guidance on how to interpret the various analytical approaches without necessarily acquiring a textbook level of knowledge. The more sophisticated reader is likely to want more. In anticipation of this need, we have a list of references to supplement the material presented here.

The appendix is divided into three main parts. Each part is in turn divided into a few sections, which are serially numbered throughout the appendix. Part I is devoted to the basics of volatility, including definitions and measurement, as well as trend-cycle decomposition methods. Part II discusses commodity price volatility and the basics of hedging techniques. Part III contains an overview of macroeconomic vulnerability assessment and the basic concepts of public debt sustainability, while also deriving related equations.

PART I. BASICS OF VOLATILITY

Definition and Measurement of Volatility

A. DEFINITION OF VOLATILITY. Intuitively, volatility can be thought of as the step-size of a random variable: the amount by which it is likely to change, or its step-size up or down, during a given time interval, usually, a year. More volatile variables have larger step-sizes, that is, are liable to vary more up or down. For convenience of presentation, two types of volatility can be distinguished: “Crisis or Boom” and “Trend or Structural” volatility.

Type
Chapter
Information
Managing Economic Volatility and Crises
A Practitioner's Guide
, pp. 521 - 566
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ades, A., F. Kaune, P. Leme, R. Masih, and D. Tenengauzer. 2000. “A New Framework for Assessing Fair Value in Emerging Markets Hard-Currency Debt.” Global Economics, Paper No. 45
Agenor P., J. McDermott, and E. Prasad. 1999. “Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Some Stylized Facts.” IMF WP/99/35
Aizenman, Joshua, Kletzer, Kenneth M., and Pinto, Brian. 2005. “Sargent-Wallace Meets Krugman-Flood-Garber, Orr: Why Sovereign Debt Swaps Do Not Avert Macroeconomic Crisis.” Economic Journal 115(503):343–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Perotti, Roberto. 1995. “Fiscal Expansions and Fiscal Adjustments in OECD Countries.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5214. Cambridge, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arreaza A., B. E. Sorensen, and O. Yosha. 1999. “Consumption Smoothing through Fiscal Policy in OECD and EU Countries.” In Poterba, J. M. and Hagen, J., eds., Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance. Chicagoo: University of Chicago Press, pp. 59–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auffret, Philippe. 2003. “Catastrophe Insurance Market in the Caribbean Regionn: Market Failures and Recommendations for Public Sector Interventions.” Policy Research Working Paper Series 2963, The World Bank
Baxter, Marianne, and Robert G. King. 1995. “Measuring Business Cycless: Approximate Band-Pass Filters for Economic Time series.” NBER Working Paper No. 5022
Beveridge, Stephen, and Nelson, Charles R.. 1981. “A New Approach to Decomposition of Economic Time Series into Permanent and Transitory Components with Particular Attention to Measurement of the Business Cycle.” Journal of Monetary Economics 7:157–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Fischer, and Scholes, Myron. 1973. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.” Journal of Political Economics 81(3):637–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, Oliver J. 1993. “Suggestions for a New Set of Fiscal Indicators.” In Verbon, H. A. A. and Vinden, F. A. A. M., eds., The Political Economy of Government Debt. Amsterdam: North HollandGoogle Scholar
Bohn, Henning. 1998. “The Behavior of U.S. Public Debt and Deficits.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 13:949–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollerslev, Tim. 1986. “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heterokedasticity.” Journal of Econometrics 31:307–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, Chris. 2002. Introductory Econometrics for Finance. New Yorkk: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Brunila, Anne, Juhana Hukkinen, and Mika Tujula. 1999. “Indicators of the Cyclically Adjusted Budget Balance: The Bank of Finland's Experience.” Bank of Finland Discussion Papers, 1/99
Budina, Nina, and Norbert Fiess. 2004. “Public Debt and Its Determinants in Market Access Countries: Results from 15 Country Case Studies.” Unpublished paper, World Bank, Washington, DC
Buiter, Willem H., and Urjit Patel. 1992. “Debt, Deficits and Inflation: An Application to the Public Finances of India.” Journal of Public Economics 47:171–205; also In Amaresh Bagchi and Nicholas Stern, eds., Tax Policy and Planning in Developing Countries. Oxfordd: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 94–131
Burnside, Craig. 2004. “Fiscal Sustainability in Theory and Practicee: Introduction.” University of Virginia, manuscript
Cantor, R., and Packer, F.. 1996. “Determinants and Impacts of Sovereign Credit Ratings.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review (October):37–53Google Scholar
Caprio, G., Honohan, P., and Vittas, D.. 2002. Financial Sector Policy for Developing Countries: A Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the World BankCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuddington, John. 1999. “Analyzing the Sustainability of Fiscal Deficits in Developing Countries.” Economics Department, Georgetown University, Working PaperCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuddington John. 2004. Macroeconometrics Using Eviews Software. Course taught at the World Bank and IMF
Debt- and Reserve-Related Indicators of External Vulnerability. IMF Paper, March 2000. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/pdr/debtres/debtres.pdf
Deininger, Klaus, and Squire, Lyn. 1996. “Measuring Income Inequalityy: A New Database.” World Bank Economic Review 10(3):565–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Detragiache, Enrica, and Antonio Spilimbergo. 2001. “Crisis and Liquidity: Evidence and Interpretation.” IMF “Working Paper” WP 01/2
Dickey, David A., and Fuller, Wayne A.. 1979. “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74:427–31Google Scholar
Diebold, Francis X. 2004. Elements of Forecasting. Thompson South-Western, Mason, OhioGoogle Scholar
Dollar, David and Kraay, Aart. 2002. “Growth Is Good for the Poor.” Journal of Economic Growth, Springer 7(3):195–225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, S. 1984. “LDC Foreign Borrowing and Default Risk: An Empirical Default Risk, 1976–1980.” American Economic Review 74:726–34Google Scholar
Edwards, S. 2001. “Does the Current Account Matter?” Prepared for the NBER conference on Crisis Prevention, Florida, January 2001
Engle, Robert F. 1982. “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation.” Econometrica 50:987–1007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, K., and R. Rigobon. 1998. “No Contagion, Only Interdependence: Measuring Stock Market Co-movements.” NBER Working Paper 7267
Ghosh, Atish R., and Holger Wolf. 1998. “Thresholds and Context Dependence in Growth.” NBER Working Paper 6480
Glewwe, Paul, Michele, Gragnolati, and Zaman, Hassan. 2002. “Who Gained from Vietnam's boom in the 1990s?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 50(4):773–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, R., and M. Hutchison. 1999. “Banking and Currency Crises: How Common Are Twins?” Pacific Basin Working Paper Series, Working Paper PB99-07
Hamilton, James D. 1994. Time Series Analysis. Princetonn: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, James D. and Flavin, M.. 1986. “On the Limitations of Government Borrowing: A Framework for Empirical Testing.” American Economic Review 76:808–19Google Scholar
Hausmann, Ricardo, and Andrés Velasco. 2002. “The Argentine Collapse: Hard Money's Soft Underbelly.” Mimeo. Kennedy School of Government
Hodrick, Robert J., and Edward C. Prescott. 1980. “Post-war U.S. Business Cycless: An Empirical Investigation.” Discussion Paper 451, Carnegie-Mellon University
Hodrick, Robert J., and Prescott, Edward C.. 1997. “Postwar U.S. Business Cycless: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 29(1):1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, John. 2000. Options, Futures and Other Derivatives. 4th edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJJ: Prentice HallGoogle Scholar
Kaminsky, Graciela, and Carmen M. Reinhart. 1996. “The Twin Crisiss: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problems.” International Finance Discussion Paper No. 544, Washington, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Kaminsky, Graciela, Saul Lizondo, and Carmen M. Reinhart. 1998. “Leading Indicators of Currency Crisis.” IMF Staff Papers Vol. 45, No. 1
Kwiatkowski, Dennis, Phillips, Peter C. B., Schmidt, Peter, and Shin, Yongcheol 1992. “Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity against the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root?” Journal of Econometrics 54:159–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, Phillip. 2003. “The Cyclical Behavior of Fiscal Policy: Evidence from the OECD.” Journal of Public Economics 87(12):2661–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manasse, Paolo, Nouriel Roubini, and Axel Schimmelpfennig. 2003. “Predicting Sovereign Debt Crises.” IMF Working Paper WP/03/221
Mark, Nelson C. 2001. International Macroeconomics and Finance. Theory and Econometric Methods. Malden, MAA: Blackwell PublishersGoogle Scholar
Ng, Serena, and Perron, Pierre. 2001. “Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power.” Econometrica 69(6):1519–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pattillo, Catherine, Helene Poirson, and Luca Ricci. 2004. “What Are the Channels through Which External Debt Affects Growth?” IMF Working Paper 04/15
Pescatori, Andrea, and Amadou N. R. Sy. 2003. “Debt Crisis and the Development of International Capital Markets.” IMF Working Paper WP/03/xx
Phillips, Peter C. B., and Perron, Pierre. 1988. “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrica 75:335–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinto, Brian, and Farah, Zahir. 2004. “India: Why Fiscal Adjustment Now.” Policy Research Working Paper WPS 3230, World Bank, Washington DC, MarchCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, Carmen M., Kenneth Rogoff, and Miguel A. Savastano. 2003. “Debt Intolerance.” NBER Working Paper 9908
Serven, Luis. 1996. “Does Public Capital Crowd Out Private Capital? Evidence from India.” Policy Research Working Paper Series 1613, World Bank, Washington, DC
Servén, Luis. 1999. “Macroeconomic Uncertainty and Private Investment in Developing Countriess: An Empirical Investigation.” Policy Research Working Paper Series 2035, The World Bank
Sorensen, B. E., Wu, L., and Yosha, O.. 2001. “Output Fluctuations and Fiscal Policy: U.S. State and Local Governments 1978–1994.” European Economic Review 45:1271–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, E., E. Talvi, and A. Gristani. 1999. “Institutional Arrangements and Fiscal Performance: The Latin American Experience.” In Poterba, J. M. and Hagen, J., eds., Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance. Chicagoo: University of Chicago Press, pp. 103–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stock, and Watson, . 1988. “Variable Trends in Economic Time Series.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 2(3):147–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturzenegger, Federico, and Holger Wolf. 2004. “Developing Country Debt. An Overview of Theory, Evidence, Options.” Background Paper for the Debt and Volatility Work Program of the Economic Policy Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, The World Bank
Sturzenegger, Federico. 2004. “Tools for the Analysis of Debt Problems.” Journal of Reconstructing Finance 1(1):1–23Google Scholar
Talvi, E., and C. Vegh. 2000. “Tax Base Variability and Procyclical Fiscal Policy.” NBER Working Paper 7499
Trehan, B., and Walsh, C. E.. 1991. “Testing Intertemporal Budget Constraints: Theory and Applications to U.S. Federal Budget and Current Account Deficits.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 23(2):206–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wold, Herman. 1938. (2nd edition 1954). A Study in the Analysis of Stationary Time Series. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist and WiksellGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Holger. 2004. “Accounting for Consumption Volatility Differences.” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 51, Special Issue
Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MAA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Technical Appendix
  • Edited by Joshua Aizenman, University of California, Santa Cruz, Brian Pinto, The World Bank
  • Book: Managing Economic Volatility and Crises
  • Online publication: 25 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510755.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Technical Appendix
  • Edited by Joshua Aizenman, University of California, Santa Cruz, Brian Pinto, The World Bank
  • Book: Managing Economic Volatility and Crises
  • Online publication: 25 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510755.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Technical Appendix
  • Edited by Joshua Aizenman, University of California, Santa Cruz, Brian Pinto, The World Bank
  • Book: Managing Economic Volatility and Crises
  • Online publication: 25 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510755.015
Available formats
×