Introduction

The study of shape and pattern, of corridors, size and boundaries, is an important part of landscape ecology. At present, as with the classifications in Chapters 1, 3 and 10, methods and patterns elucidated tend to be very generalised, e.g. Bell (1999), describing the basic patterns in nature as spirals, meanders, branches and explosions. This is thought provoking and so very valuable, but difficult to apply to most riverscapes. Or they may be detailed studies of, say, the effect of a new road on a toad population, which is also valuable but also difficult to re-apply.

Fragmentation may be considered an element that degrades the overall quality of river basins (Padoa–Schioppa et al., 2006).

Scale

Scale has both an absolute and a relative effect. Figure 11.1 shows a tributary joining a meandering stream at three different scales. As a landform, scale is irrelevant, the feature is the same. There are similar erosion-sedimentation processes, similar drainage effects, and similar utilisation of the flood plain or valley bottom. However, the water space differs: (a) may support minnows, (c) should support major fish populations. A sallow bush could shade all of (a), but have a negligible effect on (c).