Mrs. B is aged 35 and lives in a remote part of the Chiang Mai region of northern Thailand. She is an agricultural worker with only a basic education. She does not use contraception because there is no local family planning facilities. She is married with three children, and has just found out she is eight weeks' pregnant. She and her husband barely earn enough to support their existing children, and a fourth child would place an unbearable economic strain on family resources.

The Venerable C, a Burmese monk resident in the USA, suffered a severe stroke at the age of 59. He had a history of diabetes, poorly controlled high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He had undergone a cardiac bypass operation several years earlier. The prognosis was guarded at best, even with surgery. The attending neurosurgeon asked whether Venerable C would want emergency surgery or if he would prefer to forgo aggressive measures. The monk had not discussed his wishes previously with his fellow monks or students, had made no advance directives, and remained unconscious throughout (Hood, 2005).