That Parliament in 1642 ordered the theatres to be closed is probably the best-known fact in English theatrical history. And since the Parliamentary Puritans were then in power, all critics of the theatre are commonly assumed in literary history to be Puritans, and all Puritans hostile to the theatre, as if the two things were synonymous.

The identification of Puritans and Parliament with total hostility to art, culture and beauty has become almost axiomatic. It is, indeed, so integrated into the language that to speak of Puritans who were not ‘puritanical’ sounds like splitting hairs (though it is what contemporaries often did). The popular notion of Puritans in literary history (as distinct from modern historical studies) still remains in essentials not unlike the memorable image of the ‘rigid sect’ in the early seventeenth century presented by Macaulay (and derived through him from Dryden and the Royalist pamphleteers):