Just what was Pandarus looking upon? Readers of this passage, almost from its earliest circulation, have been puzzled by its ambiguities, not least the status of the “romance” Pandarus withdraws to see. Is he observing Troilus and Criseyde in bed, secreting himself in a corner of the room to witness this romance in progress? Or, is he removing himself from the action just to read: to look upon a book, perhaps, much like that other “romance” that he found Criseyde and her friends reading at the opening of Book II of the poem (“This romaunce is of Thebes that we rede,” 11.100)? Or, too, is it a situation far more complicated than either interpretation admits? A. C. Spearing has remarked on how the “contrast between love as really experienced and love as read about in books is underlined” in Chaucer's verbal ambiguities, and he finds in this episode the locus classicus of Pandarus's voyeurism. His presence at a moment of deep privacy; the motives of his “look”; the status of his own “contenaunce” – all come together to define Pandarus as voyeur, and to raise the specter of his own arousal at his observations. For Spearing, Pandarus “has gained and is still gaining a vicarious sexual pleasure from the encounter between his niece and her lover,” and he is not alone among modern interpreters of Chaucer's poem to find something of an anxious ambiguity in the go-between's actions the following morning.