Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-q6k6v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T13:21:42.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2009

Rosie Woodroffe
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Simon Thirgood
Affiliation:
Zoological Society, Frankfurt
Alan Rabinowitz
Affiliation:
Wildlife Conservation Society, New York
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aanesland, N. and Holm, O. (2001). Offentlige tilskuddsordninger for sauenæringen-virkninger på norsk rovdyrpolitikk. Oslo: WWF-Norway. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Abramov, V. K. (1962). On the biology of the Amur tiger, Panthera tigris longipilis Fitrzenger, 1868. Vestn. Ceskhslov. Spolecnosti. Zool., 26(2), 189–202. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Adamic, M. (1994). Evaluation of possibilities for natural spreading of brown bear (Ursus arctos) towards the Alps, directions of main migration corridors and disturbances in their functionning. In Braunbär in den Ländern Alpen–Adria, ed. Adamic, M.. Ljubljana: Ministrstvo R.Slovenije za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano, pp. 145–158.Google Scholar
Adamic, M.(1997). The expanding brown bear population of Slovenia: a chance for bear recovery in the southeastern Alps. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 25–29.Google Scholar
Adesina, A. A., Johnson, D. E. and Heinrichs, E. A. (1994). Rice pests in the Ivory Coast, West Africa: farmers' perceptions and management strategies. International Journal of Pest Management, 40, 293–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwala, V. P. (1985). Forests in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press and IBH Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Agrawal, A. (1997). Community in Conservation: Beyond Enchantment and Disenchantment. Gainesville, FL: Conservation and Development Forum.Google Scholar
Ahlqvist, I. (1999). Förekomst av skador som björn, varg, lo, järv och kungsörn åstadkommer på annan egendom än ren. Bilagor till sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik, slutbetånkande av Rovdjursutredningen, 146, 97–118. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Ahmad, A. (1994). Protection of snow leopards through grazier communities – some examples from WWF-Pakistan's projects in the northern areas. In Proceedings of the 7th International Snow Leopard Symposium, ed. Fox, J. L. and Jizeng, D.. Seattle, WA: International Snow Leopard Trust, pp. 265–272.Google Scholar
Albers, H. J. and Grinspoon, E. (1997). A comparison of the enforcement of access restrictions between Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (China) and Khao Yai National Park (Thailand). Environmental Conservation, 24, 351–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alho, C. J., Lacher, T. E. and Goncalves, H. C. (1988). Environmental degredation in the Pantanal ecosystem. BioScience, 38, 164–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, L. R. and Gonzalez, A. (1998). Baiting reduces dingo numbers, changes age structures yet often increases calf losses. Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference, 11, 421–428.Google Scholar
Allen, L. R. and Sparkes, E. C. (2001). The effect of dingo control on sheep and beef cattle in Queensland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 76–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, S. H. (1982). Bait consumption and diethylstilbesterol influence on North Dakota red fox reproductive performance. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 307–373.Google Scholar
Almeida, T. (1990). Jaguar Hunting in the Mato Grosso and Bolivia. Long Beach, CA: Safari Press.Google Scholar
Aluma, J., Drennon, C.et al. (1989). Settlement in Forest Reserves, Game Reserves, and National Parks in Uganda. Kampala: Makerere Institute of Social Research.Google Scholar
Amar, A., Arroyo, B., Redpath, S. M. and Thirgood, S. J. (2004). Habitat variability predicts losses of red grouse to hen harriers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 305–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andelt, W. F. (1992). Effectiveness of livestock guarding dogs for reducing predation on domestic sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 20, 55–62.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1995). Livestock Guarding Dogs, Llamas and Donkeys for Reducing Livestock Losses to Predators. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1996). Carnivores. In Rangeland Wildlife, ed. Krausman, P. R.. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management, pp. 133–155.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1999a). Livestock Guard Dogs, Llamas and Donkeys. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1999b). Relative effectiveness of guarding-dog breeds to deter predation on domestic sheep in Colorado. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 706–714.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F. and Gipson, P. S. (1979). Domestic turkey losses to radio-tagged coyotes. Journal of Wildlife Management, 43, 673–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andelt, W. F. and Hopper, S. N. (2000). Livestock guard dogs reduce predation on domestic sheep in Colorado. Journal of Range Management, 53, 259–267. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andelt, F. A., Phillips, R. L., Gruver, K. S. and Guthrie, J. W. (1999). Coyote predation on domestic sheep deterred with electronic dog-training collar. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 12–18.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. and Grove, R. (1987). Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practices. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andersone, Z. and Ozolins, J. (2000). First results of public involvement in wolf research in Latvia. Folia Therologica Estonica, 5, 7–14.Google Scholar
Andrén, H. (1999). Kvantifiering av illegal jakt på lodjur i Sverige. Bilagor till Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik, Slutbetänkande av Rovdjursutredningen, 146, 183–190. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Angst, C. (2001). Procedure to selectively remove stock raiding lynx in Switzerland. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 4, 8.Google Scholar
Angst, C., Olsson, P. and Breitenmoser, U. (2000). Übergriffe von Luchsen auf Kleinvieh und Gehegetiere in der Schweiz. I: Entwicklung und Verteilung der Schäden. KORA-Bericht Nr. 5. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)
Angst, C., Hagen, S. and Breitenmoser, U. (2002). Übergriffe von Luchsen auf Kleinvieh und Gehegetiere in der Schweiz. II: Massnahmen zum Schutz von Nutztieren. KORA-Bericht Nr. 10. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)
Anonymous (1994). Firing line. The Weekly Review, 3–10.
Anonymous(2000). How to minimize risks of mountain lion attacks. Outdoor California Magazine 15,
Anonymous(2002a). Follow-up of recommendation No. 82 (2000) concerning brown bear in Slovenia. Report by the Slovenian Government. Council of Europe, T-PVS/Inf(2002) 45, 1–11.
Anonymous(2002b). Malaysian state calls for army to kill tigers. Reuters News Service, 16 August 2002.
Aranda, M. (2002). Importancia de los peccaries para la conservación del jaguar en Mexico. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 101–107.Google Scholar
Arcese, P., Hando, J. and Campbell, K. (1995). Historical and present day anti-poaching efforts in Serengeti. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Archabald, K. and Naughton-Treves, L. (2001). Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environmental Conservation, 28, 135–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, C. (2001). Wildlife and Poverty Study: Kunene/Namibia Case Study. London: Department for International Development.Google Scholar
Arnold, O. (1968). The Story of Cattle Ranching. Irving-on-Hudson, NY: Harvey House Inc.Google Scholar
Aronson, Å., Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Steinset, O. -K. and Kojola, I. (1999). The Wolf in Scandinavia: Status Report of the 1998/9 Winter. Evenstad, Norway: Høgskolen i Hedmark. (In Swedish with English Summary)Google Scholar
Aronson, Å., Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Steinset, O. -K. and Kojola, I.(2001). The Wolf in Scandinavia: Status Report of the 2000/2001 Winter. Evenstad, Norway: Høgskolen i Hedmark. (In Swedish with English summary)Google Scholar
Asher, V., Phillips, M., Kunkel, K. et al. (2001). Evaluation of electronic aversive conditioning methods for reducing wolf predation on livestock. 8th ITC, Sun City, South Africa.
Ashley, C. and Roe, D. (1998). Enhancing Community Involvement in Wildlife Tourism: Issues and Challenges, Wildlife and Development Series No. 11. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Ashley, C., Goodwin, H. and Roe, D. (2001). Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Expanding Opportunities for the Poor. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Aubert, M. F. A. (1993). Control of rabies in wildlife by depopulation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Epidemiology, Control and Prevention of Rabies in Eastern and Southern Africa 1992, ed. King, A.. Lyon: Editions Fondation Marcel Mérieux, pp. 141–145.Google Scholar
Aune, K. E. (1991). Increasing mountain lion populations and human–mountain lion interactions in Montana. In Mountain Lion–Human Interaction Symposium and Workshop, ed. Braun, C. E.. Denver, CO: Colorado Division of Wildlife, pp. 86–94.Google Scholar
Avery, M. (1989). Experimental evaluation of partial repellent treatment for reducing bird damage to crops. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 430–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baikov, N. A. (1925). The Manchurian Tiger, Seksia Yestestvoznaniya Otdelnoye Izdaniye Vipusk 1. Harbin: Obschestvo Izuchenia Manchzhurskogo Kraya.Google Scholar
Baker, J. E. (1997). Development of a model system for tourist hunting revenue collection and allocation. Tourism Management, 18, 273–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P., Harris, S. and Webbon, C. (2002). Effect of British hunting ban on fox numbers. Nature, 419, 34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balestra, F. A. (1962). The man-eating hyenas of Mlanje. African Wildlife, 16, 25–27.Google Scholar
Balikrishnan, M. and Ndhlovu, D. E. (1992). Wildlife utilization and local people: a case-study in Upper Lupande Game Management Area, Zambia. Environmental Conservation, 19, 135–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, W. B., Ayres, L. A., Krausman, P. R., Reed, D. J. and Fancy, S. G. (1997). Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska. Wildlife Monographs, 135, 1–47.Google Scholar
Balmford, A. and Whitten, T. (2003). Who should pay for tropical conservation, and how could the costs be met?Oryx, 37, 238–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balser, D. S. (1964). Management of predator populations with antifertility agents. Journal of Wildlife Management, 28, 352–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandara, R. and Tisdell, C. (2003). Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: empirical evidence. Biological Conservation, 110, 327–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bangs, E. E. and Fritts, S. H. (1996). Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 402–413.Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E. and Shivik, J. (2001). Managing wolf conflict with livestock in the Northwestern United States. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 3, 2–5. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E., Fritts, S. H., Harms, D. A. et al. (1995). Control of endangered gray wolves in Montana. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World., ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 127–134.Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E., Fritts, S. H., Fontaine, J. A., et al. (1998). Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 785–798.Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E., Fontaine, J., Jimenez, M., et al. (2001). Gray wolf restoration in the northwestern United States. Endangered Species Update, 18, 147–152.Google Scholar
Barnes, A. M. (1993). A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the black-footed ferret. In Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret, ed. Oldemeyer, J., Biggins, D., Miller, B. and Crete, R.. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 28–37.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. I., MacGregor, J. and Weaver, L. C. (2002). Economic efficiency and incentives for change within Namibia's community wildlife use initiatives. World Development, 30, 667–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W. (1990). Famine in the Rain Forest. New York: Wildlife Conservation International.Google Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W.(1996). The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests. Mammal Review, 26, 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W., Jensen, K. and Blom, A. (1991). Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 54–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W., Azika, S. and Asamoah-Boateng, B. (1995). Timber, cocoa, and crop-raiding elephants: a preliminary study from southern Ghana. Pachyderm, 19, 33–40.Google Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W., Craig, G. C., Dublin, H. T.et al. (1998). African Elephant Database 1998, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No.22. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Baron, D. (2003). The Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Barrett, C. B., Brandon, K., Gibson, C. and Gjertsen, H. (2001). Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions. BioScience, 51, 497–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, E. and Murphree, M. (2001). Community conservation: from concept to practice. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 24–37.Google Scholar
Bateson, P. and Bradshaw, E. L. (1997). Physiological effects of hunting red deer (Cervus elaphus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 264, 1707–1714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bath, A. J. (1992). Identification and documentation of public attitudes toward wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. In Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress, vol. IV, Research and Analysis, ed. Varley, J. D. and Brewster, W. G.. Yellowstone National Park, WY: National Park Service, pp. 2/5–2/30.Google Scholar
Bath, A. J.(2001). Human Dimensions in Wolf Management in Savoie and Les Alpes Maritimes, France: Results Targeted toward Designing a More Effective Communication Campaign and Building Better Public Awareness Materials. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe. www.large-carnivores-lcie.org
Bath, A. J. and Majic, A. (2001). Human Dimensions in Wolf Management in Croatia: Understanding Attitudes and Beliefs of Residents in Gorski Kotar, Lika and Dalmatia towards Wolves and Wolf Management. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe. Accessible at http://www.large-carnivores-lcie.org
Beard, P. (1963). The End of the Game. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.Google Scholar
Beier, P. (1991). Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 403–412.Google Scholar
Beier, P.(2004), Paul Beier Home Page. Accessible at http://nau.edu/pb1
Bell, R. H. V. (1984a). The man–animal interface: an assessment of crop damage and wildlife control. In Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa, ed. Bell, R. H. V. and McShane-Caluzi, E.. Washington, DC: US Peace Corps Office of Training and Program Support, pp. 387–416.Google Scholar
Bell, R. H. V.(1984b). Monitoring of public attitudes. In Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa, ed. Bell, R. H. V. and McShane-Caluzi, E.. Washington, DC: US Peace Corps Office of Training and Program Support, pp. 442–448.Google Scholar
Bell, R. H. V.(1987). Conservation with a human face: conflict and reconciliation in African land use planning. In Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice, ed. Anderson, D. and Grove, R.. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–101.Google Scholar
Bell, W. R. (1921). Death to the rodents. US Department of Agriculture Yearbook, 1920, 421–438.Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L. and Robinson, J. G. (2000). Hunting for sustainability: the start of a synthesis. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 409–499.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1998). Can state regulatory agencies resolve controversial wildlife management issues involving the broad general public? In Proceedings of The Defenders of Wildlife Restoring the Wolf Conference, ed. Fascione, N.. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, pp. 85–89.Google Scholar
Ben-Shahar, R. (1993). Does fencing reduce the carrying capacity for populations of large herbivores?Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9, 249–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, E. P. (1998). The lord, the ruler: jaguar symbolism in the Americas. In Icons of Power: Feline Symbolism in the Americas, ed. Saunders, N. J.. London: Routledge, pp. 53–72.Google Scholar
Bensted-Smith, R., Infield, M. Otekat, J. and Thomson-Handler, N. (1995). A review of the multiple-use (resource sharing) programme in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Unpublished report. Kampala: CARE-Development through Conservation Project and CARE-International.
Bere, R. M. (1955). The African wild dog. Oryx, 3, 180–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, K. A. (1998). The future of the wolf in Minnesota: control, sport or protection? In Proceedings of The Defenders of Wildlife Restoring the Wolf Conference, ed. Fascione, N.. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, pp. 40–44.Google Scholar
Berger, D. (1996). The challenge of integrating Maasai tradition with tourism. In People and Tourism in Fragile Environments, ed. Price, M. F.. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, pp. 175–197.Google Scholar
Berger, J., Stacey, P. B., Bellis, L. and Johnson, M. P. (2001). A mammalian predator–prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications, 11, 947–960.Google Scholar
Bergman, D. L., Huffman, L. E. and Paulson, J. D. (1998). North Dakota's cost-share program for guard animals. In Proceedings of the 18th Vertebrate Pest Conference, ed. Baker, R. O. and Crabb, A. C.. Davis, CA: University of California, pp. 122–125Google Scholar
Bergo, G. (1987). Eagles as predators of livestock. Fauna Norvegica Series C, 10, 95–102.Google Scholar
Bibby, C. J. and Etheridge, B. (1993). Status of the hen harrier in Scotland during 1988. Bird Study, 40, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bingham, J., Foggin, C., Wandeler, A. and Hill, F. (1999). The epidemiology of rabies in Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 11–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Sharps, J. C. and Predator Project (1998). Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Unpublished petition. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service Region 6.
Biryahwaho, B. (2002). Community perspectives towards management of crop raiding animals: experiences of CARE-DTC with communities living adjacent to Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, southwest Uganda. In Human–Wildlife Conflict: Identifying the Problem and Possible Solutions, Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 1. ed. Hill, C. M., Osborn, F. and Plumptre, A. J.. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Bishop, G. C., Durrheim, D. N., Kloeck, P. E.et al. (2002). Rabies: Guide for the Medical, Veterinary and Allied Professions. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Bjärvall, A., Franzén, R., Nordkvist, M. and Åhman, G. (1990). Renar och rovdjur: Rovdjurens effekter på rennäringen. Stockholm Naturvårdsverkets Förlag. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Bjerke, T. and Kaltenborn, B. P. (1998). The relationship of ecocentric and anthropocentric motives to attitudes toward large carnivores. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorge, R. R. and Gunson, J. R. (1985). Evaluation of wolf control to reduce cattle predation in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 38, 483–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, H. L. and Green, J. S. (1985). Navajo use mixed-breed dogs for management of predators. Journal of Range Management, 38, 11–15. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, B. F., Dolbeer, R. A. and Tyson, L. A. (2000). Lethal control of piscivorous birds at aquaculture facilities in the northeast United States: effects on populations. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 6 + 2, 300–307.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, J. A. S. (1979). Elephants and Other Animal Pests, Workshop on Elephant Damage. Trolak, Perak, Malaysia: INPUT, Institute of Land Development.Google Scholar
Blair, J. A. S., Boon, G. and Noor, M. (1979). Conservation or cultivation: the confrontation between the Asian elephant and land development in Peninsular Malaysia. Land Development Digest, 2, 25–58.Google Scholar
Blanco, J. C. (2003). Wolf damage compensation schemes in Spain. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 7–9.Google Scholar
Blanco, J. C., Reig, S. and Cuesta, L. (1992). Distribution, status and conservation problems of the wolf in Spain. Biological Conservation, 60, 73–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blejwas, K. M., Sacks, B. N., Jaeger, M. M. and McCullough, D. R. (2002). The effectiveness of selective removal of breeding coyotes in reducing sheep predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66, 451–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomley, T. (2003). Natural resource conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, south western Uganda. Unpublished report. Kampala: CARE-Development through Conservation Project and CARE-International.
Bodner, M. (1998). Damage to fish ponds as a result of otter (Lutra lutra) predation. BOKU Reports on Wildlife Research and Game Management, 14, 106–117.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. and Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000). The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bogges, E. K., Henderson, F. R. and Spaeth, C. E. (1980). Managing Predator Problems: Practices and Producers for Preventing and Reducing Livestock Losses. Coop. Ect. Serv. Bull. C-620. Manhatten, KS: Kansas State University.Google Scholar
Boitani, L. (1992). Wolf research and conservation in Italy. Biological Conservation, 61, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boitani, L.(1995). Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf–human relationships. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R., Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 3–11.Google Scholar
Boitani, L.(2000). Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolves in Europe (Canis lupus), Nature and Environment No. 113. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Bomford, M. and O'Brien, P. H. (1990). Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: a review of device tests and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 18, 411–422.Google Scholar
Bond, I. (1994). Importance of elephant hunting to CAMPFIRE revenue in Zimbabwe. Traffic Bulletin, 14, 117–119.Google Scholar
Bond, I.(2001). CAMPFIRE and the incentives for institutional change. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 227–243.Google Scholar
Bonham, C. D., and Lerwick, A. (1976). Vegetation changes induced by prairie dogs on shortgrass range. Journal of Range Management, 29, 221–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, R. (1993). At the Hand of Man. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Bonnie, R., McMillan, M. and Wilcove, D. S. (2001). A Home on the Range: How Economic Incentives Can Save the Threatened Utah Prairie Dog. Washington, DC: Environmental Defense.Google Scholar
Bookbinder, M. P., Dinerstein, E., Rijal, A., Cauley, H. and Rajouria, A. (1998). Ecotourism's support of biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 12, 1399–1404.Google Scholar
Boonzaier, E. (1996). Local responses to conservation in the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 307–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (1997). Beyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in Conservation. Gland Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Bothma, J. du P. (1971). Food of Canis mesomelas in South Africa. Zoologica Africana, 6, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothma, J. du P.(2002). Some economics of wildlife ranching. In Wildlife Group Symposium on Game Ranching. South African Veterinary Association, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar
Boulton, A. M., Horrocks, J. A. and Baulu, J. (1996). The Barbados vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus): changes in population size and crop damage 1980–1994. International Journal of Primatology, 17, 831–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourne, J. (1994). Protecting livestock with guard donkey. Agri-fax, Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Agriculture.Google Scholar
Bourne, J.(2002). Electric fencing for predator control in Alberta. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 9–10. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Boutin, S. (1990). Predation and moose population dynamics: a critique. Journal of Wildlife Management, 56, 116–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowland, A. E., Mills, M. G. L. and Lawson, D. (1993). Predators and Farmers. Parkview, South Africa: Endangered Wildlife Trust.Google Scholar
Boyce, M. S. (1995). Anticipating consequences of wolves in Yellowstone: model validation. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 199–210.Google Scholar
Boyd, D. K., Paquet, P. C., Donelon, S. et al. (1995). Transboundary movements of a recolonizing wolf population in the Rocky Mountains. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 135–140.Google Scholar
Bradley, E. H. (2004). An evaluation of wolf–livestock conflicts and management in the Northwestern United States Ph.D. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Bradley, E. H., Pletscher, D. H., Bangs, E. E. (in press) Evaluating wolf translocation as a non-lethal method to reduce livestock conflicts in the northwestern United States. Conservation Biology.
Bragin, A. P. and Gaponov, V. V. (1989). Problems of the Amur tiger. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 10, 12–15. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Brainerd, S. (2003). Konfliktdempende tiltak i rovviltforvaltningen. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Rapport. (In Norwegian).Google Scholar
Braithwait, J. (1996). Using Guard Animals to Protect Livestock. Missouri Department of Conservation.Google Scholar
Brand, C. J., Pybus, M. J., Ballard, W. B. and Peterson, R. O. (1995). Infectious and parasitic diseases of the gray wolf and their potential effects on wolf populations in North America. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 419–430.Google Scholar
Brashares, J. S., Arcese, P. and Sam, M. K. (2001). Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in west Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 2473–2478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breitenmoser, U. (1998). Large predators in the Alps: the fall and rise of man's competitors. Biological Conservation, 83, 279–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitenmoser, U., and Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. (2001). Die ökologischen und anthropogenen Voraussetzungen für die Existenz grosser Beutegreifer in der Kulturlandschaft. Forest Snow and Landscape Research, 76, 23–39.Google Scholar
Breitenmoser, U. and Haller, H. (1993). Patterns of predation by reintroduced European lynx in the Swiss Alps. Journal of Wildlife Management, 57, 135–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitenmoser, U., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Okarma, H.et al. (2000). Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian lynx in Europe (Lynx lynx). Nature and Environment No. 112. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
British Trust for Ornithology et al. (2001). Red Grouse and Birds of Prey. Sandy, UK: BTO and 11 others.
Bro, E., Reitz, F., Clobert, J., Migot, P. and Massot, M. (2001). Diagnosing the environmental causes of the decline in grey partridge in France. Ibis, 143, 120–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromley, , (1977). The tiger as a component of biocenoses of the Far East. In Redkie vidy mlekopitaiuschikh i ikh okhrana, Materially z Vsesoiuznogo soveschania. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 111–113. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Bromley, C. and Gese, E. M. (2001a). Effects of sterilization on territory fidelity and maintenance, pair bonds, and survival rates of free-ranging coyotes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 386–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromley, C. and Gese, E. M.(2001b). Surgical sterilization as a method of reducing coyote predation on domestic sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65, 510–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooker, M. G. and Ridpath, M. G. (1980). The diet of the wedge-tailed eagle in Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research, 7, 433–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brøseth, H., Odden, J. and Linnell, J. D. C. (2003). Minimum antall familiegrupper, bestandsestimat og bestandsutvikling for gaupe i Norge i perioden 1996–2002. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Rapport. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Brown, D. (1998). Participatory Biodiversity Conservation: Rethinking the Strategy in the Low Tourist Potential Areas of Tropical Africa. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Brown, D. and Gonzalez, C. A. L. (2001). Borderland Jaguars. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Brown, W. M. and Parsons, D. R. (2001). Restoring the Mexican gray wolf to the desert southwest. In Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century, ed. Maehr, D. S., Noss, R. F. and Larkin, J. L.. London: Island Press, pp. 169–186.Google Scholar
Bruinderink, G. G., Sluis, T., Lammertsma, D., Opdam, P. and Pouwels, R. (2003). Designing a coherent ecological network for large mammals in northwestern Europe. Conservation Biology, 17, 549–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, H. S. (2002). The role and value of hunting. The Hunting Report, 22, 1–4.Google Scholar
Burns, L., Edwards, V., Marsh, J., Soulsby, L. and Winter, M. (2000). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs in England and Wales. London: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J. (1980). Evaluation of conditioned predation aversion for controlling coyote predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 938–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, R. J.(1983). Coyote predation aversion with lithium chloride: management implications and comments. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 11, 128–133.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J.(1996). Effectiveness of Vichos non-lethal collars in deterring coyote attacks on sheep. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 17, 204–206.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J., Connolly, G. E. and Griffiths, R. E. Jr (1984). Repellent or aversive chemicals in sheep neck collars did not deter coyote attacks. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 11, 146–153.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J., Tietjen, H. J. and Connolly, G. E. (1991). Secondary hazard of livestock protection collars to skunks and eagles. Journal of Wildlife Management, 55, 701–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, R. J., Zemlicka, D. E. and Savarie, P. J. (1996) Effectiveness of large livestock protection collars against depredating coyotes. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 123–127.Google Scholar
Butler, J. R. A. (2000). The economic costs of wildlife predation on livestock in Gokwe communal land, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. C., Smith, A. A., Redpath, S. M. and Thirgood, S. J. (2002). Nest site characteristics and nesting success in red grouse. Wildlife Biology, 8, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D., Gichohi, H., Mwangi, A., Chege, L. and Sawin, T. (1999). Interactions between People and Wildlife in SE Kajiado District, Kenya. Nairobi: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Cape Nature Conservation (2001). Badgers and Beekeepers. Cape Nature Conservation Information Brochure, 4.
Carter, M. R. (1997). Environment, technology, and the social articulation of risk in West African agriculture. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45, 557–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, D. and Clark, T. W. (1996). Tales of the Wolf: Fifty-One Stories of Wolf Encounters in the Wild. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.Google Scholar
Causey, D. (2001). What's behind Zambia's closure of hunting?The Hunting Report, 21, 1–3.Google Scholar
Ceballos, G., Chavez, C., Rivera, A., Manterola, C. and Wall, B. (2002). Tamano poblacionaly conservación del jaguar en la Reserva de la Prosfera Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 403–419.Google Scholar
Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1993). Ecotourism as a worldwide phenomenon. In Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, ed. Lindberg, K. and Hawkins, D. E.. North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society, pp. 12–14.Google Scholar
Chalise, M. K. (2001). Crop raiding by wildlife, especially primates, and indigenous practices for crop protection in Lakuwa Area, East Nepal. Asian Primates, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, 7, 4–9.Google Scholar
Chapman, C. A. and Onderdonk, D. A. (1998). Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. American Journal of Primatology, 45, 127–141.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charudutt, M. (1997). Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environmental Conservation, 24, 338–343.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, A. B. and Chakrabarti, K. (1979). The tiger and man: the Sundarbans tiger as viewed by fisherman and other who eke out their livelihood from the area. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tiger. Government of India, pp. 129–135.Google Scholar
Chauhan, N. P. S., Bargali, H. S. and Akhtar, N. (2002). Human–sloth bear conflicts, causal factors and management implications in Bilaspur Forest Division, Chattishgarh, India. In Program and Abstracts of Papers, 14th International Congress on Bear Research and Management, ed. Kvam, T. and Sorensen, O. J.. Steinkjer, Norway: Nord-Trondelag University College.Google Scholar
Chellam, R. and Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1993). Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 65, 409–424.Google Scholar
Chester, T. (2004). Mountain Lion Attacks on Peaople in the US and Canada. Accessible at http://tchester.org/sgm/lists/lion_attacks.html#summary
Chestin, I. (1999). Brown bear conservation action plan for Asia: Russia. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 136–143.Google Scholar
Child, G. (1995). Wildlife and People: The Zimbabwean Success. Harare: Wisdom, Press.Google Scholar
Chin, R. and Benne, K. D. (1976). General strategies for effecting changes in human systems. In The Planning of Change, 3rd edn, ed. Bennis, W. G., Benne, K. D., Chin, R. and Corey, K. E.. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 22–45.Google Scholar
Chiyo, P. I. (2000). Elephant ecology and crop depredation in Kibale National Park, Uganda. M.Sc. thesis, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Chiyo, P. I., Cochrane, E., Naughton-Treves, L. and Basuta, G. I. (2005). Temporal patterns of crop raiding by elephants at Kibale National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, in press.CrossRef
Chundawat, R. S., Gogate, N. and Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1999). Tigers in Panna: Preliminary results from an Indian tropical dry forest. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123–129.Google Scholar
CITES (1997). Review of the proposals submitted by Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to transfer their national populations of Loxodonta africana from CITES Appendix I to Appendix II. Accessible at http://wildnetafrica.co.za/cites/info/iss_002_12.html
Ciucci, P. and Boitani, L. (1998). Wolf and dog depredation on livestock in central Italy. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 504–514.Google Scholar
Ciucci, P. and Boitani, L.(2000). Wolves, dogs, livestock and compensation costs: 25 years of Italian experience. In Beyond 2000: Realities of Global Wolf Restoration Symposium, Duluth, MN, 23–26 February 2000. Accessible at http://www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/scientific/symposium/abstracts/008.asp
Clark, T. W. (1997). Averting Extinction: Restructuring the Endangered Species Recovery Process. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, T. W. and Brunner, R. D. (1997). Making partnerships work in endangered species conservation: an introduction to the decision process. Endangered Species Update, 13, 1–4.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W., and Minta, S. C. (1994). Greater Yellowstone's Future. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W. and Wallace, R. L. (1998). Understanding the human factor in endangered species recovery: an introduction to human social process. Endangered Species Update, 15, 2–9.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W. and Wallace, R. L.(2002). The dynamics of value interactions in endangered species conversation. Endangered Species Update, 19, 95–100.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W., Hinckley, D. and Rich, T. (eds.) (1989). The prairie dog ecosystem: managing for biological diversity. Montana BLM Wildlife Technical Bulletin, 2, 1–55.
Clark, T. W., Begg, R. J. and Lowe, K. W. (2002). Interdisciplinary problem-solving workshops for natural resources professionals. In The Policy Process: A Practical Guide for Natural Resources Professionals, ed. Clark, T. W.. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 173–189.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. (1969). Man Is the Prey. New York: Stein and Day.Google Scholar
Clarkson, P. L. and Marley, J. L. (1995). Preventing and managing black and grizzly bear problems in Agricultural and forested areas in North America. In Proceedings of the 9th (France) International Bear Association, pp. 306–322.Google Scholar
Clemence, E. (1992). A barking dog. DogLog, 3(3), 3–4.Google Scholar
Collins, A. R., Workman, J. P. and Uresk, D. W. (1984). An economic analysis of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) control. Journal of Range Management, 37, 358–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conelly, W. T. (1987). Perception and management of crop pests among subsistence farmers in South Nyanza, Kenya. In Management of Pests and Pesticides: Farmers' Perceptions and Practices, ed. Tait, , and Nampometh, B.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 198–209.Google Scholar
Conner, M. M. (1995). Identifying patterns of coyote predation on sheep on a northern California ranch. M.S. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Conner, M. M., Jaeger, M. M., Weller, T. J. and McCullough, D. R. (1998). Effect of coyote removal on sheep depredation in northern California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 690–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, G. (1995). Animal damage control research contributions to coyote management. In Proceedings of the 1995 Joint Fur Resources Workshop.
Connolly, G. and O'Gara, B. W. (1987) Aerial hunting takes sheep-killing coyotes in western Montana. Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop, 8, 184–188.Google Scholar
Conover, M. (1984). Comparative effectiveness of Avitrol, exploders and hawk-kites to reduce blackbird damage to corn. Journal of Wildlife Management, 48, 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, M.(2002). Resolving Human–Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Conover, M. R. and Decker, D. J. (1991). Wildlife damage to crops: perceptions of agricultural and wildlife professionals in 1957 and 1987. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 46–52.Google Scholar
Conover, M. F. and Kessler, K. K. (1994). Diminished producer participation in an aversive conditioning program to reduce coyote depredation on sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 22, 229–233.Google Scholar
Conover, M. F., Francik, J. G. and Miller, D. E. (1979). An experimental evaluation of aversive conditioning for controlling coyote predation: a critique. Journal of Wildlife Management, 43, 208–211.Google Scholar
Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) http://www.biodiv.org
Cook, S. J., Norris, D. R. and Theberge, J. B. (1999). Spatial dynamics of a migratory wolf population in winter, south-central Ontario (1990–1995). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 1740–1750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cope, D. R., Pettifor, R. A., Griffin, L. R. and Rowcliffe, J. M. (2003). Integrating farming and wildlife conservation: the Barnacle Goose Management Scheme. Biological Conservation, 110, 113–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, C. and Coppinger, L. (1998). Differences in the behaviour of dog breeds. In Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, ed. Grandin, T.. London: Academic Press, pp. 167–202.Google Scholar
Coppinger, L. (1992). Getting through that juvenile period. DogLog 2(3–4), 6–12.Google Scholar
Coppinger, L. and Coppinger, R. (1982). Livestock-guarding dogs that wear sheep's clothing. Smithsonian, 13, 65–73.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. (1992). Can dogs protect livestock against wolves in North America?DogLog, 3, 2–4.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L. (1994). The Predicament of Flock-Guarding Dogs in the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia. Amherst, MA: Hampshire College.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L.(1995). Interaction between livestock guarding dogs and wolves. In Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 523–526.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L.(2001). Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Schneider, R. (1995). Evolution of working dogs. In The Domestic Dog, ed. Serpell, J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–47.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R., Lorenz, J., Glendinning, J. and Pinardi, P. (1983). Attentiveness of guarding dogs for reducing predation on domestic sheep. Journal of Range Management, 36, 275–279. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, R., Smith, C. and Miller, L. (1985). Observations on why mongrels make effective livestock protecting dogs. Journal of Range Management, 38, 560–561. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, R., Glendinning, J., Torop, E.et al. (1987). Degree of behavioural neoteny differentiates canid polymorphs. Ethology, 75, 89–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, R., Coppinger, L., Langeloh, G., Gettler, L. and Lorenz, J. (1988). A decade of use of livestock guarding dogs. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 13, 209–214.Google Scholar
Coppock, D. L., Detling, J. K, Ellis, J. E. and Dyer, M. I. (1983a). Plant–herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. I: Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on intraseasonal aboveground plant biomass and nutrient dynamics and plant species diversity. Oecologia, 56, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppock, D. L., Detling, J. K, Ellis, J. E. and Dyer, M. I.(1983b). Plant–herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. II: Responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs. Oecologia, 56, 10–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, J. (1944). The Man Eaters of Kumaon. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corbett, J.(1948). The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corbett, L. (1995). The Dingo in Australia and Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cote, I. M. and Sutherland, W. J. (1997). The effectiveness of removing predators to protect bird populations. Conservation Biology, 11, 395–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courchamp, F. and Macdonald, D. W. (2001). Crucial importance of pack size in the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. Animal Conservation, 4, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtin, F., Carpenter, T., Paskin, R. and Chomel, B. (2000). Temporal patterns of domestic and wildlife rabies in central Namibia stock-ranching area, 1986–1996. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 43, 13–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cozza, K., Fico, R., Battistini, M. and Rodgers, E. (1996). The damage–conservation interface illustrated by predation on domestic livestock in central Italy. Biological Conservation, 78, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawshaw, P. G. and Quigley, H. B. (1991). Jaguar spacing, activity, and habitat use in a seasonally flooded environment in Brazil. Journal of Zoology, 223, 357–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawshaw, P. G. and Quigley, H. B.(2002). Jaguar and puma feeding habits in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil, with implications for their management and conservation. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 223–227.Google Scholar
Creel, S. and Creel, N. M. (1997). Lion density and population structure in the Selous Game Reserve: evaluation of hunting quotas and offtake. African Journal of Ecology, 35, 83–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker-Bedford, D. (1976). Food interactions between Utah prairie dogs and cattle. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.Google Scholar
Crooks, K. and Soulé, M. (1999). Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature, 400, 563–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crooks, K. R. and Sanjayan, M. A. (2005). Connectivity and Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cully, J. F. Jr and Williams, E. S. (2001). Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 894–905.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, A. B. (1996). People, Parks and Plant Use: Recommendations for Multiple-Use Zones and Development Alternatives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, People and Plants Working Paper No. 5. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Cutlip, S. M. and Center, A. H. (1964). Effective Public Relations, 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Cutter, S. L. (1996). Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Progress in Human Geography, 20, 529–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czech, B. and Krausman, P. R. (1999). Public opinion on endangered species conservation and policy. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 469–479.Google Scholar
Dahier, T. (2000). Bilan des dommages en 2000. L'Infoloups, 8, 11.Google Scholar
Dahier, T.(2002). Bilan des dommages en 2001. L'Infoloups, 10, 11.Google Scholar
Dahle, B., Sørensen, O. J., Wedul, E. H., Swenson, J. E. and Sandegren, F. (1998). The diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in central Scandinavia: effect of access to free-ranging domestic sheep Ovis aries. Wildlife Biology, 4, 147–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, J. C. (1996). The Leopard in India: A Natural History. New Delhi: Natraj Publishers.Google Scholar
Daniel, J. C.(2001). The Tiger in India: A Natural History. Dehra Dun, India: Natraj Publishers.Google Scholar
Danz, H. P. (1999). Cougar!Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Darnton, R. 1985. The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Davies, R. A. G. (1994). Black eagle predation on rock hyrax and other prey in the Karoo. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Davies, R. A. G.(1999). The extent, cost and control of livestock predation by eagles with a case study on black eagles in the Karoo. Journal of Raptor Research, 33, 67–72.Google Scholar
Davies, R. A. G.(2000). The influence of predation by black eagles on rock hyrax numbers in the Karoo. In Raptors at Risk, ed. Chancellor, R. D. and Meyburg, B. U.. Berlin, Germany: World Working Group for Birds of Prey and Owls, pp. 519–526.Google Scholar
Davis, T. (2002). Division of wildlife to compensate landowners who protect prairie dogs. Colorado Conservator, 18, 9.Google Scholar
Daw, M. and Daw, D. (2001). The Costs of Wild Geese to Scottish Agriculture: Islay and Loch of Strathbeg Case Studies. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.Google Scholar
Boer, W. F. and Baquete, D. (1998). Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation, 25, 208–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemm, C. (1996). Compensation for Damage Caused by Wild Animals. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Lima, M. G. and Gascon, C. (1999). The conservation value of linear forest remnants in central Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 91, 241–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deCalesta, D. S. and Cropsey, M. G. (1978). Field test of a coyote proof fence. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 6, 256–259.Google Scholar
Decker, D. J. and Chase, L. C., (1997). Human dimensions of living with wildlife: a management challenge for the twenty-first century. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25, 788–795.Google Scholar
Decker, D. J. and Purdy, K. G. (1988). Toward a concept of wildlife acceptance capacity in wildlife management. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 53–57.Google Scholar
Defenders of Wildlife (2004). http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/wolfcomp.pdf
DeLiberto, T. J., Conover, M. R., Gese, E. M.et al. (1998). Fertility control in coyotes: is it a potential management tool?Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 18, 144–149.Google Scholar
Detling, J. K. (1998). Mammalian herbivores: ecosystem-level effects in two grassland national parks. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 438–448.Google Scholar
Detling, J. K.(2000). Distribution of raptors on heather moorland. Oikos, 100, 15–24.Google Scholar
Deurbrouck, J. and Miller, D. (2001). Cat Attacks: True Stories and Hard Lessons fron Congar Country. Seattle, WA: Sasquatch Books.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. A. and Sherman, P. B. (1990). Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look at Benefits and Costs. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Dolabella, A. L. (2000). The Brazilian Panatanal: an overview. In The Pantanal: Understanding and Preserving the World's Largest Wetland, ed. Swarts, F. A.. St Paul, MN: Paragon House, pp. 37–41.Google Scholar
Dolan, C. C. (1999). The National Grasslands and disappearing biodiversity: can the prairie dog save us from an ecological desert?Environmental Law, 29, 213–234.Google Scholar
Dolbeer, R., Holler, N. and Hawthorne, D. (1994). Identification and control of wildlife damage. In Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, ed. Dolbeer, R.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 474–506.Google Scholar
Donnelly, C. A., Woodroffe, R., Cox, D. R.et al. (2003). Impact of localized badger culling on TB incidence in British cattle. Nature, 426, 834–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorrance, M. J. (1976). Predation losses of sheep in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 29, 457–460. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J.(1982). Predation losses of cattle in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 35, 690–692. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J. and Bourne, J. (1980). An evaluation of anti coyote electric fencing. Journal of Range Management, 33, 385–387. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J. and Roy, L. D. (1976). Predation losses of domestic sheep in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 29, 457–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J. and Roy, L. D.(1978). Aversive conditioning tests of black bears in beeyards failed. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 8, 251–254.Google Scholar
du Toit, J. T. (2002). Wildlife harvesting guidelines for community-based wildlife management: a southern African perspective. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11, 1403–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
du Toit, J. T., Walker, B. H. and Campbell, B. M. (2004). Conserving tropical nature: current challenges for ecologists. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 12–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudley, J. P., Mensah-Ntiamoah, A. Y. and Kpelle, D. G. (1992). Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 30, 116–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, J. 1932. Tiger-Man. London: Victor Gollancz.Google Scholar
Duke University (2005) Hippos Newsletter. http://moray.ml.duke.edu/projects/hippos/Newsletter/NewsFrameSet.html
Dunishenko, Yu. M. (1985). On the problem of tiger conservation in Khahbarovskiy Krai. In Izuchenie i okhrana redkhikh i ischezaiuschikh vidov zhivotnykh fauny SSSR. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 62–65. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Dunlap, T. R. (1988). Saving America's Wildlife. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, A. (1991). A Survey of Elephants in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.Google Scholar
Durant, S. M. (2000). Dispersal patterns, social organization and population viability. In Behaviour and Conservation, ed. Gosling, L. M. and Sutherland, W. J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25–140.Google Scholar
Dyar, J. A. and Wagner, J. (2003). Uncertainty and species recovery program design. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45, 505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, A. (1996). Men for All Seasons: The Hunters and Pioneers. Agoura, CA: Trophy Room Books.Google Scholar
Ebbinge, B. S. (1991). The impact of hunting on mortality rates and spatial distribution of geese wintering in the western palearctic. Ardea, 79, 197–210.Google Scholar
Eckert, J., Conraths, F. and Tackmann, K. (2000). Echinococcosis: an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis?International Journal of Parasitology, 30, 1283–1294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, G. R., Crawley, M. J. and Heard, M. S. (1999). Factors influencing molehill distribution in grassland: implications for controlling the damage caused by molehills. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 434–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, S. R. and Allen, C. M. (1992). Sport hunting as sustainable use of wildlife. Unpublished report. of the Sustainable Use of Wildlife Programme. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Edwasi, I. (1994). Wildlife–Human Conflicts in Kenya, Report of the Five-Person Review Group. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Ellegren, H., Savolainen, P. and Rosen, B. (1996). The genetical history of an isolated population of the endangered grey wolf Canis lupus: a study of nuclear and mitochondrial polymorphisms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 351, 1661–1669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellins, S. R. and Catalano, S. M. (1980). Field application of the conditioned taste aversion paradigm to the control of coyote predation on sheep and turkeys. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 29, 532–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellins, S. R., Catalano, S. M. and Schechinger, S. A. (1977). Conditioned taste aversion: a field application to coyote predation on sheep. Behavioral Biology, 20, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eloff, T. (2002). The economic realities of the game industry in South Africa. In Sustainable Utilization: Conservation in Practice, ed. Ebedes, H., Reilly, B., Hoven, W. and Penzhorn, B.. Pretoria: South African Game Ranchers' Organization, pp. 78–86.Google Scholar
Else, J. G. (1991). Nonhuman primates as pests. In Primate Responses to Environmental Change, ed. Box, H. O.. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 115–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eltringham, S. K. (1994). Wildlife Resources and Economic Development. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Emerton, L. (2001). The nature of benefits and the benefits of nature: why wildlife conservation has not economically benefited communities in Africa. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 208–226.Google Scholar
Energi- og miljøkomitéen. (1997). Innstilling fra energi- og miljøkomitéen om rovviltforvaltning, Innstilling til Stortinget No. 301. Oslo: Energi- og miljøkomitéen. (In Norwegian)
Ernest, H. B. and Boyce, W. M. (2000). DNA identification of mountain lions involved in livestock depredation and public safety incident and investigation. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 19,Google Scholar
Errington, P. L. (1946). Predation and vertebrate populations. Quarterly Review of Biology, 21, 221–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, J. A. (1996). The influence of large, mobile predators in aquatic food webs: examples from sea otters and kelp forests. In Aquatic Predators and their Prey, ed. Greenstreet, S. P. R. and Tasker, M. L.. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 58–64.Google Scholar
Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M. and Doak, D. F. (1998). Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science, 282, 473–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etheridge, B., Summers, R. W. and Green, R. (1997). The effects of illegal killing and destruction of nests on the population dynamics of hen harriers in Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1081–1106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etling, K. (2001). Cougar Attacks: Encounters of the Worst Kind. Gilford, CT: Lyons Press.Google Scholar
Evans, W. (1983). The Cougar in New Mexico: Biology, Status, Depredation of Livestock and Management Recommendations. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.Google Scholar
Pritchand, Evans E. (1906). The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. London: Faber and Faber (reprinted 1987).Google Scholar
Eves, J. A. (1999). Impact of badger removal on bovine tuberculosis in east County Offaly. Irish Veterinary Journal, 52, 199–203.Google Scholar
Fanshawe, J. H., Ginsberg, J. R., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Woodroffe, R. (1997). The status and distribution of remaining wild dog populations. In The African Wild Dog: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Macdonald, D. W.. Gland, Switzeland: IUCN, pp. 11–57.Google Scholar
Faraizl, S. D. and Stiver, S. J. (1996). A profile of depredating mountain lions. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 17, 88–90.Google Scholar
Fawcett, P. H. (1954). Exploration Fawcett. London: Companion Book Club.Google Scholar
Fernandez, A. J. G. (1995). Livestock predation in the Venezuelan llanos. Cat News, 22, 14–15.Google Scholar
Ferraro, P. J. and Kiss, A. (2002). Direct payments to conserve biodiversity. Science, 298, 1718–1719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiedler, L. A. (1988). Rodent problems in Africa. In Rodent Pest Management, ed. Prakash, I.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 35–65.Google Scholar
Fielding, A., Haworth, P., Morgan, D., Thompson, D. B. A. and Whitfield, D. P. (2003). The impact of golden eagles on a diverse bird of Prey assemblage. In: Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Marquiss, M., Fielding, A. and Galbraith, C.. Edinburgh, UK: HMSO, pp. 221–243.Google Scholar
Fischer, F. (2000). Citizens, Experts, and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, H. (1989). Restoring the wolf: Defenders launches a compensation fund. Defender, 64, 9, 36.Google Scholar
FitzGibbon, C., Mogaka, H. and Fanshawe, J. (1995). Subsistence hunting in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya and its effects on mammal populations. Conservation Biology, 9, 1116–1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzwater, W. D. (1972). Barrier fencing in wildlife management. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 5, 49–55.Google Scholar
Flack, P. H. (2002). Exotic game: catching up with Texas?Magnum, October 2002, 76–80.Google Scholar
Fleck, S. and Herrero, S. (1988). Polar bear conflicts with humans. In Bear – People Conflicts, ed. Bromley, M.. Yellowknife, NWT: Department of Renewable Resources.Google Scholar
Foeken, D. and Owuor, S. O. (2000). Facts and figures. In Kenya Coast Handbook: Culture Resources and Development in the East African Littoral, ed. Hoorweg, J., Foeken, D. and Obudh, R. A.. London: LIT Verlag, pp. 406–422.Google Scholar
Forbes, G. J. and Theberge, J. B. (1996). Cross-boundary management of Algonquin Park wolves. Conservation Biology, 10, 1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, S. H. and Boyd, D. K. (1997). Genetic structure and migration in native and reintroduced Rocky Mountain wolf populations. Conservation Biology, 11, 1226–1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forrest, S. C. (1988). Black-Footed Ferret Recovery Plan. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Forrest, S. C., Biggins, D. E., Richardson, L. (1988). Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) attributes at Meeteetse, Wyoming, 1981 to 1985. Journal of Mammalogy, 69, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forthman, D. (2000). Experimental application of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to large carnivores. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 2–4. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Forthman-Quick, D. L. (1986). Activity budgets and the consumption of human foods in two troops of baboons (Papio anubis) at Gilgil, Kenya. In Primate Ecology and Conservation, ed. Else, J. G. and Lee, P. C.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–228.Google Scholar
Forthman-Quick, D. L. and Demment, D. (1988). Dynamics of exploitation: differential energetic adaptations of two troops of baboons to recent human contact. In Ecology and Behaviour of Food-Enhanced Primate Groups, ed. Fa, J. E. and Southwick, C. H.. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 25–51.Google Scholar
Fortney, R. H. (2000). Cattle grazing and sustainable plant diversity in the Pantanal. In The Pantanal of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, ed. Swarts, F. A.. Gouldsboro, PA: Hudson MacArthur Publishers, pp. 127–133.Google Scholar
Fourli, M. (1999). Compensation for Damage Caused by Bears and Wolves in the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Fox, C. H. (2001). Taxpayers say no to killing predators. Animal Issues, 32, 1–2.Google Scholar
Frank, L. G. (1998). Living with Lions: Carnivore Conservation and Livestock in Laikipia. Bethesda, MD: Development Alternatives.Google Scholar
Frank, L. G., Simpson, D. and Woodroffe, R. (2003). Foot snares: an effective method for capturing African lions. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 39, 309–314.Google Scholar
Franklin, W. L. and Powell, K. J. (1993). Guard Llamas, University Extension No. PM–1527. Ames, IA: Iowa State University. Accessible at http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1527.pdfGoogle Scholar
Freese, C. H. (1996). The Commercial, Consumptive Use of Wildlife Species: Managing It for the Benefit of Biodiversity Conservation, WWF Discussion Paper. Washington, DC: WWF United States.Google Scholar
Freese, C. H.(1998). Wild Species as Commodities: Managing Markets and Ecosystems for Sustainability. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Freudenberger, D. and Brooker, L. (2004). Development of the focal species approach for biodiversity conservation in the temperate agricultural zones of Australia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 253–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H. (1982). Wolf Depredation on Livestock in Minnesota, Resource Publication No. 145. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H. and Carbyn, L. N. (1995). Population viability, nature reserves, and the outlook for gray wolf conservation in North America. Restoration Ecology, 3, 26–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H. and Paul, W. J. (1989). Interactions of wolves and dogs in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 17, 21–123.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Paul, W. J., Mech, L. D. and Scott, D. P. (1992). Trends and Management of Wolf–Livestock Conflicts in Minnesota, Resource Publication No. 181. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Bangs, E. E. and Gore, J. F. (1994). The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 28, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Bangs, E. E., Harms, D. R., Brewster, W. G. and Gore, J. F. (1995). Restoring wolves to the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 107–126.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Bangs, E. E., Fontaine, M. R.et al. (1997). Planning and implementing a reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho. Restoration Ecology, 5, 7–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Mack, C. M., Smith, D. W. et al. (2001). Outcomes of hard and soft releases of reintroduced wolves in central Idaho and the Greater Yellowstone Area. In Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century, ed. Maehr, D. S., Noss, R. F. and Larkin, J. L.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 125–148.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Stephenson, R. O., Hayes, R. D. and Boitani, L. (2003). Wolves and humans. In Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. Mech, L. D. and Boitani, L.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 289–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. (n.d.). Possible Answer to Difficult Questions. Las Cruces, NM: Cooperative Extension Service, New Mexico State University.
Fuller, E. (2000). Extinct Birds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, T. K. (1989). Population dynamics of wolves in North-Central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs, 105, 1–41.Google Scholar
Funston, P. J. (2001). Kalahari transfrontier lion project: Population-ecology and long term monitoring of a free-ranging population in an arid environment.
Gachago, S. and Waithaka, J. (1995). Human–Elephant Conflict in Kiambu, Murang'a, Kirinyaga, Embu and Meru Districts. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. and Thompson, D. B. A. (2003). Towards resolving raptor–human conflicts. In Birds of Prey in a Changing Environment, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A. H., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C. A.. Edinburgh, UK: Stationary Office, pp. 527–536.Google Scholar
Galster, S. R. and Vaud Eliot, K. (1999). Roaring back: anti-poaching strategies from the Russian Far East and the comeback of the Amur tiger. In Riding the Tiger: Meeting the Needs of People and Wildlife in Asia, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 230–239.Google Scholar
Game Department (1920–63). Annual Reports. Nairobi: Kenya Game Department.
Game Department of Uganda (1924). Game Department Archives of Uganda. Kampala: Ugandan Wildlife Authority, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, Government of Uganda.
Garshelis, D., Joshi, A. R., Smith, J. L. D. and Rice, C. G. (1999). Sloth bear conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 225–240.Google Scholar
Gasaway, W., Boertje, R., Grangaard, D.et al. (1992). The role of predation in limiting moose at low density in Alaska. Wildlife Monographs, 120, 1–70.Google Scholar
Gates, N., Rich, J. E., Godtel, D. D. and Hulet, C. V. (1978). Development and evaluation of anti coyote electric fencing. Journal of Range Management, 31, 151–153. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gede National Museum (2004). Kipepeo Butterfly Project. Watamu, Kenya: Gede National Museum. Accessible at http://www.kipepeo.org
Gee, E. P. (1964). The Wildlife of India. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Georgiadis, N. and Ojwang', G. (2001). Numbers and distributions of large herbivores in Laikipia, Samburu and Isiolo Districts. In Laikipia Wildlife Forum, Nanyuki, Kenya.Google Scholar
Gesicho, A. (1991). A Survey of the Arabuko Sokoke Elephant Population. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service Elephant Programme.Google Scholar
Ghiglieri, M. P. (1984). The Chimpanzees of Kibale Forest: A Field Study of Ecology and Social Structure. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ghimire, K. B. and Pimbert, M. P. (1997). Social Change and Conservation. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Giannecchini, J. (1993). Ecotourism: new partners, new relationships. Conservation Biology, 7, 429–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, C. C. and Marks, S. A. (1995). Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: an assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development, 23, 941–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, R. Jr (1989). Wildlife and integrated pest management. Environmental Management, 4, 373–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillingham, S. and Lee, P. C. (1999). The impact of wildlife related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Environmental Conservation, 26, 218–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillingham, S. and Lee, P. C.(2003). People and protected areas: a study of local perceptions of wildlife crop-damage conflict in an area bordering the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Oryx, 37, 316–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gipson, P. S. (1975). Efficiency of trapping in capturing offending coyotes. Wildlife Management, 39, 45–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gipson, P. S., Ballard, W. B. and Nowak, R. M. (1998). Famous North America wolves and the credibility of early wildlife literature. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 808–816.Google Scholar
Githaiga, J. (1998). Recent Population Trends in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Gjertz, I. and Persen, E. (1987). Confrontations between humans and polar bears in Svalbard. Polar Record, 34, 340–347.Google Scholar
Gjertz, I. and Scheie, J. O. (1998). Human casualties and polar bears killed in Svalbard, 1993–1997. Polar Record, 34(191), 347–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glen, A. S. and Short, J. (2000). The control of dingoes in New South Wales in the period 1883–1930 and its likely impact on their distribution and abundance. Australian Zoologist, 31, 432–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glover, P. E. (1968). A report on an ecological survey of the proposed Shimba Hills National Reserve. Unpublished report. Nairobi: Kenya National Parks.
Gniadek, S. J. and Kendall, K. C. (1998). A summary of bear management in Glacier National Park, 1960–1994. Ursus, 10, 155–159.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1996). Pest and disease hazards and sustainability in African agriculture. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, I. (1991). Spectacled bear predation and feeding behavior on livestock in Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 26, 231–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, A., Lawton, J. H., Gilbert, F. S., Blackburn, T. M. and Evans-Freke, I. (1998). Metapopulation dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem. Science, 281, 2045–2047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Fernandez, A. J. (1995). Livestock predation in the Venezuelan llanos. Cat News, 22, 14–15.Google Scholar
Goodrich, J. M., Kerley, L. L., Schleyer, B. O.et al. (2000). Capture and chemical anesthesia of Amur (Siberian) tigers. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 533–542.Google Scholar
Goodwin, H. J. (1996). In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 277–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, H. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (2000). Tourism and protected areas: distorting conservation priorities towards charismatic megafauna? In Has the Panda Had its Day? Priorities for the Conservation of Mammal Diversity, ed. Entwistle, A. and Dunstone, N.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–275.Google Scholar
Goodwin, H., Kent, I., Parker, K. and Walpole, M. (1998). Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development: Case Studies from Asia and Africa, Wildlife and Development Series No. 12. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Goodwin, H., Johnston, G. and Warburton, C. (2000). Carnivores and Tourism: The Challenge Ahead. WWF-UK Report: 1– 26.
Gorokhov, G. F. (1977). The numbers and population structure of the Amur tiger in the south of Sikhote-Alin. In Redkie vidy mlekopitaiuschikh i ikh okhrana: Materialy 2 Vsesoiuznogo soveschania. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 119–220. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Gorokhov, G. F.(1983). The causes of illegal shooting of Amur tigers. In Redkie vidy mlekopitaiuschikh i ikh okhrana: Materialy 3 Vsesoiuznogo soveschania. Moscow: Iemezh ran i vto an SSSR, pp. 88–89. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Gossling, S. (1999). Ecotourism: a means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions?Ecological Economics, 29, 303–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, A. D. (1973). The Gardeners of Eden. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Gray, G. G. (1993). Wildlife and People: The Human Dimensions of Wildlife Ecology. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Green, J. S. and Woodruff, R. A. (1988). Breed comparison and characteristics of use of livestock guarding dogs. Journal of Range Management, 41, 249–251. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J. S. and Woodruff, R. A.(1990). Livestock Guard Dogs: Protecting Sheep from Predators, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 588. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Green, J. S., Woodruff, R. A. and Tueller, T. T. (1984). Livestock-guarding dogs for predator control: costs, benefits and practicality. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 12, 44–50.Google Scholar
Green, J. S., Woodruff, R. A. and Audelt, W. F. (1994). Do livestock guarding dogs lose their effectiveness over time?Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 16, 41–44.Google Scholar
Green, R. and Etheridge, B. (1999). Breeding success of the hen harrier in relation to the distribution of grouse moors and the red fox. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 472–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenaway, J. C. (1967). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R. J., Sargeant, A. B., Johnson, D. H., Cowardin, L. M. and Shaffer, T. L. (1995). Factors accociated with duck nest success in the prairie pothole region of Canada. Wildlife Monograph, 128, 1–57.Google Scholar
Grey, Z. (1922). Roping Lions in the Grand Canyon. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Griffin, L. R. and Coath, D. C. (2001). WWT Svalbard Barnacle Goose Project Report 2000–2001, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Internal Report. Slimbridge, UK:Google Scholar
Grobbelaar, C. (2004). Zimbabwe. In African Hunting Guide, ed. Wieland, T.. Rivonia, South Africa: Future Publishing.Google Scholar
Grundblatt, M., Said, M. Y. and Warugute, P. (1995). National Rangeland Report: Summary of Population Estimates of Wildlife and Livestock. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and National Development, Department of Remote Sensing and Regional Surveys.Google Scholar
Guerrera, W., Sleeman, J. M., Jasper, S. B.et al. (2003). Medical survey of the local human population to determine possible health risks to the mountain gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961). Simba: The Life of the Lion. Cape Town, South Africa: Howard Timmins.Google Scholar
Guha, S. (2001). Health and Population in South Asia: From Earliest Times to the Present. New Delhi: Permanent Black.Google Scholar
Gujadhur, T. (2001). Joint Venture Options for Communities and Safari Operators in Botswana, CBNRN Support Programme Occasional Paper No. 6. SNV/IUCN.
Gunther, K. A. (1994). Bear management in Yellowstone National Park, 1960–93. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 549–560.Google Scholar
Gustavson, C. R., Garcia, J., Hankins, W. G. and Rusiniak, K. W. (1974). Coyote predation control by aversive conditioning. Science, 184, 581–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustavson, C. R., Jowsey, J. R. and Milligan, D. (1982). A 3-year evaluation of taste aversion coyote control in Saskatchewan. Journal of Range Management, 35, 57–59. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutleb, B. (2001). Experiences of 10 years of damage prevention for brown bears in Austria. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 9–10. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Haber, G. C. (1996). Biological, conservation, and ethical implications of exploiting and controlling wolves. Conservation Biology, 10, 1068–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackel, J. D. (1999). Community conservation and the future of Africa's wildlife. Conservation Biology, 13, 726–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hætta, I. O. 2002. Ressursregnskap for reindriftsnaeringen. Alta, Norway: Reindriftsforvaltningen. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Haight, R. G. and Mech, L. D. (1997). Computer simulation of vasectomy for wolf control. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 1023–1031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakkarainen, H. and Korpimaki, E. (1996) Competitive and predatory interactions among raptors: an observational and experimental study. Ecology, 77, 1134–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halfpenny, J. C. (2003). Yellowstone Wolves in the Wild. Helena, MT: Riverbend Publishing.Google Scholar
Hallowell, I. A. (1926). Bear ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere. American Anthropologist, 28, 1–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, P. H. (1981). The Leopard Panthera pardus and the Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus in Kenya. Report for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation and the Government of Kenya.
Hanby, J. P., Bygott, J. D. and Packer, C. (1995). Ecology, demography and behavior of lions in two contrasting habitats: Ngorongoro Crater and the Serengeti Plains. In Serengeti II: Research, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. and Arcese, P.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 315–331.Google Scholar
Hanks, J., Denshaw, W. D., Smuts, G. L. et al. (1981). Management of locally abundant mammals: the South African experience. In Problems of Managing Locally Abundant Wild Animals, ed. Jewell, P. A., Holt, S. and Hart, D.. London: Academic Press, pp. 21–55.Google Scholar
Hanley, N., MacMillan, D., Patterson, I. and Wright, R.E. (2003). Economics and the design of nature conservation policy: a case study of wild goose conservation in Scotland using choice experiments. Animal Conservation, 6, 123–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, I. and Bakken, M. (1999). Livestock-guarding dogs in Norway. I: Interaction. Journal of Range Management, 52, 2–6. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, I. and Smith, M. M. (2001). Livestock-guarding dogs in Norway. II: Different working regimes. Journal of Range Management, 52, 312–316. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, K. (1992). Cougar: The American Lion. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Publishing.Google Scholar
Hansen, R. M. and Gold, I. K. (1977). Black-tailed prairie dogs, desert cottontails and cattle trophic relations on shortgrass range. Journal of Range Management, 30, 210–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbo, S. J. Jr and Dean, F. C. (1983). Historical and current perspectives on wolf management in Alaska. In Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Their Status, Biology and Management, ed. Carbyn, L. N.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 51–64.Google Scholar
Harcourt, A. H., Parks, S. A. and Woodroffe, R. (2001). Small reserves face a double jeopardy: small size and high surrounding human density. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1011–1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 168, 1243–1248.Google Scholar
Harms, D. R. (1980). Bear management in Yosemite. In International Conference on Bear Research and Management, pp. 205–212.
Harris, D. and Eisenberg, J. H. (1989). Enhanced linkages: necessary steps for success in conservation of faunal diversity. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Western, D. and Pearl, M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 166–181.Google Scholar
Harwood, J. (2000). Risk assessment and decision analysis in conservation. Biological Conservation, 95, 219–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatfield, P. G. and Walker, J. W. (1994). An Evaluation of PRED-X Eartag in Protection of Lambs from Coyote Predation, Sheep Research Progress Report No. 3. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
Hawes-Davis, D. (1998). Varmints. Missoula, MT: High Plains Films. (video)Google Scholar
Hawkes, R. K. (1991). Crop and Livestock Losses to Wild Animals in the Bulilimamangwe Natural Resources Management Project Area. Harare: Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, J. (1980). Wildlife damage and control techniques. In Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, 3rd edn, ed. Schemnitz, E.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society.Google Scholar
Hayward, G. D., Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N. and Nations, C. (2002). Monitoring Amur tiger populations: characteristics of track surveys in snow. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 1150–1159.Google Scholar
Hazumi, T. (1999). Asiatic black bear conservation action plan: Japan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 207–210Google Scholar
Hearn, R. D. (2002). The 2000 National Census of Pink-footed Geese and Icelandic Greylag Geese in Britain and Ireland, Slimbridge, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Hefner, R. and Geffen, E. (1999). Group size and home range of the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus) in southern Israel. Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 611–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hempel, L. C. (1996). Environmental Governance. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Hemson, G. and Macdonald, D. W. (2002). Cattle predation by lions in the Makgadikgadi: some patterns and parameters. In Lion Conservation Research, Workshop 2: Modelling Conflict, ed. Loveridge, A. J., Lynam, T. and Macdonald, D. W.. Oxford, UK: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, pp. 10–12.Google Scholar
Hendrichs, H. (1975). The status of the tiger Panthera tigris (Linne, 1758) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (Bay of Bengal). Saugetierkundlich Mitteilungen, 3, 161–199.Google Scholar
Herne, B. (2001). White Hunters: The Golden Age of African Safaris. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. (1970). Human injury inflicted by grizzly bears. Science, 170, 593–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrero, S.(1985). Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance. Piscataway, NJ: Winchester Press.Google Scholar
Herrero, S.(1989). The role of learning in some fatal grizzly bear attacks on people. In Bear–People Conflicts, ed. Bromley, M.. Yellowknife, NWT: Department of Renewable Resources, pp. 9–14.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Fleck, S. (1990). Injury to people inflicted by black, grizzly or polar bears: Recent trends and new insights. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8, 25–32.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins A. (1995). Fatal injuries inflicted to people by black bears. In Proceedings of the 5th Western Black Bear Workshop, ed. Auger, J. and Black, H. L.. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, pp. 75–82.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins, A.(1998). Field use of capsaicin spray as a bear deterrent. Ursus, 10, 533–537.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins, A.(1999). Human injuries inflicted by bears in British Columbia: 1960–. Ursus, 11, 209–218.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins, A.(2003). Human injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–1998. Ursus, 14, 44–54.Google Scholar
Hewson, R. (1984). Scavenging and predation upon ship and lambs in west Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 843–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heydon, M. J. and Reynolds, J. L. (2000). Demography of rural foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in relation to cull intensity in three contrasting regions of Britain. Journal of Zoology, 251, 265–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, V. H. (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, C. M. (1997). Crop-raiding by wild vertebrates: the farmers' perspective in an agricultural community in western Uganda. International Journal of Pest Management, 43, 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C. M.(1998). Conflicting attitudes towards elephants around the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Environmental Conservation, 25, 244–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C. M.(2000). Conflict of interest between people and baboons: crop raiding in Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 21, 299–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C. M.(in press). People, crops and primates: a conflict of interests. In Primate Commensalism and Conflict, ed. J. D. Paterson.
Hill, C. M., Osborn, F. V. and Plumptre, A. J. (2002). Human–Wildlife Conflict: Identifying the Problem and Possible Solutions. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Hill, J. and Simper, N. (2002). Evaluation of a high-density polyethylene collar for the prevention of coyote predation on sheep. Proceedings of the Defenders of Wildlife's Carnivores 2002, 236.Google Scholar
Smith, Hillman A. K. K., Merode, E., Nicholas, A., Buts, B. and Ndey, A. (1995). Factors affecting elephant distribution in Garamba National Park and surrounding reserves, Zaire, with a focus on human–elephant conflict. Pachyderm, 19, 39–48.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. E. (1995). Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people. Pachyderm, 19, 54–63.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. E.(1999). Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a land-use mosaic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 689–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, R. E.(2000). African elephants and humans in conflict: the outlook for coexistence. Oryx, 34, 34–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, R. E.(2001). A Decision Support System (DSS) for Managing Human–Elephant Conflict Situations in Africa. Nairobi: IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. E. and du Toit, J. (1999). Coexistence between people and elephants in African savannah. Conservation Biology, 13, 633–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofer, D. (2002). The Lion's Share of the Hunt: Trophy Hunting and Conservation – A Review of the Legal Eurasian Tourist Trophy Hunting Market and Trophy Trade under CITES. TRAFFIC Europe.
Hofer, H. and East, M. L. (1993). The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. I: Social organization. Animal Behaviour, 46, 547–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homewood, K., Lambin, E. F., Coast, E.et al. (2001). Long-term changes in Serengeti–Mara wildebeest and land cover: pastoralism, population or policies?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 98, 12544–12549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?Washington DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R. (2002). A Manual on the Problems of Depredation Caused by Jaguars and Pumas on Cattle Ranches. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society. Accessible at http://www.savethejaguar.comGoogle Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R. and Chapman, C. A. (1997). Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos. Oryx, 31, 274–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R. and Mondolfi, E. (1992). The Jaguar. Caracas: Armitano Publishers.Google Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R., Hoogesteijn, A. and Mondolfi, E. (1993). Jaguar predation and conservation: cattle mortality caused by felines on three ranches in the Venezuelan llanos. In Mammals as Predators, ed. Dunstone, N. and Gorman, M. L.. London: Zoological Society, pp. 391–406.Google Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R., Boede, E. O. and Mondolfi, E. (2002). Observaciones de la depredación de bovines por jaguares en Venezuela y los programmas Gubernamentales de control. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 183–199.Google Scholar
Hoogland, J. L. (1995). The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hoogland, J. L.(1996). Cynomys ludovicianus. Mammalian Species, 535, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornocker, M. (1992). Learning to live with mountain lions. National Geographic, 182, 52–65.Google Scholar
Horrocks, J. and Baulu, J. (1994). Food competition between vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and farmers in Barbados: implications for management. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre Vie), 49, 281–294.Google Scholar
Horstman, L. P. and Gunson, J. R. (1982). Black bear predation on livestock in Alberta. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 10, 34–39.Google Scholar
Hötte, M. and Bereznuk, S. (2001). Compensation for livestock kills by tigers and leopards in Russia. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 3, 6–7.Google Scholar
Hovens, J. P. M., Tungalartuja, K. H., Todgeril, T. and Batdorj, D. (2000). The impact of wolves (Canis lupus) on wild ungulates and nomadic livestock in and around the Hustain Nuruu Steppe Reserve, Mongolia. Lutra, 43, 39–50.Google Scholar
Howard, W. E. (1988). Why lions need to be hunted. Proceedings of the Mountain Lion Workshop, 3, 66–68.Google Scholar
Hoyt, J. (1994). Animals in Peril: How Sustainable Use Is Wiping out the World's Wildlife. New York: Avery.Google Scholar
Huber, D. and Adamic, M. (1999). Slovenia. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plans, ed. Sevheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 119–122.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J. (1992). Grouse in Space and Time. Fordingbridge, UK: Game Conservancy Trust.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J., Rizzoli, A., Grenfell, B. T., Heesterbeek, H. and Dobson, A. P. (2002). The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, A. and Humphrey, E. (2003). A Profile of Four Communal Area Conservancies in Namibia. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism.Google Scholar
Hunt, C. (1983). Deterrents, Aversive Conditioning and Other Practices: An Annotated Bibliography to Aid Bear Management. National Park Service, USA.Google Scholar
Hunt, C.(1985). Descriptions of Five Promising Deterrent and Repellent Products for Use with Bears. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Grizzly Bear Recovery Coordinator, Montana.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. A. (1952). Hunter. London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
Hussain, S. (2000). Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods. Mountain Research and Development, 20, 226–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, S.(2003). Snow leopards and local livelihoods: managing the emerging conflicts through an insurance scheme. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 9–11.Google Scholar
Hustad, H. (2000). The issuing of kill permits for brown bears in response to domestic sheep depredation in Norway, 1989–99. Thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås.
Hutton, J. M. (1992). The CITES Nile Crocodile Project. Lausanne, Switzerland: CITES Secretariat.Google Scholar
Hutton, J. M. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests. Oryx, 37, 215–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, J. M. and Webb, G. (2003). Crocodiles: the legal trade snaps back. In The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation, ed. Oldfield, S.. London: Earthscan, pp. 108–120.Google Scholar
Huygens, O. C. and Hayashi, H. (1999). Using electric fences to reduce Asiatic black bear depredation in Nagano prefecture, central Japan. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 959–964.Google Scholar
Idaho Legislative Wolf Oversight Committee (2002). Idaho wolf conservation and management plan. Unpublished report. Boise, ID.
Infield, M. (1988). Attitudes of a rural community towards conservation and a local conservation area in Natal, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 45, 21–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inukai, T. (1935). Damages on people by brown bears. Syoku-butsu oyo-bi dou-butsu (Plant and Animal), 1, 57–64. (In Japanese)Google Scholar
Inukai, T. (1972). Bear damage and bear control in Japan. In Bears: Their Biology and Management, ed. Herrero, S.. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 333–Google Scholar
Inverarity, J. D. (1894). Man-eating panther of Basim Berars. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 9, 25–27.Google Scholar
Isenberg, A. C. (2000). The Destruction of the Bison. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IUCN (1999). African Elephant Database. UNEP Publication.
IUCN(2002). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessible at http://www.redlist.org
IUCN(2003). 2003 United Nations List of Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1980). World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP/WWF.
IUCN/UNEP/WWF(1991). Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP/WWF.
Jackson, J. J. (1996). An international perspective on trophy hunting. In Tourist Hunting in Tanzania, ed. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 7–11.Google Scholar
Jackson, P. (1990). Endangered Species: Tigers. London: The Apple Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, P. and Nowell, K. (1996). Problems and possible solutions in management of felid predators. Journal of Wildlife Research, 1, 304–314.Google Scholar
Jackson, R., Ahlorn, G., Ale, S. et al. (1994). Reducing Livestock Predation in the Nepalese Himalaya: Case of the Anapurna Conservation Area. Draft Report. BioSystems Analysis Inc.,
Jagt, C. J. van der, Gujadhur, T. and Bussel, F. van (2000). Community Benefits through Community Based Natural Resources Management in Botswana, CBNRM Support Programme Occasional Paper No. 2. IUCN/SNV.
Jenkins, D., Watson, A. and Millar, G. (1964). Predation and red grouse populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1, 183–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, S., Perry, B. and Winkler, W. (1998). Ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 10, 620–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jhala, Y. (2000). Human–wolf conflict in India: beyond 2000. In Realities of Global Wolf Restoration Symposium, Duluth, MN, 23–26 February 2000. Accessible at http://www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/scientific/symposium/abstracts/003.asp
Joffe, H. (2003). Risk: from perception to social representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 55–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J., Kruszon-Moran, D., Wilson, M.et al. (2001). Toxoplasma gondii infection in the US: seroprevalence and risk factors. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. M. and Woolf, A. (1983). Relationship between husbandry practices and coyote use of swine in west central Illinois. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 11, 133–135.Google Scholar
Jones, S. (1999). Becoming a pest: prairie dog ecology and the human economy in the Euroamerican West. Environmental History, 4, 531–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonker, S. A., Parkhusr, J. A., Field, R. and Fuller, T. K. (1998). Black bear depredation on agricultural commodities in Massachusetts. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 318–324.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, C. J. (1979) Bear-sheep interactions, Targhee National Forest. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 5, 191–200.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, C. J., Conley, R. H., Hamilton, R. J. and Sanders, O. T. (1978). Management of black bear depredation problems. Proceedings of the Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Management and Research, 4, 297–321.Google Scholar
Jorgenson, J. P. (2000). Wildlife conservation and game harvest by Maya hunters in Quintana Roo, Mexico. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 251–266.Google Scholar
Jorner, U., Baer, L. A., Karlsson, E. and Danell, Ö. (1999). Reindeer Husbandry in Sweden. Umeå, Sweden: Svenska samernas riksförbund.Google Scholar
Kaczensky, P. (1996). Livestock–Carnivore Conflicts in Europe. Munich, Germany: Munich Wildlife Society.Google Scholar
Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Kock, R. and Macfie, E. (2002). Scabies in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Veterinary Record, 150, 12–15.CrossRef
Kaltenborn, B. P., Bjerke, T. and Strumse, E. (1998). Diverging attitudes towards predators: do environmental beliefs play a part?Research in Human Ecology, 5, 1–9.Google Scholar
Kaltenborn, B. P., Bjerke, T. and Vittersø, J. (1999). Attitudes towards large carnivores among sheep farmers, wildlife managers, and research biologists in Norway. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 4, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangwana, K. (1993). Elephants and Maasai: Conflict and Conservation in Amboseli, Kenya. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press.Google Scholar
Kangwana, K.(1995). Human–elephant conflict: the challenge ahead. Pachyderm, 19, 11–14.Google Scholar
Kaplanov, L. G. (1948). Tigers in Sikhote-Alin. In Tiger, red deer, and moose, Materialy k poznaniyu fauny i flory SSSR, Obschestva Ispytateley Prirody, Novaya seria, Otdel zool., 14, 18–49. (In Russian)
Karami, M. (1992). Nature reserves in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Species, 19, 11.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U. (2001). The Way of the Tiger: Natural History and Conservation of the Endangered Big Cat. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U.(2002). Nagarahole: limits and opportunities in wildlife conservation. In Making Parks Work: Identifying Key Factors to Implementing Parks in the Tropics, ed. Terborgh, J., Schaik, C., Davenport, L. C. and Rao, M.. Covelo, CA: Island Press, pp. 189–202.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U.(2003). Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 100, 169–189.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U. and Madhusudan, M. D. (2002). Mitigating human–wildlife conflicts in Southern Asia. In Making Parks Work: Identifying Key Factors to Implementing Parks in the Tropics, ed. Terborgh, J., Schaik, C., Davenport, L. C. and Rao, M.. Covelo, CA: Island Press, pp. 250–264.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U. and Nichols, J. D. (1998). Estimating tiger densities in India from camera trap data using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79, 2852–2862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karanth, K. U. and Stith, B. M. (1999). Prey depletion as a critical determinant of tiger population viability. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–113.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U., Sunquist, M. E. and Chinnappa, K. M. (1999). Long-term monitoring of tigers: lessons from Nagarahole. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–122.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U., Nichols, J. D., Kumar, N. S., Link, W. A. and Hines, J. E. (2004). Tigers and their prey: predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 101, 4854–4858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kayanja, F. and Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1984). The impact of the unexpected on the Uganda national parks. In National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, ed. McNeely, J. A. and Miller, K. R.. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 87–92.Google Scholar
Keiter, R. B. (ed.) (1998). Reclaiming the Native Home of Hope: Community, Ecology and the American West. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Keith, L. B. (1983). Population dynamics of wolves. In Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Their Status, Biology, and Management, ed. Carbyn, L. N.. Report No. 45. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 66–77.Google Scholar
Kellert, S. R. (1991). Public views of wolf restoration in Michigan. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 51, 193–200.Google Scholar
Kellert, S. R., Black, M., Rush, C. R. and Bath, A. J. (1996). Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology, 10, 977–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, J. S., Smith, J. L. D., Starfield, A. M. and McDougal, C. (1995). The long-term effects of tiger poaching on population viability. Conservation Biology, 9, 1113–1127.Google Scholar
Kenward, R. (1977). Predation on released pheasants by goshawks in central Sweden. Swedish Game Research, 10, 79–112.Google Scholar
Kenward, R.(1981). Goshawk winter ecology in Swedish pheasant habitats. Journal of Wildlife Management, 45, 397–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenya Wildlife Service (1991). A Policy Framework and Development Programme 1991–1996. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.
Kenya Wildlife Service(1997). Kenya Wildlife Service Wildlife Policy. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.
Kerbis-Peterhams, P. (1999). The science of man-eating among lions (Panthera leo) with a reconstruction of the natural history of the ‘Man-eaters of Tsavo’. Journal of the East African Wildlife Society, 90, 1–40.Google Scholar
Kerley, L. L., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G.et al. (2002). Effects of roads and human disturbance on Amur tigers. Conservation Biology, 16, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerley, L. L., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G.et al.(2003). Reproductive parameters of wild female Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Journal of Mammalogy, 84, 288–298.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khaemba, W. M., Stein, A., Rasch, D., Leeuw, J. and Georgiadis, N. (2001). Empirically simulated study to compare and validate sampling methods used in aerial surveys of wildlife populations. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 374–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, J. A. (1995). Conservation and management of Gir lion sanctuary and national park, Gujarat, India. Biological Conservation, 73, 183–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kharel, F. R. (1997). Agricultural crop and livestock depredation by wildlife in Langtang National Park, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 17, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khramtsov, V. S. (1995). Behavior of tigers in encounters with man. Ecologia, 3, 252–254. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kiiru, W. (1995). Human–elephant interactions around Shimba Hills N. Reserve, Kenya. M. S. thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.Google Scholar
King, D. A. and Stewart, W. P. (1996). Ecotourism and commodification: protecting people and places. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 293–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, F. A. and Lee, P. C. (1987). A brief survey of human attitudes to a pest species of primate: Cercopithecus aethiops. Primate Conservation, 8, 82–84.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G., Reading, R. P., Miller, B. J.et al. (2000). The importance of improving evaluation in conservation. Conservation Biology, 14, 1–11.Google Scholar
Klenzendorf, S. A. (1997). Management of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Knight, J. (ed). (2001). Natural Enemies: People–Wildlife Conflicts in Anthropological Perspective. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Knight, J.(2003). Waiting for Wolves in Japan. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knowles, C. J. (1988). An evaluation of shooting and habitat alteration for control of black-tailed prairie dogs. In Proceedings of the 8 Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop, Rapid City, SD, 28–30 April 1987 pp. 53–56.
Knowlton, F. F., Gese, E. M. and Jaeger, M. M. (1999). Coyote depredation control: an interface between biology and management. Journal of Range Management, 52, 398–412. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, A. E., Marsh, R. E. and Salmon, T. P. (1990). Frightening methods and devices/stimuli to prevent mammal damage: a review. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 14, 168–173.Google Scholar
Kojola, I. and Kuittinen, J. (2002). Wolf attacks on dogs in Finland. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 498–501.Google Scholar
Korpimaki, E. and Norrdahl, K. (1998). Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small rodent cycles. Ecology, 79, 2448–2455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kothari, A. (1996). Is joint management of protected areas possible and desirable? In People and Protected Areas: Towards Participatory Conservation in India, ed. Kothari, A., Singh, N. and Suri, S.. New Dehli: Sage Publications, pp. 17–49.Google Scholar
Kothari, A., Suri, S. and Singh, N. (1995). People and protected areas: rethinking conservation in India. Ecologist, 25, 188–194.Google Scholar
Kotliar, N. B., Miller, B. and Reading, R. P. (in press). Black-tailed prairie dogs as keystone species. In Prairie Dog Conservation, ed. Hoogland, J. L.. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Krange, O. and Skogen, K. (2001). Naturen i Stor-Elvdal, ulven og det sosiale landskapet: en kortrapport fra prosjektet Konfliktlinjer i utmarka. Norwegian Social Research Temahefte, 1, 1–31.Google Scholar
Krebs, C. J., Boutin, S., Boonstra, R.et al. (1995). Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science, 269, 1112–1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krebs, J. R., Anderson, R., Clutton-Brock, T.et al. (1997). Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers: An Independent Scientific Review. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Krishke, H., Lyamuya, V. and Ndunguru, I. F. (1996). The development of community-based conservation around the Selous Game Reserve. In Community-Based Conservation in Tanzania, ed. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 75–83.Google Scholar
Krogstad, S., Christiansen, F., Smith, M.et al. (1999). Protective Measures against Depredation on Sheep: Sheep-Herding and Use of Livestock Guarding Dogs in Lierne, Annual Report Phase II, 1998. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. (In Norwegian with English summary)Google Scholar
Kruuk, H. (1972). The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kruuk, H.(1980). The Effects of Large Carnivores on Livestock and Animal Husbandry in Marsabit District, Kenya, United Nations Environmental Program, Man and Biosphere, Integrated Project in Arid Lands Technical Report No. E-4. Nairobi: UNEP/MAB.Google Scholar
Kruuk, H.(2002). Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between Carnivores and People. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krystufek, B. and Griffiths, H. I. (2003). Anatomy of a human: bear conflict: case study from Slovenia 1999–2000. In Living with Bears: A Large European Carnivore in a Shrinking World, ed. Krystufek, B., Flasman, B. and Griffiths, H. I.. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ecological Forum of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, pp. 127–153.Google Scholar
Kucherenko, S. P. (1970). The Amur tiger (present distribution and numbers). Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 2, 20–23. (In Russian)
Kucherenko, S. P.(1993). The price of tiger conservation. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 2, 16–19. (In Russian)
Kucherenko, S. P.(2001). Amur tigers at the turn of the century. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 4, 20–24. (In Russian)
Kumar, A. and Wright, B. (1999). Combating tiger poaching and illegal wildlife trade in India. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243–251.Google Scholar
Kumar, S. (2001). Compensation policies complicate wolf depredation conflicts. International Wolf, 11, 8–9.Google Scholar
Kunkel, K. E. (1997). Predation by wolves and other large carnivores in northwestern Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Kvam, T. (1996). Bestandsestimat for gaupe 1995–96. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Insitute for Nature Research.Google Scholar
Lahiri-Choudhury, D. (1993). Problems with wild elephant translocation. Oryx, 27, 53–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahm, S. A. (1994). A nation wide survey of crop-raiding by elephants and other species in Gabon. Pachyderm, 21, 69–77.Google Scholar
Laikipia Wildlife Forum (2004). http://www.//laikipia.org/
Lamb, B. L., Reading, R. P. and Andelt, W. F. (in press). Public attitudes and perceptions toward black-tailed prairie dogs. In Prairie Dog Conservation, ed. Hoogland, J. L.. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Landa, A. and Tømmerås, B. A. (1996). Do volatile repellents reduce wolverine Gulo gulo predation on sheep?Wildlife Biology, 2, 219–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A. and Tømmerås, B. A.(1997). A test of aversive agents on wolverines. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 510–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Strand, O., Swenson, J. E., and Skogland, T. (1997). Wolverines and their prey in southern Norway. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 1292–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Franzén, R., , T.et al. (1998a). Active wolverine Gulo gulo dens as a minimum population estimator in Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 4, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Krogstad, S, Tømmerås, B. Å., and Tufto, J. (1998b). Do volatile repellents reduce wolverine Gulo gulo predation on sheep? Results of a large-scale experiment. Wildlife Biology, 4, 111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Strand, O., Linnell, J. D. C. and Skogland, T. (1998c). Home range sizes and altitude selection for arctic foxes and wolverines in an alpine environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 448–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Gudvangen, K., Swenson, J. and Roskaft, E. (1999). Factors associated with wolverine predation on domestic sheep. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 963–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Tufto, J., Andersen, R. and Persson, J. (2000a). Reanalyse av aktive ynglehi hos jerv som bestandsestimator basert på nye data om alder for første yngling. Unpublished report. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Landa, A., Linnell, J. D. C., Lindén, M. et al. (2000b). Conservation of Scandinavian wolverines in ecological and political landscapes. In Mustelids in a Modern World: Management and Conservation Aspects of Small Carnivore–Human Interactions, ed. Griffiths, H. I.. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Landa, A., Lindén, M. and Kojola, I. (2000c). Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolverines in Europe (Gulo gulo). Nature and Environment Report No. 115. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Landry, J. -M. (1998). The Use of Guard Dogs in the Swiss Alps: A First Analysis, KORA Report No. 2. Muri, Switzerland: Coordinated Research Projects for the Protection and Management of Carnivores in Switzerland. Accessible at http://www.kora.unibe.chGoogle Scholar
Landry, J. -M.(2000). Testing livestock guard donkeys in the Swiss Alps. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 1, 6–7. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Landry, J. -M.(2001). The guard dog: protecting livestock and large carnivores. In Wildlife, Land, and People: Priorities for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Field, R., Warren, R. J., Okarma, H. and Sievert, P. R.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 209–121.Google Scholar
Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe (2002). Core group position statement on the use of hunting, and lethal control, as means of managing large carnivore populations. Accessible at http://www.large-carnivores-lcie.org
Larsson, K. and Forslund, P. (1992). Population dynamics of the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis in the Baltic area: density-dependent effects on reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 954–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasswell, H. D. and McDougal, M. S. (1992). Jurisprudence for a Free Society. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Laws, R., Parker, I. and Johnstone, R. (1975). Elephants and Their Habitats: The Ecology of Elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Le Fevre, A. M., Johnston, W. T., Bourne, F. J. et al. (2003). Changes in badger setts over the first three years of the randomized badger culling trial. Poster at Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Conference. Accessible at http://www.svepm.org.uk/Posters2003/poster_files/LeFevre.pdf
Leader-Williams, N. (2000). The effects of a century of policy and legal change upon wildlife conservation and utilization in Tanzania. In Conservation of Wildlife by Sustainable Use, ed. Prins, H. H. T., Grootenhuis, J. G. and Dolan, T. T.. Boston, MA: Kluwer, pp. 219–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leader-Williams, N. and Dublin, H. T. (2000). Charismatic megafauna as ‘flagship species’. In Has the Panda Had its Day? Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity, ed. Entwistle, A. and Dunstone, N.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53–81.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N. and Tibanyenda, R. K. (1996). The Live Bird Trade in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Albon, S. D. and Berry, P. S. M. (1990a). Illegal exploitation of black rhinoceros and elephant populations: patterns of decline, law enforcement and patrol effort in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27, 1055–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Harrison, J. and Green, M. J. B. (1990b). Designing protected areas to conserve natural resources. Science Progress, 74, 189–204.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L. (1996a). Tourist Hunting in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.(1996b). Community-Based Conservation in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Smith, R. J and Walpole, M. J. (2001). Elephant hunting and conservation. Science, 293, 2203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leader-Williams, N., Oldfield, T. E. E., Smith, R. J. and Walpole, M. J. (2002). Science, conservation and foxhunting. Nature, 419, 878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R. J. (2000). Impact of subsistence hunting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and conservation options. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 455–472.Google Scholar
LeFranc, M. N., Moss, M. B., Patnode, K. A. and Sugg, W. C. (1987). The Inter- agency Grizzly Bear Committee: Grizzly Bear Compendium. Missoula, MT: Office of the Grizzly Bear Recovery Coordinator.Google Scholar
Lehner, P. N. (1987). Repellents and conditioned avoidance. In Protecting Livestock from Coyotes, ed. Green, J. S.. Dubois, ID: US Department of Agriculture, pp.56–61.Google Scholar
Leopold, A. S. and Wolfe, T. O. (1970). Food habits of nesting wedge-tailed eagles in Southeastern Australia. CSIRO Wildlife Research, 15, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1964). The Raw and the Cooked: Introduction to a Science of Mythology. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Levin, M. (2002). How to prevent damage from large predators with electric fences. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 5–8. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. (1998). Procedures and expectations of the Conservation Bullet Certification. Unpublished report.
Lewis, D. M.(1999). Comparative Study of Factors Influencing ADMADE Success. USAID report. Lusaka: USAID.
Lewis, D. M.(2001). Wildlife Enterprise and Management Approaches in Sichifulo GMA: A Case Study Analysis. Lusaka: CONASA.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Alpert, P. (1997). Trophy hunting and wildlife conservation in Zambia. Conservation Biology, 11, 59–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Phiri, A. (1998). Wildlife snaring: an indicator of community response to a community-based conservation project. Oryx, 32, 111–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Tembo, N. (1999). Improving Food Security to Reduce Illegal Hunting of Wildlife. Lusaka: ADMADE.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Tembo, N.(2000). Non-conventional approaches to wildlife management in an African landscape. In Pretoria Game Producers Symposium, pp. 1–14.
Liberg, O. and Glöersen, G. (2000). Rapport fran lo- och varginventeringen 2000. Spånga, Sweden: Svenska Jägareforbundet. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Licht, D. S. (1997). Ecology and Economics of the Great Plains. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Linden, H. and Wikman, M. (1983). Goshawk predation on Tetraonids: availability of prey and diet of the predator in the breeding season. Journal of Animal Ecology, 52, 953–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, P. A. (2003). Conserving wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) outside state protected areas in South Africa: ecological, sociological and economic determinants of success. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Linhart, S. B., Roberts, J. D., Shumake, S. A. and Johnson, R. (1976). Avoidance of prey by captive coyotes punished with electric shock. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 7, 302–306.Google Scholar
Linhart, S. B., Roberts, J. D. and Dasch, G. J. (1982). Electric fencing reduces coyote predation on pastured sheep. Journal of Range Management, 53, 276–281. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linhart, S. B., Sterner, R. T., Dasch, G. J. and Theade, J. W. (1984). Efficacy of light and sound stimuli for reducing coyote predation upon pastured sheep. Protection Ecology, 6, 75–84.Google Scholar
Linhart, S. B., Dasch, G. J., Johnson, R. R., Roberts, J. D. and Packham, C. J. (1992). Electronic frightening devices for reducing coyote predation on domestic sheep: efficacy under range conditions and operational use. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 15, 386–392.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C. (2000). Taste aversive conditioning: a comment. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 4. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C. and Bjerke, T. (2002). Frykten for ulven: en tverrfaglig utredning. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 722, 1–109.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C. and Brøseth, H. (2003). Compensation for large carnivore depradation of domestic sheep 1994–2001. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 11–13.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Smith, M. E., Odden, J., Kaczensky, P. and Swenson, J. E. (1996). Strategies for the reduction of carnivore–livestock conflicts: a review. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 443, 1–118. (http://nidaros.nina.no/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/opm%20550.pdf)Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Aanes, R., Swenson, J. E., Odden, J. and Smith, M. E. (1997). Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 1245–1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, J., Smith, M. E., Aanes, R. and Swenson, J. E. (1999). Large carnivores that kill livestock: do problem individuals really exist?Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 698–705.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Andersen, R., Kvam, T.et al. (2001a). Home range size and choice of management strategy for lynx in Scandinavia. Environmental Management, 27, 869–879.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Swenson, J. E. and Andersen, R. (2001b) Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favorable. Animal Conservation, 4, 345–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Løe, J., Okarma, H.et al. (2002). The fear of wolves: a review of wolf attacks on humans. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 731, 1–65.Google Scholar
Litoroh, M. (1997). Shimba Hills Elephant Count. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Liverman, D. (1990). Vulnerability to global environmental change. In Understanding Global Environmental Change, ed. Kasperson, R. E.. Worcester, MA: The Earth Transformed Program, pp. 27–44.Google Scholar
Logan, K. A. and Sweanor, L. L. (2001) Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an Enduring Carnivore. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
London, J. (1913). White Fang. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Lonely Planet (2004). Lonely Planet Online. Accessible at http://www.lonelyplanet.com
Lopez, B. H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. R. (1985). Introducing Livestock-Guarding Dogs. Extension Circular No. 1224. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Extension Service.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. R. and Coppinger, L. (1986). Raising and Training a Livestock-Guarding Dog, Extension Circular No. 1238. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Extension Service.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. R., Coppinger, R. and Sutherland, M. R. (1986). Causes and economic effects of mortality in livestock guarding dogs. Journal of Range Management, 39, 293–295. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, B. (2001). An Umbrella, Multi-State Approach for the Conservation and Management of the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, in the United States. Cheyenne, WY: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Team.Google Scholar
Luce, R. J. (2003). A Multi-State Conservation Plan for the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, in the United States: An Addendum to the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Assessment and Strategy. Sierra Vista, AZ: Prairie Dog Conservation Team.Google Scholar
Lukarevsky, V. (2002). Saving the central Asian leopard in Turkmenistan. Russian Conservation News, 28, 25–26. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Lukarevsky, V.(2003). Saving the central Asian leopard in Turkmenistan. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 13–15.Google Scholar
Lynch, O. J. and Alcorn, J. B. (1994). Tenurial rights and community-based conservation. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, ed. Western, D. and Wright, R. M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 373–392.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. (1980). Rabies and Wildlife. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2004). Dramatis personae. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, ed. Macdonald, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mace, R. D. and Waller, J. S. (1996). Grizzly bear distribution and human conflicts in Jewel Basin Hiking Area, Swan Mountains, Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 461–467.Google Scholar
Mace, R. D. and Waller, J. S.(1998). Demography and population trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Conservation Biology, 12, 1005–1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKenzie, J. M. (1988). The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, K., Mishra, H. and Mott, J. (1999). Reconciling the needs of conservation and local communities: Global Environmental Facility support for tiger conservation in India. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307–315.Google Scholar
Madhusudan, M. D. (2003). Living amidst large wildlife: livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, southern India. Environmental Management, 31, 460–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhusudan, M. D. and Karanth, K. U. (2002). Local hunting and the conservation of large mammals in India. Ambio, 3, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhusudan, M. D. and Mishra, C. (2003). Why big, fierce animals are threatened: conserving large mammals in densely populated landscapes. In Battles over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation, ed. Saberwal, V. and Rangarajan, M.. New Delhi: Permanent Black, pp. 31–55.Google Scholar
Madzou, Y. C. (1999). Situation conflictuelle des éléphants à Bomassa. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Makin, J. (1968). The soils in the country around Shimba Hills Settlement, Kikoneni and Jombo Mountain. Unpublished report. Nairobi: Kenya Soil Survey Unit, Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Makombe, K. (ed.) (1994). Sharing the Land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa. IUCN/ROSA Environmental Issues Series No. 1. Harare: IUCN/ROSA.Google Scholar
Makombo, J. (2003). Responding to the challenge: how protected areas can best provide benefits beyond boundaries. A case study of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in western Uganda. Unpublished report. Kampala: Uganda Wildlife Authority.
Manfredo, M. and Dayer, A. (2004). Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human–wildlife conflict in a global context. Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management.CrossRef
Manfredo, M. J., Zinn, H. C., Sikorowski, L. and Jones, J. (1998) Public acceptance of mountain lion management: a case study of Denver, Colorado, and nearby foothill areas. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 964–970.Google Scholar
Manosa, S. (1994). Goshawk diet in a Mediterranian area of northeastern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research, 28, 84–92.Google Scholar
Manosa, S.(2002). Conflict between gamebird hunting and raptors in Europe. Accessible at http://www.uclm.es/irec/reghab/informes_3.htm
Maples, W. R., Maples, W. K., Greenhood, W. F. and Walek, M. L. (1976). Adaptations of crop-raiding baboons in Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 45, 309–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchini, S. (2002). Local public opinion about environment and socio-Economic development in the Pantanal. Unpublished report. Wildlife Conservation Society.
Marcstrom, V., Kenward, R. and Engren, E. (1998). The impact of predation on boreal tetraonids during vole cycles. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 859–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marker, L. L. (2000a). Donkeys protecting livestock in Namibia. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 7–8. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Marker, L. L.(2000b). Livestock guarding dogs. Unpublished panel report.
Marker, L. L., Dickman, A. J., Mills, M. G. L. and MacDonald, D. W. (2003a). Aspects of the management of cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus jubatus, trapped on Namibian farmland. Biological Conservation, 114, 000–000.Google Scholar
Marker, L. L., Dickman, A. J., Mills, M. G. L. and MacDonald, D. W.(2003b). Demography of the Namibian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus jubatus. Biological Conservation, 114, 000–000.Google Scholar
Marker, L. L., Mills, M. G. L. and MacDonald, D. W. (2003c). Factors influencing perceptions of conflict and tolerance towards cheetahs on Namibian farmlands. Conservation Biology, 17, 1290–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marker-Kraus, L. (1994). The Namibian free-ranging cheetah. Environmental Conservation, 21, 369–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marker-Kraus, L., Kraus, D., Barnett, D. and Hurlbut, S. (1996). Cheetah Survival on Namibian Farmlands. Windhoek: Cheetah Conservation Fund.Google Scholar
Markham, D. (1995). Guard Llamas. Kalispell, MT: International Llama Association. Accessible at http://www.internationalllama.orgGoogle Scholar
Marquiss, M., Madders, M., Irvine, J. and Carss, D. (2002). The Impact of White-Tailed Eagles on Sheep Farming on Mull, SEERAD Report No. ITE/004/99. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department.Google Scholar
Marquiss, M., Madders, M. and Carss, D. (2003). White-tailed eagles and lambs. In: Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C.. Edinburgh, UK: HMSO, pp. 471–480.Google Scholar
Marsh, R. E. (1984). Ground squirrels, prairie dogs, and marmots as pests on rangeland. In Proceedings of the Conference for Organization and Practice of Vertebrate Pest Control, Fernherst, UK, 30 August–3 September 1982, pp. 195–208.
Maryland (1997). A New Conservation Strategy for the Namibian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Study by the 1997 Problem Solving Team, Graduate Program in Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology. College Park, MD: University of Maryland.
Mascarenhas, A. (1971). Agricultural vermin in Tanzania. In Studies in East African Geography and Development, ed. Ominde, S. H.. London: Heinemann, pp. 259–267.Google Scholar
Mason, J. (1989). Avoidance of methiocarb-poisoned apples by red-winged blackbirds. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53, 836–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, J. R., Shivik, J. A. and Fall, M. W. (2001). Chemical repellents and other aversive strategies in predation management. Endangered Species Update, 18, 175–181.Google Scholar
Matchett, M. R. and O'Gara, B. W. (1987). Methods of controlling golden eagle predation on domestic sheep in Southwestern Montana. Journal of Raptor Research, 21, 85–94.Google Scholar
Matsuzawa, T., Hasegawa, Y., Gotoh, J. and Wada, K. (1983). One-trial long-lasting food-aversion learning in wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Behavioral and Neural Biology, 39, 155–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matyushkin, E. N., Pikunov, D. G., Dunishenko, Y. M. (1996). Numbers, Distribution, and Habitat Status of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East. Final report to the USAID Russian Far East Environmental Policy and Technology Project.
Matyushkin, E. N., Pikunov, D. G., Dunishenko, Y. M.(1999). Distribution and numbers of Amur tigers in the Russian Far East in the mid-1990s. In Rare Mammal Species of Russia and Neighboring Territories, ed. Aristova, A. A.. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences Therological Society, pp. 242–271. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Maveneke, T. (1996). The elephant's importance to CBCD: the CAMPFIRE example. In Rural Development and Conservation in Africa. African Resources Trust, pp. 31–33.
McDougal, C. (1987). The man-eating tiger in geographical and historical perspective. In Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species, ed. Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 435–448.Google Scholar
McDougal, C.(1999). Tiger attacks on people in Nepal. Cat News, 30, 9–10.Google Scholar
McDougal, C., Cotton, M., Barlow, A., Kumal, S., and Tamang, D. B. (2001). Tigers claim more human victims in Nepal. Cat News, 35, 2–3.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R. (ed.) (1995). War against the Wolf: America's Campaign to Exterminate the Wolf. Stillwater, MN: Voyaguer Press.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N. (1990). Relationships between human industrial activity and grizzly bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8, 57–64.Google Scholar
McLeod, W. T. (ed.) (1982), The New Collins Concise English dictionary. Glasgow, UK: Collins.Google Scholar
McNay, M. E. (2002). Wolf–human interactions in Alaska and Canada: a review of the case history. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 831–843.Google Scholar
McNeely, J. (1988). Economics and Biological Diversity: Developing and Using Economic Incentives to Conserve Biological Resources. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
McNeely, J.(1989). Protected areas and human ecology: how national parks can contribute to sustaining societies. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Western, D. and Pearl, M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 150–157.Google Scholar
McNeely, J.(ed.) (1993). Parks for Life: Report of the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
McNeely, J. A. and Miller, K. R. (eds.) (1984). National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A. and Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 3, 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, L. E. and Knowlton, F. F. (2000). Efficacy of guard llamas to reduce canine predation on domestic sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 614–622.Google Scholar
Mech, L. D. (1970). The Wolf: Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Mech, L. D.(1995). The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology, 9, 270–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mech, L. D. and Nelson, M. E. (2000). Do wolves affect white-tailed buck harvest in northeastern Minnesota? Journal of Wildlife Management, 64, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mech, L. D., Fritts, S. H. and Paul, W. J. (1988). Relationship between winter severity and wolf depredations on domestic animals in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 269–272.Google Scholar
Mech, L. D., Harper, E. K., Meier, T. J., and Paul, W. J. (2000). Assessing factors that may predispose Minnesota farms to wolf depredations on cattle. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 623–629.Google Scholar
Medellin, R. A., Equihua, C., Chetiewicz, C.et al. (eds.) (2002). El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.Google Scholar
Mehta, J. N. and Kellert, S. R. (1998). Local attitudes towards community-based conservation policy and programmes in Nepal: a case study in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area. Environmental Conservation, 25, 320–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, K. J. (1993). Politics and the Bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Menon, V., Sukumar, R. and Kumar, A. (1998). A God in Distress: Threats of Poaching and the Ivory Trade to the Asian Elephant in India. New Delhi: Wildlife Protection Society of India.Google Scholar
Meriggi, A. and Lovari, S. (1996). A review of wolf predation in southern Europe: does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock? Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 1561–1571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriam, C. H. (1902). The prairie dog of the Great Plains. In Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1901. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 257–270.Google Scholar
Mertens, A., Promberger, C. and Gheorge, P. (2002). Testing and implementing the use of electric fences for night corrals in Romania. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 2–5. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Messier, F. (1985). Solitary living and extraterritorial movements of wolves in relation to social ststus and prey abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 239–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messmer, T. (2000). The emergence of human–wildlife conflict management: turning challenges into opportunities. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 45, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B. and Reading, R. P. (2002). The black-tailed prairie dog: threats to survival and a plan for conservation. Wild Earth, 12, 46–55.Google Scholar
Miller, B., Wemmer, C., Biggins, D. and Reading, R. (1990). A proposal to conserve black-footed ferrets and the prairie dog ecosystem. Environmental Management, 14, 763–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B., Ceballos, G. and Reading, R. P. (1994). The prairie dog and biotic diversity. Conservation Biology, 8, 677–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B., Reading, R. P. and Forrest, S. (1996). Prairie Night: Black-Footed Ferrets and the Recovery of Endangered Species. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. J. and Jackson, R. (1994). Livestock and snow leopards, making room for cometing users on the Tibetan Plateau. In Proceedings of the 7th International Snow Leopard Symposium, ed. Fox, J. L. and Jizeng, D.. Seattle, WA: International Snow Leopard Trust.Google Scholar
Miller, L. E. (2002). Eat or Be Eaten: Predator Sensitive Foraging among Primates. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. and Cully, J. F. Jr (2001). Conservation of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 889–893.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. A. and Jackson, P. (1994). Killed for a Cure: A Review of the World-Wide Trade in Tiger Bone. Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC International.Google Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. (1990). Kalahari Hyaenas: Comparative Behavioural Ecology of Two Species. London: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. and Biggs, H. C. (1993). Prey apportionment and related ecological relationships between large carnivores in Kruger National Park. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 65, 253–268.Google Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. and Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers.Google Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. and Hofer, H. (1998). Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (1992). A model of incentives for the illegal exploitation of black rhinos and elephants: poaching pays in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 388–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Mace, R. (1998). Conservation of Biological Resources. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2001) Minnesota Wolf Management Plan. Grand Rapids, MN: Division of Wildlife in collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources(2003). Minnesota wolf management plan. Unpublished report from Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
Miquelle, D. G. and Pikunov, D. G. (2003). Status of the Amur tiger and Far Eastern leopard. In The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development, ed. Newell, J. P.. McKinleyville, CA: Daniel and Daniel, pp. 106–109.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G. and Smirnov, E. N. (1999). People and tigers in the Russian Far East: searching for the ‘coexistence recipe’. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 290–293.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Quigley, H. G.et al. (1996). Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Research, 1, 138–147.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Merrill, W. T. et al. (1999a). Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71–99.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Stevens, P. A., Smirnov, E. N., et al. (2005). Competitive exclusion, functional redundancy, and conservation implications: tigers and wolves in the Russian Far East. In Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity, ed. Ray, J., Berger, J., Redford, K. H. and Stereck, R.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 179–207.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Merrill, W. T., Dunishenko, Y. M. (1999b). A habitat protection plan for the Amur tiger: developing political and ecological criteria for a viable land-use plan. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 273–295.Google Scholar
Mishra, C. (1997). Livestock predation by large carnivores in the Indian Trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environmental Conservation, 24, 338–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, C., Madhusudan, M. D., Allen, P. and McCarthy, T. (2003). The role of incentive schemes in conserving the snow leopard, Uncia uncia. Conservation Biology, 17, 1512–1520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, H. R. (1984). A delicate balance: tigers, rhinoceros, tourists and park management vs. the needs of local people in the Royal Chitwan National Park. In National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, ed. McNeely, J. A. and Miller, K. R.. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 197–205.Google Scholar
Misra, M. (2003). Evolution, impact and effectiveness of domestic wildlife bans in India. In The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation, ed. Oldfield, S.. London: Earthscan, pp. 78–85.Google Scholar
Mizutani, F. (1993). Home range of leopards and their impact on livestock on Kenyan ranches. Symposia of Zoological Society of London, 65, 425–439.Google Scholar
Mizutani, F.(1999). Impact of leopards on a working ranch in Laikipia, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 37, 211–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mnene, R. (1992). Interaction between People and Wildlife around Shimba Hills National Reserve and Mwaluganje Forest. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Monaghan, P. and Wood-Gush, D. (1990). Managing the Behaviour of Animals. New York: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Mondolfi, E. and Hoogesteijn, R. (1986). Notes on the biology and status of the small wild cats in Veenzuela. In Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management, ed. Miller, S. D. and Everett, D. D.. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation, pp. 125–146.Google Scholar
Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (2003). Draft Montana gray wolf conservation and management plan. Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks Unpublished report.
Moss, A. H. (1903). Forest panther attack. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 15, 516.Google Scholar
Moss, C. J. (2001). The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya. Journal of Zoology, 255, 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moxey, A., White, B. and Ozanne, A. (1999). Efficient contract design for agrienvironmental policy. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50, 187–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mubalama, L. (1996). An Assessment of Crop Damage by Large Mammals in the Reserve de Faune à Okapis in the Ituri Forest, Zaire: With Special Emphasis on Elephants. Canterbury, UK: Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature.Google Scholar
Mubalama, L. and Hart, J. A. (1995). An Assessment of Crop Damage: Damage by Large Mammals in the Reserve de Faune à Okapis, Ituri Forest, Zaire: with a Special Emphasis on Elephants. Epulu: Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature.Google Scholar
Muchapondwa, E. (n.d.). Risk Management through Community-based Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Damage Insurance. Göteborg, Sweden: School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University.
Mueller, L. (1985). Cougar attack. Outdoor Life, 175, 108–111.Google Scholar
Mugisha, S. (1994). Land cover/use around Kibale National Park. Kampala: MUIENR and RS/GIS Laboratory.Google Scholar
Munn, L. C. (1993). Effects of prairie dogs on physical and chemical properties of soils. In Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret, ed. Oldemeyer, J. L., Biggins, D. E. and Miller, B. J.. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, pp. 11–17.Google Scholar
Murombedzi, J. (1992). Decentralization or Recentralization? Implementing CAMPFIRE in the Omay Communal Lands of the Nayminyami District. Harare: Centre for Applied Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Murombedzi, J.(2001). Committees, rights, costs and benefits: natural resource stewardship and community benefits in Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE programme. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 244–255.Google Scholar
Murphree, M. (1993). Communities as Resource Management Institutions, Gatekeeper Series No. 36. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Murphree, M.(1995). The Lesson from Mahenye: Rural Poverty, Democracy and Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife and Development Series No. 1. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Murphree, M.(2001). Community, council and client: a case study in ecotourism development from Mahenye, Zimbabwe. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 177–194.Google Scholar
Muruthi, P., Stanley-Price, M. R., Soorae, P., Moss, C. and Lanjouw, A. (2000). Conservation of large mammals in Africa: what lessons and challenges for the future? In Has the Panda Had Its Day? Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity, ed. Entwistle, A. and Dunstone, N.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Musgrove, A. J., Pollitt, M. S., Hall, C.et al. (2001). The Wetland Bird Survey 1999–2000: Wildfowl and Wader Counts. Slimbridge, UK: British Trust for Ornithology/Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust/Royal Society for the Protection of Birds/Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Musiani, M. and Visalberghi, E. (2001). Effectiveness of fladry on wolves in captivity. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 91–98.Google Scholar
Musiani, M., Mamo, C., Boitani, L.et al. (2003). Wolf depredation trends and the use of fladry barriers to project livestock in Western North America. Conservation Biology, 17, 1538–1547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musters, C. J. M., Kruk, M., Graaf, H. J. and Terkeurs, W. J. (2001). Breeding birds as a farm product. Conservation Biology, 15, 363–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwathe, K. M. (1992). A preliminary report on elephant crop damage in areas bordering Shimba Hills National Reserve. Unpublished report. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service Elephant Program.
Nash, R. F. (1989). The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nass, R. D. and Theade, J. (1988). Electric fences for reducing sheep losses to predators. Journal of Range Management, 41, 251–252. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nass, R. D., Lynch, G. and Theade, J. (1984). Circumstances associated with predation rates on sheep and goats. Journal of Range Management, 37, 423–426. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Agriculture Statistics Service (2001a). Cattle and Calf Loss in 2000. Washington, DC: Agricultural Board, US Department of Agriculture.
National Agriculture Statistics Service(2001b). Sheep and Lamb Loss in 2000. Washington, DC: Agricultural Board, US Department of Agriculture.
National Environment Action Plan Secretariat (1995). National Environmental Action Plan for Uganda. Kampala: Ministry of Natural Resources.
National Goose Forum (1997a). NGF3/97 Development of a National Policy Framework. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING1/NGF03_97.pdf
National Goose Forum(1997b). NGF2/97 Terms of reference and membership. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING1/NGF02_97.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998a). NGF10/98 Review of management techniques and habitat creation. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING3/NGF10_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998b). NGF14/98 Goose management in other european countries. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING4/NGF14_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998c). NGF9/98 Population viability analyses: theoretical basis. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING3/NGF09_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998d). NGF16/98 The viability of goose populations wintering in Scotland: a population viability analysis approach. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING4/NGF16_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998e). NGF19/98 Management arrangements for geese. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING5/NGF19_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1999). NGF4/99 Options for the delivery of future goose management schemes. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING6/NGF04_99.pdf
National Goose Forum(2000). Policy report and recommendations of the National Goose Forum. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/ngf-00.asp
National Goose Management Review Group (2000). NGMRG report on proposals submitted by Local Goose Management Groups. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library3/environment/ngmrg-00.asp
National Trust (1993). The Conservation and Management of Red Deer in the West Country. Unpublished report to the Council of the National Trust by the Deer Working Party.
National Wildlife Federation (1998). Petition for Rule Listing the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) as Threatened throughout its Range. Denver, CO: US Fish Wildlife Service Region 6.
Naughton-Treves, L. (1996). Uneasy neighbors: wildlife and farmers around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Naughton-Treves, L.(1997). Farming the forest edge: vulnerable places and people around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Geographical Review, 87, 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L.(1998). Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology, 12, 156–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L.(1999). Whose animals? A history of property rights to wildlife in Toro, western Uganda. Land Degradation and Development, 10, 311–328.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L.(2001). Farmers, wildlife and the forest fringe. In African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation, ed. Weber, A., White, L., Vedder, A. and Naughton-Treves, L.. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 369–284.Google Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A., Chapman, C. and Wrangham, R. (1998). Temporal patterns of crop-raiding by primates: linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 596–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A. (1999). The Social Dimension of Human–Elephant Conflict in Africa: A Literature Review and Case Studies from Uganda and Cameroon. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group.Google Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A.(2000). The spatial and social dimensions of human–elephant conflict in Africa: case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. Accessible at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/hectf/pdfs/hecugcarev.pdf
Naughton-Treves, L., Mena, J. L., Treves, A., Alvarez, N. and Radeloff, V. C. (2003a). Wildlife survival beyond park boundaries: the impact of swidden agriculture and hunting on mammals in Tambopata, Peru. Conservation Biology, 17, 1106–1117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Grossberg, R. and Treves, A. (2003b). Paying for tolerance: the impact of depredation and compensation payments on rural citizens' attitudes toward wolves. Conservation Biology, 17, 1500–1511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nchanji, A. C. and Lawson, D. P. (1998). A survey of elephant crop damage around the Banyang-Mbo wildlife sanctuary, 1993–1996. Yaoundé: Cameroon Biodiversity Project and Wildlife Conservation Society.
Nelson, R. (1997). Heart and Blood: Living Together with Deer in North America. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Nemtzov, S. C. (2003). A short-lived wolf depredation compensation program in Israel. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 16–17.Google Scholar
Nepal, S. K. and Weber, K. E. (1993). Struggle for Existence: Park–People Conflict in the Royal Chitwan National Park. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
New, T. R. (1994). Butterfly ranching: sustainable use of insects and sustainable benefits to habitats. Oryx, 28, 169–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (2005). Home pages. Accessible at http://www.gmshs.state.nm.us
Newby, F. and Brown, R. (1958). A new approach to predator management in Montana. Montana Wildlife, 8, 22–27.Google Scholar
Newmark, W. D. (1995). Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology, 9, 512–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D.(1996). Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology, 10, 1549–1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D., Leonard, N. L., Sariko, H. I. and Gamassa, D. -G. M. (1993). Conservation attitudes of local people living adjacent to five protected areas in Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 63, 177–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D., Manyanza, D. N., Gamassa, D. and Sariko, H. (1994). The conflict between wildlife and local people living adjacent to protected areas in Tanzania: human density as a predictor. Conservation Biology, 8, 249–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, I. (1979). Population Ecology of Raptors. London: Poyser.Google Scholar
Newton, I.(1998). Population Limitation in Birds. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Nicanor, N. (2001). Practical Strategies for Pro-Poor Tourism: NACOBTA the Namibian Case Study, PRo-Poor Tourism Working Paper No. 4. London: Centre for Responsible Tourism/International Institute for Environment and Development/Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Nielsen, O. K. (1999). Gyrfalcon predation on ptarmigan: numerical and functional responses. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 1034–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemeyer, X. Y. Z. (1995). Control of endangered gray wolves in Montana. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H., and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 127–134.Google Scholar
Niemeyer, X. Y. Z.(1998). Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 785–798.Google Scholar
Nikolaev, I. G. (1985). Last winter's loss of tigers. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 9, 18–19. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Nikolaev, I. G. and Yudin, V. G. (1993). Tiger and man in conflict situations. Bull. Mosk. Obschestva Ispytateley Priorody. Otd. Biol. V., 98, 23–26.Google Scholar
Nolte, D., Farley, J., Campbell, D., Epple, G. and Mason, J. (1993). Potential repellents prevent mountain beaver damage. Pesticide Science, 12, 624–626.Google Scholar
Norton-Griffiths, M. and Southey, C. (1995). The opportunity costs of biodiversity conservation in Kenya. Environmental Economics, 12, 125–139.Google Scholar
Nowack, R. (1991). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Nowak, R. (1995). Another look at wolf taxomony. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H., and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 375–397.Google Scholar
Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Cambridge, UK: Burlington Press.Google Scholar
Nunez, R., Miller, B. and Lindzey, F. (2002). Ecology of jaguars in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 107–127.Google Scholar
Nybakk, K., Kjelvik, O., Kvam, T., Overskaug, K. and Sunde, P. (2002). Mortality of semi-domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus in central Norway. Wildlife Biology, 8, 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhus, P., Tilson, R. and Sumianto, (2000). Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra Indonesia. Oryx, 34, 262–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhus, P., Fischer, H., Madden, F. and Osofsky, S. (2003). Taking the bite out of wildlife damage: the challenges of wildlife compensation schemes. Conservation Biology, 4, 37–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakleaf, J. K. (2002). Wolf–cattle interactions and habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the northwestern United States. M. S. thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
Oakleaf, J. K., Mack, C. and Murray, D. L. (2003). Effects of wolves on livestock calf survival and movements in central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management, 67, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, J. F. (1999). Myth and Reality in the Rainforest: How Conservation Strategies are Failing in West Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
O'Connell-Rodwell, C., Rodwell, T., Rival, L. and Hart, L. (2000). Living with the modern conservation paradigm: can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants?Biological Conservation, 93, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odden, J., Linnell, J. D. C., Moa, P. F.et al. (2002). Lynx depredation on domestic sheep in Norway. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66, 98–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oerke, E. C., Dehne, H. W., Schonbeck, F. and Weber, A. (1995). Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ogada, M. O., Woodroffe, R., Oguge, N. and Frank, L. G. (2003). Limiting depredation by African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17, 1521–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogutu, J. O. and Dublin, H. T. (2002). Demography of lions in relation to prey and habitat in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 120–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okarma, H. and Jedrzejewski, W. (1997). Livetrapping wolves with nets. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25, 78–82.Google Scholar
Okwemba, A. (2004). Proposal to reduce parks' sizes. Daily Nation, 18 March, 2.
Oldfield, T. E. E., Smith, R. J., Harrop, S. R. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Field sports and conservation in the United Kingdom. Nature, 423, 531–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oli, M. K. (1991). The ecology and conservation of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. M.Phil. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Oli, M. K., Taylor, I. R. and Rogers, M. E. (1994). Snow leopard predation of livestock: an assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Biological Conservation, 68, 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira, T. G. de. (1992). Ecology and conservation of neotropical felids. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Olsen, J. W. (1985). Prehistoric dogs in mainland East Asia. In Origins of the Domestic dog: The Fossil Record, ed. Olsen, S. J.. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 47–70.Google Scholar
Olsen, L. (1991). Compensation: giving a break to ranchers and bears. Western Wildlands, Spring, 25–29.Google Scholar
Olsson, O., Wirtberg, J., Andersson, M. and Wirtberg, I. (1997). Wolf predation on moose and roe-deer in south-central Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 3, 13–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Meilia, M. E., Knopf, F. L. and Lewis, J. C. (1982). Some consequences of competition between prairie dogs and beef cattle. Journal of Range Management, 35, 580–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orejuela, J. and Jorgenson, J. (1999). Spectacle bear conservation action plan: Colombia. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 179–181.Google Scholar
Orford, H. J. L., Perrin, M. R. and Berry, H. H. (1988). Contraception, reproduction and demography of free-ranging Etosha lions. Journal of Zoology, 216, 717–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, F. V. (1998). The ecology of crop-raiding elephants in Zimbabwe. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Osborn, F. V.(2002a). Capsicum oleoresin as an elephant repellent: field trials in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66, 674–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, F. V.(2002b). Elephant-induced change in woody vegetation and its impact on elephant movements out of a protected area in Zimbabwe. Pachyderm, 33, 50–57.Google Scholar
Osborn, F. V. and Parker, G. E. (2002). Community-based methods to reduce crop loss to elephants: experiments in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Pachyderm, 33, 32–38.Google Scholar
Osborn, F. V. and Parker, G. E.(2003). Towards an integrated approach for reducing the conflict between elephants and people: a review of current research. Oryx, 37, 80–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, F. V. and Welford, L. (1997). Living with Elephants: A Manual for Wildlife Managers in the SADC Region. Liloagwe, Malawi: Southern African Development Community/Natural Resources Management Programme.Google Scholar
Osmaston, H. A. (1959). Working Plan for the Kibale and Itwara Central Forest Reserves, Toro District, W. Province, Uganda. Kampala: Forest Department, Uganda Protectorate.Google Scholar
Östergren, A., Bergström, M. -R., Attergaard, H., From, J. and Mellquist, H. (1998). Wolverine, Lynx and Wolf in the Reindeer Husbandry Area of Sweden: Results from the 1998 Inventory. Umeå, Sweden: Länsstyrelsen i Västerbotten, Meddelande 3. (In Swedish with English summary)
Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C. B., Norgaard, R. B. and Policansky, D. (1999). Sustainability: revisiting the commons. Science, 284, 278–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottichilo, W. K. (2001). Population trends of resident wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus hecki (Neumann)) and factors influencing them in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 97, 271–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Outwater, A. (1996). Water: A Natural History. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Owen, M. (1971). The selection of feeding site by white-fronted geese in winter. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8, 905–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M.(1977). The role of wildfowl refuges on agricultural land in lessening the conflict between farmers and geese in Britain. Biological Conservation, 11, 209–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M.(1980). The role of refuges in wildfowl management. In Bird Problems in Agriculture, ed. Wright, E. N., Inglis, I. R. and Feare, C. J.. London: British Crop Protection Council, pp. 144–156.Google Scholar
Owen, M.(1990). The damage-conservation interface illustrated by geese. Ibis, 132, 238–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M. and Black, J. M (1991). Geese and their future fortunes. Ibis, 133 (suppl. 1), 28–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M. and Norderhaug, M. (1977). Population dynamics of barnacle geese breeding in Svalbard. Ornis Scandinavia, 8, 161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M., Black, J. M., Agger, M. K. and Campbell, C. R. G. (1987). The use of the Solway Firth, Britain, by barnacle geese Branta leucopsis Bechst. in relation to refuge establishment and increases in numbers. Biological Conservation, 39, 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packer, C., Herbst, L., Pusey, A. E. et al. (1988). Reproductive success of lions. In Reproductive Success, ed. Clutton-Brock, T. H.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Palomares, F. and Caro, T. (1999). Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist, 153, 492–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palomares, F., Gaona, P., Ferreras, P. and Delibes, M. (1995). Positive effects on game species of top predators by controlling smaller predator populations: an example with lynx, mongooses and rabbits. Conservation Biology, 9, 295–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panwar, H. S. (1987). Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers and their future. In Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species, ed. Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 110–117.Google Scholar
Parker, I. and Bleazard, S. (2001). An Impossible Dream. Elgin, UK: Librario Press.Google Scholar
Parker, I. S. C. and Graham, A. D. (1989a). Elephant decline. I: Downward trends in African elephant distribution and numbers. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 34, 287–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, I. S. C. and Graham, A. D.(1989b). Man, elephants and competition. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 61, 241–252.Google Scholar
Patterson, I. J. (1991). Conflict between geese and agriculture: does goose grazing cause damage to crops? Ardea, 79, 179–186.Google Scholar
Patterson, I. J. and Cosgrove, P. J. (1997). Monitoring of a goose management scheme for the Strathbeg area. Unpublished report. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Grampian Area No. GR/97/006.
Patterson, I. J. and Fuchs, R. M. E. (2001). The use of nitrogen fertilizer on alternative grassland feeding refuges for pink-footed geese in spring. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 637–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, I. J., Abdul Jalil, S. and East, M. L. (1989). Damage to winter cereals by greylag and pink-footed geese in north-east Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 879–895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, J. H. (1907). The Maneaters of Tsavo. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Patton, D. L. H. and Frame, J. (1981). The effect of grazing in winter by wild geese on improved grasslands in West Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 311–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, W. J. and Gipson, P. S.. (1994). Wolves. In Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 123–129.Google Scholar
Pearl, M. C. (1994). Local initiatives and the rewards of biodiversity conservation: Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, ed. Western, D. and Wright, R. M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 193–214.Google Scholar
Pearson, E. W. and Caroline, M. (1981). Predator control in relation to livestock losses in central Texas. Journal of Range Management, 34, 435–441. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, V., Linnell, J. D. C., Andersen, R.et al. (1999). Winter lynx predation on semi-domestic reindeer in northern Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 5, 203–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, S. M. (1993). The effects of reseeding, fertiliser application and disturbance on the use of grassland by barnacle geese, and the implications for refuge management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 437–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, S. M. and Houston, D. C. (1992). The effect of winter grazing by barnacle geese on grassland yields on Islay. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, S. M., Halpin, Y. and Houston, D. C. (1997). Managing the distribution of barnacle geese on Islay, Scotland, through deliberate human disturbance. Biological Conservation, 82, 273–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, J. (2003). Population ecology of Scandinavian wolverines. Ph.D. thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
Peterson, R. (1999) Wolf–moose interactions on Isle Royale: the end of natural regulation?Ecological Applications, 9, 10–16.Google Scholar
Pettifor, R. A., Black, J. M., Owen, M., Rowcliffe, J. M. and Patterson, D. (1998). Growth of the Svalbard barnacle goose Branta leucopsis winter population 1958–1996: an initial review of temporal demographic changes. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter, 200, 147–164.Google Scholar
Peyton, B. (1999). Spectacled bear conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 157–198.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, W. K. and Goos, W. W. (1982). Guard dogs and gas exploders as coyote depredation control tools in North Dakota. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 10, 55–61.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. (1995). Conserving the red wolf. Canid News, 3, 13–17.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. K., Bangs, E. E., Mech, L. D., Kelly, B. T. and Fazio, B., (2004). Living alongside canids: lessons from the extermination and recovery of red and grey wolves in the contiguous United States. In The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, ed. MacDonald, D. and Sillero, C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, R. L. and Blom, F. S. (1988). Distribution and magnitude of eagle/livestock conflicts in the United States. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 13, 241–244.Google Scholar
Picozzi, N. (1978). Dispersion, breeding and prey of the hen harrier in Glen Dye. Ibis, 120, 489–509.Google Scholar
Pierce, B. M., Bleich, V. C., Wehausen, J. D. and Bowyer, R. T. (1999). Migratory patterns of mountain lions: implications for social regulation and conservation. Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 986–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitman, M. R. P. L., Oliveira, T. G., Paula, R. C. and Indrusiak, C. (2002). Manual de identificacao, prevencao e controle de predacao por carnivos. Brasilia: IBAMA.Google Scholar
Pitt, J. (1988). Des chiens ‘montagne des Pyrénées’ pour la protection des troupeaux ovins en région Rhône Alpes. Paris: Institut technique de l'élevage ovin et caprin.Google Scholar
Playne, S. (1909). East Africa: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources. London: Unwin Bros.Google Scholar
Pletscher, D. H., Ream, R. R., Boyd, D. K., Fairchild, M. W. and Kunkel, K. E. (1997). Population dynamics of a recolonizing wolf population. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 459–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumptre, A. J. and Bizumuremyi, J. B. (1996). Ungulates and Hunting in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Polisar, J., Maxit, I., Scognamillo, D.et al. (2003). Jaguars, pumas, their prey base and cattle ranching: ecological interpretations of a management problem. Biological Conservation, 109, 297–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, J. (1966). Wolves and Were-Wolves. London: Robert Hale.Google Scholar
Porter, P. and Sheppard, E. S. (1998). A World of Difference. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Porter, P. W. (1976). Agricultural Development and Agricultural Vermin in Tanzania. Boston, MA: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
Porter, P. W.(1979). Food and Development in the Semi-Arid Zone of East Africa. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Porter, P. W, and Sheppard, E. S. (1998). A World of Difference. New York: Euilford Press.Google Scholar
Potts, G. R. (1998). Global dispersion of nesting hen harriers: implications for grouse moors in the UK. Ibis, 140, 76–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulle, M. -L., Dahier, T., de Beaufort, R. and Durand, C. (2000). Conservation du loup en France, Programme Life-Nature, rapport final 1997–1999.
Prairie Dog Coalition (2002). Prairie dog summit forms coalition. Prairie Dog Tales, 1, 1.
Prance, G. T. and Schaller, G. B. (1982). Preliminary study of some vegetation types of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brittonia, 34, 228–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Predator Conservation Alliance (2001). Restoring the Prairie Dog Ecosystem of the Great Plains: Learning from the Past to Ensure the Prairie Dog's Future. Bozeman, MT: Predator Conservation Alliance.
Prezhewalski, N. M. (1870). Travelling in Ussuriisky Krai, 1867–1869. St Petersburg: Tipografiya N. Nekludova.Google Scholar
Price Waterhouse (1996). The trophy hunting industry: an African perspective. In Tourist Hunting in Tanzania, ed. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 9–11.Google Scholar
Priston, N. E. C. (2001). Assessment of crop damage by Macaca ochreata brunnescens in Southeast Sulawesis: a farmer's perspective. Undergraduate thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Quammen, D. (2003). Monster of God: The Man-Eating Predator in the Jungles of History and the Mind. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Quigley, H. and Crawshaw, P. G. (1992). A conservation plan for the jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal region of Brazil. Biological Conservation, 61, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, A. (1986). Jaguar predation on domestic livestock in Belize. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 14, 170–174.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A.(1995). Jaguar conflict and conservation, a strategy for the future. In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future, ed. Bissonette, J. A. and Krausman, P. R.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 394–397.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A.(1999). The present status of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Southwestern United States. Southwestern Naturalist, 44, 96–100.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A.(2000). Jaguar: One Man's Struggle to Establish the World's First Jaguar Preserve. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A. and Nottingham, B. G. (1986). Ecology and behavior of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America. Journal of Zoology, 210, 149–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajpurohit, K. S. (1999). Child lifting: wolves in Hazaribagh, India. Ambio, 28, 162–166.Google Scholar
Rajpurohit, K. S. and Krausman, P. R. (2000). Human–sloth-bear conflicts in Madhya Pradesh, India. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 393–399.Google Scholar
Rangarajan, M. (2001). India's Wildlife History: An Introduction. New Delhi: Permanent Black.Google Scholar
Rasker, R. and Freese, C. (1995). Wildlife in the marketplace: opportunities and problems. In Wildlife Conservation Policy, ed. Geist, V. and McTaggert-Cowan, I.. Calgary, Alberta: pp. 177–204.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, G. (1999). Livestock predation by the painted hunting dog in a cattle ranching region of Zimbabwe: a case study. Biological Conservation, 88, 133–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratnaswamy, M. J., Warren, R. J., Kramer, M. T. and Adam, M. D. (1997). Comparisons of lethal and nonlethal techniques to reduce raccoon depredation of sea turtle nests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 368–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raveneau, A. and Daveze, J. (1994). Le Livre de l'âne. Paris: Editions Rustica.Google Scholar
Ray, J. C., Berger, J., Redford, K. H. and Steneck, R. (in press). Large Carnivores and Biodiversity: Does Saving One Conserve the Other?Washington, DC: Island Press.
Raynor, R., Strachan, R. and McClellan, A. (1996). The Loch of Strathbeg Goose Management Scheme Part 1. A final report on the scheme for the period 1994 to 1996. Unpublished report. Scottish Natural Heritage, North-East Area No. NE/96/037.
Reading, R. P. (1993). Toward an endangered species reintroduction paradigm: a case study of the black-footed ferret. Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Reading, R. P. and Kellert, S. R. (1993). Attitudes toward a proposed black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) reintroduction. Conservation Biology, 7, 569–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reading, R. P., Miller, B. J. and Kellert, S. R. (1999). Values and attitudes toward prairie dogs. Anthrozoös, 12, 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ream, R. R., Fairchild, M. W., Boyd, D. K. and Blakesley, A. J., (1989). First wolf den in western United States in recent history. Northwest Naturalist, 70, 39–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. (1991). The impact of hen harriers on red grouse breeding success. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28, 659–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. and Thirgood, S. (1997). Birds of Prey and Red Grouse. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Redpath, S. and Thirgood, S.(1999). Numerical and functional responses in generalist predators: hen harriers and peregrines on Scottish grouse moors. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 879–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. and Thirgood, S.(2003). The impact of hen harrier predation on red grouse: linking models with field data. In Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C.. Edinburgh, UK: Stationery Office, pp. 499–511.Google Scholar
Redpath, S. M., Thirgood, S. J. and Leckie, F. M. (2001). Does supplementary feeding reduce harrier predation on red grouse?Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 1157–1168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. M., Thirgood, S. J. and Clarke, R. (2002). Field vole abundance and hen harrier diet and breeding in Scotland. Ibis, 144, E130–E138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S., Arroyo, B., Leckie, F.et al. (2004). Using decision modelling to resolve human–wildlife conflicts: a raptor–grouse case study. Conservation Biology, 18, 350–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeve, R. (2000). Eselenkei Community Conservation Project. Nairobi: International Fund for Animal Welfare.Google Scholar
Regeringen (2000). Sammanhållen Rovdjurspolitik, Regeringens proposition No. 2000/01:57. Stockholm: Regeringen. (In Swedish)
Reid, D. G. and Gong, J. (1999). Giant panda conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 241–254.Google Scholar
Reif, V., Tornberg, R., Jungell, S. and Korpimaki, E. (2001). Diet variation of common buzzards in Finland supports the alternative prey hypothesis. Ecography, 24, 267–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiger, J. F. (1986). American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Reiter, D. K., Brunson, M. W. and Schmidt, R. H. (1999). Public attitudes toward wildlife damage management and policy. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 746–758.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya (1977). The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya(1989). The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act Amended. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Reynolds, J. C. and Tapper, S. C. (1996). Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation. Mammal Review, 26, 127–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, J. C., Goddard, H. N. and Brockless, M. H. (1993). The impact of local fox (Vulpes vulpes) removal on fox populations at two sites in southern England. Gibier Faune Sauvage, 10, 319–334.Google Scholar
Rigg, R. (2001). Livestock Guarding Dogs: Their Current Use World Wide, IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Occasional Paper No. 1. Accessible at http://www.canids.org/occasionalpapers/
Rijksen, H. D. and Meijaard, E. (1999). Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang Utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rilling, S., Kelly, L., Lindquist, H., Scully, K. and Moriarty, D. (2002). Effectiveness of a fladry in captive wolves. Proceedings of the Defenders of Wildlife's Carnivores 2002, 253.Google Scholar
Risley, E. H. (1966). An urgent plea for a national park to be created in the Shimba Hills. Africana, 9, 6–8.Google Scholar
Ritter, D. G. (1981). Rabies in Alaskan furbearers: a review. In 6th North American Furbearer Conference, Fairbanks, AK, 10–11 April 1991.Google Scholar
Robel, R. J., Dayton, A. D., Henderson, R. R., Meduna, R. L. and Spaeth, C. W. (1981). Relationship between husbandry methods and sheep losses to canine predators. Journal of Wildlife Management, 45, 894–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, P. A., Park, K. J. and Barton, A. F. (2001). Loss of heather moorland in the Scottish uplands: the role of red grouse management. Wildlife Biology, 7, 11–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, S. A. and Luke, W. R. W. (1993). Coast Forest Survey, Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya and World Wildlife Fund.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. G. (1993). Limits to caring: sustainable living and the loss of biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 7, 20–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, W. A. and Lobo, W. D. (1982). Elephant control and legal ivory exploitation, 1920–1976. Tanganyika Notes and Records, 85, 25–54.Google Scholar
Roe, D., Leader-Williams, N. and Dalal-Clayton, D. B. (1997). Take Only Photographs, Leave Only Footprints: The Environmental Impacts of Wildlife Tourism. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Roe, D., Grieg-Ryan, M. and Schalken, W. (2001). Getting the Lion's Share from Tourism: Private Sector Community Partnerships in Namibia. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Rollins, K. and Briggs, H. C. (1996). Moral hazard, externalities, and compensation for crop damages from wildlife. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31, 368–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rondeau, D. and Bulte, E. H. (2003). Compensation for Wildlife Damage: Habitat Conversion, Species Preservation and Local Welfare, REPA Working Paper No. 2003–01, revised 7 April 2004. Victoria, British Columbia: Department of Economics, University of Victoria.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, T. (1926). Through the Brazilian Wilderness. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Roper, T. J., Findlay, S. R., Lups, P. and Sheperdson, J. (1995). Damage by badgers Meles meles to wheat Triticum vulgare and barlery Hordeum sativum crops. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 720–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblum, M. and Williamson, D. (1987). Squandering Eden. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Røskaft, E., Bjerke, T., Kaltenborn, B. P. and Linnell, J. D. C. (2003). Patterns of self reported fear towards large carnivores among the Norwegian public. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 24, 184–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, P. (1998). Crocodiles: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Ross, P. I., Jalkotzy, M. G. and Gunson, J. R. (1996). The quota system of cougar harvest management in Alberta. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 490–494.Google Scholar
Rouget, M., Cowling, R. M., Pressey, R. L. and Richardson, D. M. (2003). Identifying spatial components of ecological and evolutionary processes for regional conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Diversity and Distributions, 9, 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousselot, M. -C. and Pitt, J. (1999). Guide pratique du chien de protection. Paris: Institut technique de l'élevage ovin et caprin.Google Scholar
Rowcliffe, J. M., Pettifor, R. A. and Mitchell, C. R. (2000). Icelandic Population of the Greylag Goose (Anser anser): The Collation and Statistical Analysis of Data and Population Viability Analyses. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage.Google Scholar
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (1996). Wild Geese and Agriculture in Scotland, RSPB response to Scottish Office Discussion Paper. Edinburgh, UK: RSPB.
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and British Association for Shorting and Conservation (1998). NGF12/98 Geese and local economies in Scotland: a report to the National Goose Forum by RSPB and BASC. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING4/NGF12_98.pdf.
Rudacille, D. (1998). Activism for animals. In Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, ed. Beckoff, M. and Meaney, C. A.. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 1–3.Google Scholar
Runte, A. (1987). National Parks: The American Experience. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Saberwal, V. K., Gibbs, J. P., Chellam, R. and Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). Lion–human conflict in the Gir Forest, India. Conservation Biology, 8, 501–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, B. N. (1996). Ecology and behavior of coyotes in relation to depredation and control on a California sheep ranch. M.S. thesis, University California, Berkeley, CA.
Sacks, B. N. and Neale, J. C. C. (2002). Foraging strategy of generalist predator toward a special prey: coyote predation on sheep. Ecological Applications, 12, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, B. N., Blejwas, K. M. and Jaeger, M. M. (1999a). Relative vulnerability of coyotes to removal methods on a northern California ranch. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 939–949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, B. N., Jaeger, M. M., Neale, J. C. C. and McCullough, D. R. (1999b). Territoriality and breeding status of coyotes relative to sheep predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 593–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saenz, J. C. and Carrillo, E. (2002). Jaguares depredators de Ganado en Costa Rica: Un problema sin solution? In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 127–139.Google Scholar
Sæther, B. E., Engen, S., Swenson, J. E, Bakke, Ø. and Sandegren, F. (1998). Assessing the viability of Scandinavian brown bear, Ursus arctos, populations: the effects of uncertain parameter estimates. Oikos, 83, 403–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safari Consultants (2004). http://www.safariconsultants.com.
Safety in Bear Country Society (2001). Staying Safe in Bear Country. Available at http://www.magiclantern.ca. at (video)
Sagør, J. T., Swenson, J. E., and Roskaft, E. (1997). Compatibility of brown bear Ursus arctos and free-ranging sheep in Norway. Biological Conservation, 81, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saj, T., Sicotte, P. and Paterson, J. (2001). The conflict between vervet monkeys and farmers at the forest edge in Entebbe, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 195–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandegren, F. and Swenson, J. (1997). Björnen: viltet, ekologin och människan. Stockholm: Svenska Jägareförbundet. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Sandell, M. (1989). The mating tactics and spacing behaviour of solitary carnivores. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, ed. Gittleman, J. L.. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 164–182.Google Scholar
Sanderson, E. W., Redford, K. H., Chetkiewicz, C. B.et al. (2002). Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model. Conservation Biology, 16, 58–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santiapillai, C. and Jackson, P. (1990). The Asian Elephant: An Action Plan for its Conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Sanyal, P. (1987). Managing the man-eaters in the Sundarbans tiger reserve of India: a case study. In Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species, ed. Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 427–434.Google Scholar
Sathyakumar, S. (1999). Asiatic black bear conservation action plan: India. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 202–206.Google Scholar
Saunders, G., McIlroy, J., Berghout, M.et al. (2002). The effects of induced sterility on the territorial behaviour and survival of foxes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 56–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, N. J. 1989. People of the Jaguar: The Living Spirit of Ancient America. London: Souvenir Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, N. J.(1991). The Cult of the Cat. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Schaller, G. B. (1967). The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schaller, G. B.(1983). Mammals and their biomass on a brazilian ranch. Arquivos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 31, 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, G. B. and Crawshaw, P. (1980). Movement patterns of jaguar. Biotropica, 12, 161–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, G. B., Jinchu, H., Wenshi, P. and Jing, Z. (1985). The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schiaffino, K., Malmierca, L. and Perovic, P. G. (2002). Depredacion de credos domesticos por jaguar en un area rural vecina a un parque nacional en el noreste de Argentina. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 251–265.Google Scholar
Schusler, T. M. and Decker, D. J. (2002). Engaging local communities in wildlife management area planning: an evaluation of the Lake Onterio Islands search conference. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 1226–1237.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. W. (1999). Choosing the appropriate scale of reserves for conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 83–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scognamillo, D., Maxit, I., Sunquist, M. and Farrell, L. (2002). Ecologia del jaguar y el problema de la depredación de ganado en un hato de Los Llanos venezolanos. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 139–151.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. (1976). The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, J. P. and Fuller, J. L. (1965). Genetics and the Social Behaviour of the Dog. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Scottish Executive Envirionment and Rural Affairs Department (2002). Agriculture Facts and Figures 2002. Accessible at http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/library5/agri/afaf-00.asp
Scottish Natural Heritage (1998). Good Practice for Grouse Moor Management. Edinburgh, UK: SNH.
Scottish Natural Heritage(2002). Facts and Figures 2001/02. Perth, UK: SNH.
Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department (1996). Wild Geese and Agriculture in Scotland, a discussion paper. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Office.
Scottish Raptor Study Groups (1997). The illegal persecution of raptors in Scotland. Scottish Birds, 19, 65–85.
Scrivner, J. H., Howard, W. E., Murphy, A. H. and Hays, J. R. (1985). Sheep losses to predators on a California range (1973–1983). Journal of Range Management, 38, 418–421. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seal, U. S., Thorne, E. T., Bogan, M. A. and Anderson, S. H. (1989). Conservation Biology and the Black-Footed Ferret. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Segerson, K. (1988). Uncertainty and incentives for non-point pollution control. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15, 87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidensticker, J., Sunquist, M. E. and McDougal, C. (1990). Leopards living at the edge of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. In Conservation in Developing Countries: Problems and Prospects, ed. Daniel, J. C. and Serrao, J. S.. Bombay, India: Oxford University Press, pp. 415–423.Google Scholar
Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P. (1999). Preface. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. xv–xix.Google Scholar
Sekhar, N. U. (1998). Crop and livestock depredation caused by wild animals in protected areas: the case of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Conservation, 25, 160–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serpell, J. and Jagoe, J. A. (1995). Early experience and the development of behavior. In The Domestic Dog, ed. Serpell, J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–102.Google Scholar
Servheen, C. (1999). Sun bear conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 219–224Google Scholar
Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. (eds.) (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Shabecoff, P. (1993). A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Shafi, M. M. and Khokhar, A. R. (1986). Some observations on wild boar (Sus scrofa) and its control in sugar cane areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 83, 63–67.Google Scholar
Shaw, H. G., Woolsey, N. G., Wegge, J. R. and Day, R. L. J. (1988). Factors affecting Mountain Lion Densities and Cattle Depredation in Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department.Google Scholar
Shelton, M. (1973). Some myths concerning the coyote as a livestock predator. BioScience, 23, 719–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivik, J. A. (2001). The other tools for wolf management. Wolf, 19, 3–7.Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A. and Gruver, K. S. (2002). Animal attendance at coyote trap sites in Texas. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 502–557.Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A. and Martin, D. J. (2001). Aversive and disruptive stimulus applications for managing predation. Proceeding of the Wildlife Damage Management Conference, 9, 111–119.Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A., Asher, V., Bradley, L.et al. (2002). Electronic aversive conditioning for managing wolf predation. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 20,Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A., Treves, A. and Callahan, M. (2003). Non-lethal techniques: primary and secondary repellents for managing predation. Conservation Biology, 17, 1531–1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siex, K. and Struhsaker, T. (1999). Colobus monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human–wildlife conflicts. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 1009–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Laurenson, M. K. (2001). Interactions between carnivores and local communities: conflict or co-existence? In Carnivore Conservation, ed. Gittleman, J., Funk, S. M., MacDonald, D. W. and Wayne, R. K.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 283–312.Google Scholar
Sillero-Zubiri, C., Reynolds, J. and Novaro, A. J. (2004). Management and control of wild canids alongside people. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, ed. Macdonald, D. W. and Sillero-Zubiri, C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 107–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sim, I. M. W., Gibbons, D. W., Bainbridge, I. P. and Mattingley, W. A. (2001). Status of the hen harrier in the UK in 1998. Bird Study, 48, 341–354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1983). Reason in Human Affairs. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, N. (1962). Between the Sunlight and the Thunder. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Sinclair, A. R. E. (1995). Equilibria in plant–herbivore interactions. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P.. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, pp. 91–113.Google Scholar
Singer, D. J. (1916). Big Game Fields of America: North and South. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Siriri, M. N. (2002). Knowledge and attitudes of the communities bordering Bwindi and Mgahinga National Parks in south western Uganda, December 2001. Unpublished report. Kampala: CARE-Development Through Conservation Project and CARE-International.
Sitati, N. W., Walpole, M. J., Smith, R. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Predicting spatial aspects of human–elephant conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 667–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogen, K. (2001). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf? Young peoples respones to the conflicts over large carnivores in eastern Norway. Rural Sociology, 66, 203–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogen, K.(2003). Adapting adaptive management to a cultural understanding of land use conflicts.. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 435–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogen, K. and Haaland, H. (2001). En ulvehistorie fra Østfold: samarbeid og konflikter mellom forvaltning, forskning og lokalbefolkning. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fagrapport, 52, 1–51.Google Scholar
Skogen, K., Haaland, H., Brainerd, S. and Hustad, H. (2003). Lokale syn på rovvilt og rovviltforvaltning. En undersøkelse i fire kommuner: Aurskog-Høland, Lesja, Lierne og Porsanger. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fagrapport, 70, 1–30.Google Scholar
Skuja, A. (2002). Lion–human conflicts in Tanzania. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.
Smirnov, E. N. and Miquelle, D. G. (1999). Population dynamics of the Amur tiger in Sikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human–Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–70.Google Scholar
Smith, A. A., Redpath, S. M., Campbell, S. C. and Thirgood, S. J. (2001). Meadow pipits, red grouse and the habitat characteristics of managed grouse moors. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 390–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. H., Ralls, K., Davenport, B., Adams, B. and Maldonado, J. E. (2001). Canine assistants for conservationists. Science, 291–435.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. W., Peterson, R. O. and Honston, D. B. (2003). Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience, 53, 330–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. L. D. (1993). The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population. Behaviour, 124, 165–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (1984)., Repellents and deterrents for brack and grizzly bears. M.Sc. thesis, University of Montana.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E., Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, J., and Swenson, J. E. (2000a). Methods for reducing livestock losses to predators. A: Livestock guardian animals. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 50, 279–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E., Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, J., and Swenson, J. E.(2000b). Methods for reducing livestock losses to predators. B: Aversive conditioning, deterrents and repellents. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 50, 304–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, N. J. H. (1976). Spotted cats and the Amazon skin trade. Oryx, 13, 362–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smuts, G. L. (1978). Effects of population reduction on the travels and reproduction of lions in Kruger National Park. Carnivore, 1, 61–72.Google Scholar
Solberg, E. J., Sand, H., Linnell, J. D. C.et al. (2003). Store rovdyrs innvirkning på hjorteviltet i Norge: økologisk prosesser og konsekvenser for jaktuttak og jaktutøvelse. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fagrapport, 63, 1–78. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Sollie, P. V., Finset, P., Jaren, V.et al. (1996). Forebyggende tiltak mot rovviltskader i landbruket. Trondheim, Norway: Directorate for Nature Management. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Songorwa, A. N. (1999). Community-based wildlife management (CWM) in Tanzania: are the communities interested?World Development, 27, 2061–2079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soulé, M. E. and Terborgh, J. (1999). Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Soulé, M. E., Wilcox, B. A. and Holtby, C. (1979). Benign neglect: a model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa. Biological Conservation, 95, 259–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwood, T. (1977). The relevance of population dynamic theory of pest status. In origins of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed Problems, ed. Cherret, J. M. and Sagar, G. R.. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, pp. 36–54.Google Scholar
Sowerby, A. de C. (1923). The Naturalist in Manchuria. Tientsin.
Sprague, D. (2002). Monkeys in the backyard: encroaching wildlife and rural communities in Japan. In Primates Face to Face, ed. Fuentes, A. and Wolfe, L.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 254–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (2000). The Sri Lankan Elephant. Accessible at http://www.benthic.com/sri_lanka/issues.htm
SSR (2002). Swedish reindeer owners' organization. Accessible at http://www.sapmi.se/ssr
Stahl, P. and Vandel, J. M. (2001). Factors influencing lynx depredation on sheep in France: problem individuals and habitat. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 4, 6–8.Google Scholar
Stahl, P., Vandel, J. M., Herrenschmidt, V. and Migot, P. (2001a). Predation on livestock by an expanding reintroduced lynx population: long-term trend and spatial variability. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 674–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, P., Vandel, J. M., Herrenschmidt, V. and Migot, P.(2001b). The effect of removing lynx in reducing attacks on sheep in the Jura. Biological Conservation, 101, 15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, P., Vandel, J. M., Ruette, S.et al. (2002). Factors affecting lynx predation on sheep in the French Jura. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 204–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinset, O. K., Fremming, O. R. and Wabakken, P. (1996). Protection Collars on Lambs as Preventive Activity against Lynx Predation in Stange, Hedmark. Koppang, Norway: Department of Forestry and Wilderness Management.Google Scholar
Stellflug, J. N., Leathers, C. W. and Green, J. S. (1984). Antifertility effect of busulfan and dl-6-(N-2-pipecolinomethyl)-5-hydroxy-indane maleate (PMHI) in coyotes (Canis latrans). Theriogenology, 22, 533–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirling, I. and Guravich, D. (1988). Polar Bears. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Stirling, I., Jonkel, C., Smith, P., Robertson, P. and Cross, D. (1977). The Ecology of the Polar Bear along the Western Coast of Hudson Bay, Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper No. 33.
Stowell, L. R. and Willging, R. C. (1992). Bear damage to agriculture in Wisconsin. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference, 5, 96–104.Google Scholar
Strickland, D. (1999). Algonquin Park struggles with ‘fearless’ wolves. Wolf! 17, 7–9.Google Scholar
Struhsaker, T. T. (1997). Ecology of an African Rain Forest. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1994). Prospects for management of primate pests. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et Vie), 49, 295–306.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. and Southwick, C. (1986). Translocation of primates. In Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations, ed. Benirschke, K.. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukhomirov, G. (2002). A Survey of Social Perspectives on Conservation of Tigers and their Habitat. Khabarovsk, Russia: Khabarovsk State Technical University Press. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sukumar, R.(1990). Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. II: Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukumar, R.(1991). The management of large mammals in relation to male strategies and conflict with people. Biological Conservation, 55, 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suminski, H. R. (1982). Mountain lion predation on domestic livestock in Nevada. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 10, 62–66.Google Scholar
Sunde, P., Overskaug, K., and Kvam, T. (1998). Culling of lynxes Lynx lynx related to livestock predation in a heterogeneous landscape. Wildlife Biology, 4, 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunquist, M. E. (1981). Social organization of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 336, 1–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunquist, M. E. and Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sunquist, M. E., Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, F. (1999). Ecology, behaviour, and resilience of the tiger and its conservation needs. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–18.Google Scholar
Sutherland, G. D., Harestad, A. S., Price, K. and Lertzman, K. P. (2000). Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals. Conservation Ecology, 4 (http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art 16)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, W. R., Larson, D. M. and Jarvis, L. S. (2002). A new approach to contingent valuation for assessing the costs of living with wildlife in developing countries. In World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, Monterrey, CA, June 28Google Scholar
Svensson, L., Ahlqvist, I. and Kjellander, P. (1998). Elstängsel som förebyggande åtgärd mot bjärnskador på bikupor. Viltskade center, GrimsöForskningsstation.Google Scholar
Swanson, T. (1994). International Regulation of Extinction. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J. and Sandegren, F. (1999). Misstänkt illegal björnjakt i Sverige. In Bilagor till Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik: Slutbetänkande av Rovdjursutredningen. Statens offentliga utredningar, pp. 201–206. Stockholm: (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F., Bjärvall, A.et al. (1994). Size, trend, distribution and conservation of the brown bear Ursus arctos population in Sweden. Biological Conservation, 70, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Wabakken, P., Sandegren, F., et al. (1995). The near extinction and recovery of brown bears in Scandinavia in relation to the bear management policies of Norway and Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 1, 11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J., Sandegren, F., Heim, M.et al. (1996). Is the Scandinavian brown bear dangerous?Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 404, 1–26. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F. and Söderberg, A. (1998). Geographic expansion of an increasing brown bear population: evidence for presaturation dispersal. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 819–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. and Zedrosser, A. (2000). Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Nature and Environment No. 114. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Talbot, L. M. (1963). The wildebeest in western Maasailand. Wildlife Monographs, 12, 1–88.Google Scholar
Tapper, S. C. (1999). A Question of Balance: Game Animals and Their Role in the British Countryside. Fordingbridge, UK: Game Conservancy Trust.Google Scholar
Tapper, S. C., Potts, G. R. and Brockless, M. H. (1996). The effect of an experimental reduction in predation pressure on the breeding success and population density of grey partridges. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 965–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapscott, B. (1997). Guidelines for Using Donkeys as Guard Animals with Sheep. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Accessible at http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/sheep/facts/donkey2.htmGoogle Scholar
Taylor, R. (1999). A Review of Problem Elephant Policies and Management Options in Southern Africa. Nairobi: HEC Task Force, IUCN AfESG.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. G., Workman, J. P. and Bowns, J. E. (1979). The economics of sheep predation in southwestern Utah. Journal of Range Management, 32, 317–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tchamba, M. N. (1995). The problem elephants of Kaele: a challenge for elephant conservation in Northern Cameroon. Pachyderm, 19, 26–31.Google Scholar
Tchamba, M. N.(1996). History and present status of the human/elephant conflict issue in the Waza-Cogone region, Cameroon, West Africa. Biological Conservation, 75, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tchamba, M. N., Bauer, H. and Iongh, H. H. (1995). Applications of VHF-radio and satellite telemetry techniques on elephants in northern Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology, 33, 335–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terborgh, J., Lopez, L., Nunez, P.et al. (2002). Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science, 294, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thapar, V. (2002). Cult of the Tiger. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tharme, A. P., Green, R. E., Baines, D., Bainbridge, I. P. and O'Brien, M. (2001). The effect of management for red grouse shooting on the population density of breeding birds on heather-dominated moorland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 439–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiel, R. P. and Ream, R. R. (1992). Status of the grey wolf in the lower 48 States to 1992. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 59–62.Google Scholar
Thiollay, J. M. (1989). Area requirements for the conservation of rain forest raptors and game birds in French Guiana. Conservation Biology, 3, 128–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. and Redpath, S. (1997). Red grouse and their predators. Nature, 390, 547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S., Redpath, S., Newton, I. and Hudson, P. (2000a). Raptors and red grouse: conservation conflicts and management solutions. Conservation Biology, 14, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. J., Redpath, S., Rothery, P. and Aebischer, N. (2000b). Raptor predation and population limitation in red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 504–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. J., Redpath, S., Haydon, D.et al. (2000c). Habitat loss and raptor predation: disentangling causes of red grouse declines. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267, 651–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S., Redpath, S., Campbell, S. and Smith, A. (2002). Do habitat characteristics influence predation on red grouse?Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 217–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. J., Redpath, S. M. and Graham, I. (2003). What determines the foraging distribution of raptors on heather moorland?Oikos, 100, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S., Polasky, S., Mlingwa, C. et al. (in press). Financing conservation in the Serengeti Ecosystem. In Serengeti III: Biodiversity and Biocomplexity in a Human-Influenced Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. R. E., Packer, C., Coughenour, M., Galvin, K. and Mduma, S.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
Thomas, H. (2002). Managing and controlling the quarry species: deer. Unpublished report to Westminster Hearings on Hunting with Hounds.
Thompson, B. C. (1978). Fence-crossing behavior exhibited by coyotes. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 6, 14–17.Google Scholar
Thompson, B. C.(1979). Evaluation of wire fences for coyote control. Journal of Range Management, 32, 457–461. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, D. B. A., MacDonald, A. J., Marsden, J. H. and Galbraith, C. A. (1995). Upland heather moorland in the UK: a review of international importance, vegetation change and objectives for conservation. Biological Conservation, 71, 163–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. G. (1993). Addressing the human dimensions of wolf reintroduction: an example using estimates of livestock depredation and costs of compensation. Society and Natural Resources, 6, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, M. and Homewood, K. (2002). Entrepreneurs, elites and exclusion in Maasailand: trends in wildlife conservation and pastoralist development. Human Ecology, 30, 107–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P. C. (1984). The use of buffer zones in dingo control. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia, 25, 32–34.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. C.(1986). The effectiveness of aerial baiting for the control of dingoes in North-Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research, 13, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, J. B., Edwards, S. R. and Mulliken, T. A. (1992). Perceptions, Conservation and Mangement of Wild Birds in Trade. Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC International.Google Scholar
Thouless, C. R. (1994). Conflict between humans and elephants in Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. GEF. Oxford, UK: EDG.Google Scholar
Thouless, C. R.(1995). Long-distance movements of elephants in northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 33, 321–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thouless, C. R.(1998). Large mammals inside and outside protected areas in the Kalahari. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53, 245–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thouless, C. R. and Sakwa, J. (1995). Shocking elephants: fences and crop raiders in Laikipia District, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 72, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tietenberg, T. (1996). Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Tigner, J. A. and Larson, G. E. (1977). Sheep losses on selected ranches in southern Wyoming. Journal of Range Management, 30, 244–252. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Till, J. A. and Knowlton, F. F. (1983). Efficacy of denning in alleviating coyote depredations upon domestic sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management, 47, 1018–1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillman, D. (2000). Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Science, 405, 208–211.Google Scholar
Timm, R. M. and Connolly, G. E. (2001). Sheep-killing coyotes a continuing dilemma for ranchers. California Agriculture, 55(6), 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, A. W. and Keith, L. B. (1976). Responses of coyote to winter reductions in agricultural carrion. Alberta Wildlife Technical Bulletin, 5, 1–32.Google Scholar
Tompa, F. S. (1983). Problem wolf management in British Columbia: conflict and program evaluation. In Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Their Status, Biology and Management, ed. Carbyn, L. N.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 112–119.Google Scholar
Tornberg, R. (2001). Pattern of goshawk predation on four forest grouse species in Finland. Wildlife Biology, 7, 245–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, S. G. (1997). Mountain Lion Alert. Helena, MT: Falcon Press.Google Scholar
Torres, S. G., Mansfield, T. M., Foley, J. E., Lupo, T. and Brinkhaus, A. (1996). Mountain lion and human activity in California: testing speculations. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 457–460.Google Scholar
Treves, A. (2002). Wolf justice: managing human–carnivore conflict in the 21st century. Wolf Print, 13, 6–9.Google Scholar
Treves, A. and Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human–carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology, 17: 1491–1499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treves, A. and Naughton-Treves, L. (1999). Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treves, A., Jurewicz, R., Naughton-Treves, L.et al. (2002). Wolf depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, 1976–2000. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 231–241.Google Scholar
Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L., Harper, E. K.et al. (2004). Predicting human–carnivore conflict: a spatial model derived from 25 years of data on wolf predation on livestock. Conservation Biology, 18, 114–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trzebinski, E. (1988). The Kenya Pioneers. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Turnbull-Kemp, P. (1967). The Leopard. Cape Town, South Africa: Howard Timmins.Google Scholar
Turyahikayo-Rugyema, B. (1974). The History of the Bakiga in Southwestern Uganda and Northern Rwanda, 1500–1930. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
US Fish and Wildlife Service (1987). Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(1988). Interim Wolf Control Plan: Northern Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(1994a). The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Helena, MT: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(1994b). Establishment of a nonessential experimental population of gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana and central Idaho and southwestern Montana. Final Rule, Nov. 22. Federal Register, 59(224), 60252–60281.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(1999). 90-Day Finding for a Petition to List the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog as Threatened. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2000). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: 12-month finding for a petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog as threatened. Federal Register, 65(24), 5476–5488.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(2001a). Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Light Goose Management. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2001b). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: annual notice of findings on recycled petitions. Federal Register, 66(5), 1295–1300.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2002). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: review of species that are candidates or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened; Annual notice of findings on recycled petitions; Annual description of progress on listing actions. Federal Register, 67(114), 40657–40679.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2003a). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; final rule to reclassify and remove the gray wolf from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife in portions of the conterminous United States; establishment of two special regulations for threatened gray wolves. Federal Register, 68(62), 15804–15875.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2003b). Final rule to reclassify and remove the gray wolf from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife in portions of the conterminous United States; Establishment of two special regulations for threatened gray wolves; Final and proposed rules. Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AF20, 1–73.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2003c). Final Revised Recovery Plan for the Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Portland, OR: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service and US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services (2003). Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2002 Annual Report, ed. Meier, T.. Helena, MT: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessible at http://westerngraywolf.fws.gov/Google Scholar
United Nations Environmental Programme (2001). East Africa Database and Atlas Project. Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya.
Uresk, D. W. (1984). Black-tailed prairie dog food habits and forage relationships in western South Dakota. Journal of Range Management, 37, 325–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uresk, D. W. and Paulson, D. B. (1988). Estimated carrying capacity for cattle competing with prairie dogs and forage utilization in western South Dakota. In Symposium on Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America, Flagstaff, AZ, 19–21 July 1988, pp. 387–390.Google Scholar
Urquart, K. A. and McKenrick, I. J. (2003). Survey of permanent wound tracts in the carcasses of culled wild red deer in Scotland. Veterinary Record, 152, 497–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Agriculture (2005). Wildlife data. Accessible at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ws/tblfrontpage.html
US Federal Register (2000). Register, July 28, pp. 46391–46398.
Vales, D. J. and Peek, J. M. (1995). Projecting the potential effects of wolf predation on elk and mule deer in the east front portion of the northwest Montana wolf recovery area. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 211–221.Google Scholar
Valkama, J., Korpimaki, E., Arroyo, B.et al. (2005). Birds of prey as limiting factors of gamebird populations in Europe: a review. Biological Reviews, 80, 170–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walt, J. (2002). Proliferation of game ranches. Game and Hunting 8(10), 7.Google Scholar
Eerden, M. R. (1990). The solution of goose damage problems in The Netherlands, with special reference to compensation schemes. Ibis, 132, 253–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Oosten, V. (2000). The Conflict between Primates and the Human Population in a Protected Area in North Cameroon. Centre d'Etude de l'Environnement et du Developpement au Cameroun (CEDC), Centre des Etudes de l'Environnement Université de Leiden (CML) and Organisation Neerlandaise de Developpement (SNV).
Pelt, W. E. (1999). The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Assessment and Strategy. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department.Google Scholar
Van Vuren, D. (1998). Mammalian dispersal and reserve design. In Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology, ed. Caro, T. M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 369–393.Google Scholar
Vandel, J. -M., Stahl, P., Durand, C., Balestra, L. and Raymond, J. (2001). Des chiens de protection contre le lynx. Faune sauvage, 254, 22–27.Google Scholar
VanDruff, L. W., Bolen, E. G. and San Julian, G. J. (1994). Management of urban wildlife. In Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, ed. Bookout, T. A.. 5th edn, Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 507–530.Google Scholar
Veeramani, A. (1996). Man–wildlife conflict: cattle lifting and human casualties in Kerala. Indian Forester, 122, 897–902.Google Scholar
Vickery, J. A. and Gill, J. A. (1999). Managing grassland for wild geese in Britain: a review. Biological Conservation, 89, 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, J. A. and Summers, R. W. (1992). Cost-effectiveness of scaring brent geese Branta b. bernicla from fields of arable crops by a human bird scarer. Crop Protection, 11, 480–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, J. A., Sutherland, W. J. and Lane, S. J. (1994). The management of grass pasture for brent geese. Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 282–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinuela, J. and Arroyo, B. (2002). Gamebird hunting and biodiversity conservation: synthesis, recommendations and future research priorities. Accessible at www.uclm.es/irec/reghab/inicio.html
Vinuela, J. and Villafuerte, R. (2003). Predators and rabbits in Spain: a key conflict for European raptor conservation. In Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A. H., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C. A.. Edinburgh, UK: Stationery Office, pp. 511–526.Google Scholar
Virtanen, P. (2003). Local management of global values: community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe and Zambia. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. A. and Matson, P. A. (1986). Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience, 36, 368–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo, J. M. (1997). Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science, 277, 494–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volpi, G., Boitani, L., Callaghan, C.et al. (2002). Anti-wolf barriers to manage captive and wild wolves and to protect livestock. Abstract Wildlife Society 9th Annual Conference, Bismarck, ND, 24–28 September.Google Scholar
Vos, J. (2000). Food habits and livestock depredation of two Iberian wolf packs (Canis lupus) in the north of Portugal. Journal of Zoology, 251, 457–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vosburgh, T. C. and Irby, L. R. (1998). Effects of recreational shooting on prairie dog colonies. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 363–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Liberg and, O. and Bjärvall, A. (2001). The recovery, distribution and population dynamics of wolves on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 710–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, D. (1982). The use of fences for predator damage control. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 10, 24–33.Google Scholar
Wagner, K. K. and Conover, M. R. (1999) Effect of preventive coyote hunting on sheep losses to coyote predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 600–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, K. K., Schmidt, R. H. and Conover, M. R. (1997). Compensation programs for wildlife damage in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25, 312–319.Google Scholar
Waithaka, J. (1993). The effects of different elephant densities on biodiversity. Pachyderm, 16.Google Scholar
Waithaka, J.(1994). The ecological role of elephants in restructuring plant and animal communities in different eco-climatic zones in Kenya and their impacts on land-use patterns. Ph. D. thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Waithaka, J.(1997). Management of elephants in Kenya: what have we learnt so far?Pachyderm, 24, 33–36.Google Scholar
Waithaka, J. and Mwathe, K. M. (1995). Report on Crop and Property Losses in Shimba Hills National Reserve. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service Elephant Program.Google Scholar
Wakajummah, J. O. (2000). Population dynamics. In Kenya Coast Handbook: Culture Resources and Development in the East African Littoral, ed., Hoorweg, J., Foeken, D. and Obudh, R. A.. London: LIT Verlag, pp. 55–81.Google Scholar
Wakeley, J. S. and Mitchell, R. C. (1981). Blackbird damage to ripening field corn in Pennsylvania. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 9, 52–55.Google Scholar
Waller, J. and Reynolds, V. (2001). Limb injuries resulting from snares and traps in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Budongo Forest, Uganda. Primates, 42, 135–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, W. (2003). Terror takes toll on Kenya's tourism industry. Financial Times, 8 December 2003.
Walpole, M. J. (2001). Feeding dragons in Komodo National Park: a tourism tool with conservation complications. Animal Conservation, 4, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J. and Goodwin, H. J. (2000). Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 559–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J. and Goodwin, H. J.(2001). Local perceptions of ecotourism and conservation around Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Environmental Conservation, 28, 160–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (2001). Masai Mara tourism reveals partnership benefits. Nature, 413, 771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walpole, M. J. and Leader-Williams, N.(2002). Ecotourism and flagship species in conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11, 543–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J., Goodwin, H. J. and Ward, K. G. R. (2001). Pricing policy for tourism in protected areas: lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 15, 218–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J., Karanja, G. G., Sitati, N. W. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Wildlife and People: Conflict and Conservation in Masai Mara, Kenya, Wildlife and Development Series No. 14. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Walton, L. R., Cluff, H. D., Paquet, P. C. and Ramsay, M. A. (2001). Movement patterns of barren-ground wolves in the central Canadian arctic. Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 867–876.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y. (1999). Asiatic black bear conservation action plan: Taiwan. In Bears: Status survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 213–215.Google Scholar
Warbington, M. C. (2000). Predator control with dogs and llamas. North American Veterinary Conference Proceedings, 14, 237–239.Google Scholar
Warren, J. T. (1998). Conservation biology and agroecology in Europe. Conservation Biology, 12, 499–500.Google Scholar
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (2003). Game Management Plan 2003–2009. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Report.
Watkin, J. R. (2002). The Evolution of Ecotourism in East Africa: From an Idea to an Industry, Wildlife and Development Series No. 15. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (1977). The Hen Harrier. London: Poyser.Google Scholar
Watson, J. (1997). The Golden Eagle. London: Poyser.Google Scholar
Watson, M. and Thirgood, S. J. (2001). Could translocation aid hen harrier conservation in the UK?Animal Conservation, 4, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wayne, R. K., Lehman, N. and Fuller, T. K. (1995). Conservation genetics of the gray wolf. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 399–407.Google Scholar
Weber, J. -M. (2000). Wolf return in Switzerland: a project to solve conflicts. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 8–9. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Weber, W. and Rabinowitz, A. (1996). A global perspective on large carnivore conservation. Conservation Biology, 10, 1046–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, D. and Wood, T. (1999). Walking a wildlife highway from Yellowstone to the Yukon. Smithsonian, 30, 58.Google Scholar
Wells, M. P. (1992). Biodiversity conservation, affluence and poverty: mismatched costs and benefits and efforts to remedy them. Ambio, 21, 237–243.Google Scholar
Wells, M. P.(1993). Neglect of biological riches: the economics of nature tourism in Nepal. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2, 445–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, M. and Brandon, K. (1992). People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Wells, M., Guggenheim, S., Khan, A., Wardojo, W. and Jepson, P. (1999). Investing in Biodiversity: A Review of Indonesia's Integrated Conservation and Development Projects. Washington, DC: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weltzin, J. F., Dowhower, S. L. and Heitschmidt, R. K. (1997a). Prairie dog effects on plant community structure in southern mixed-grass prairie. Southwestern Naturalist, 42, 251–258.Google Scholar
Weltzin, J. F., Archer, S. and Heitshmidt, R. K. (1997b). Small mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna. Ecology, 78, 751–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. (1989). Conservation without parks: conservation in the rural landscape. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Western, D. and Pearl, M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 159–165.Google Scholar
Western, D.(1994). Ecosystem conservation and rural development: the case of Amboseli. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, ed. Western, D. and Wright, R. M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 15–52.Google Scholar
Western, D.(1997). In the Dust of Kilimanjaro. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Western, D.(2001). Conservation in a human-dominated world. Issues in Science and Technology, 16, 53–60.Google Scholar
Western, D.(2002). In the Dust of Kilimanjaro, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: Shearwater.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Gichohi, H. (1993). Segregation effects and the impoverishment of savanna ecosystems: the case for ecosystem viability analysis. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 268–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. and Henry, W. (1979). Economics and conservation in third world national parks. BioScience, 29, 414–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. and Manzollilo Nightingale, D. (2002). Environmental change and the vulnerability of pastoralists to drought: a case study of the Maasai in Amboseli, Kenya. In Africa Environmental Outlook Report. Stevenage, UK: Earthprint, pp. 31–50.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Pearl, M. (eds.) (1989). Conservation for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Wright, R. M. (eds.) (1994). Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Weston, A. (1999). An Invitation to Environmental Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
White, D., Kendall, K. C. and Picton, H. D. (1999). Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 146–151.Google Scholar
White, L. J. T., Tutin, C. E. G. and Fernandez, M. (1993). Group composition and diet of forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie 1900), in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 31(3), 181–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, P. C. L. and Whiting, S. J. (2000). Public attitudes towards badger culling to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Veterinary Record, 147, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitman, K., Starfield, A. M., Quadling, H. S, and Packer, C. (2004). Sustainable trophy hunting of African lions. Nature, 428, 175–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whyte, I. (1993). The movement patterns of elephant in the Kruger National Park in response to culling and environmental stimuli. Pachyderm, 16, 72–80.Google Scholar
Whyte, I. J. and Joubert, S. C. J. (1988). Blue wildebeest population trends in the Kruger National Park and the effects of fencing. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 18, 78–87.Google Scholar
Wick, P. (1995). Minimizing bear–sheep conflicts through herding techniques. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 367–373.Google Scholar
Wick, P.(1998). Le Chien de protection sur troupeau ovin: utilisation et méthode de mise en place. Blois, France: ARTUS.Google Scholar
Wickens, P. (1996). Conflict between Cape (South African) fur seals and line-fishing operations. Wildlife Research, 23, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieland, T.African Hunting Guide. Rivonia, South Africa: Future Publishing.
Wikramanayake, E. D., Dinerstein, E., Robinson, J. G.et al. (1998). An ecology-based method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: the tiger as case study. Conservation Biology, 12, 865–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcove, D. (1999). The Condor's Shadow. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Wilcox, R. (1992). Cattle and environment in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 1870–1970. Agricultural History, 66, 232–256.Google Scholar
Wild, R. G. and Mutebi, J. (1996). Conservation through Community Use of Plant Resources, People and Plants Working Paper No. 5. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Wilkie, D. S. and Carpenter, J. F. (1999). The potential role of safari hunting as a source of revenue for protected areas in the Congo Basin. Oryx, 33, 339–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willebrand, T., Lindén, M., Persson, J. and Segerström, P. (1999). Överlevnad och dödsorsaker hos märkta järvar i Sarek. Bilagor till Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik, Slutbetänkande av Rovdjursutredningen. 146, 191–199. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Williams, C. K., Ericsson, G. and Heberlein, T. A. (2002). A quantitative summary of attitudes toward wolves and their reintroduction (1972–2000). Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 575–584.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. and Williamson, J. (1985). Botswana's fences and the depletion of Kalahari wildlife. Parks, 10, 5–7.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. A. (1997). The wolf in Yellowstone: science, symbol, or politics? Deconstructing the conflict between environmentalism and wise use. Society and Natural Resources, 10, 453–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windberg, L. A., Knowlton, F. F., Ebbert, S. M. and Kelly, B. T. (1997). Aspects of coyote predation on Angora goats. Journal of Range Management, 50, 226–230. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winterbach, H. and Winterbach, C. W. (2002). Okavango Delta lions: ecology, home range and population dynamics. In Lion Conservation Research Workshop 2: Modelling Conflict, ed. Loveridge, A. J., Lynam, T. and Macdonald, D. W.. Oxford, UK: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, pp. 83–84.Google Scholar
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1999). Wisconsin wolf management plan. Unpublished report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources(2002). Guidelines for Conducting Depredation Control on Wolves in Wisconsin following Federal Reclassification to Threatened Status. Madison, WI: WDNR.
Wise, S. M. (2000). Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Wittemyer, G. (2001). The elephant population of Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R. (2000). Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation, 3, 165–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R.(2001a). African Wild Dogs and African People: Conservation through Coexistence, First Annual Report of the Samburu–Laikipia Wild Dog Project. Davis, CA: University of California–Davis.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R.(2001b). Strategies for carnivore conservation: lessons from contemporary extinctions. In Carnivore Conservation, ed. Gittleman, J. L., Funk, S., Macdonald, D. W. and Wayne, R. K.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–92.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R.(2003). African Wild Dogs and African People: Conservation through Coexistence, Third Annual Report of the Samburu–Laikipia Wild Dog Project. Davis, CA: University of California–Davis.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R. and Frank, L. G. (2005). Lethal control of African lions (Panthera leo): local and regional population impacts. Animal Conservation, 8, 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R. and Ginsberg, J. R. (1998). Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science, 280, 2126–2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodroffe, R. and Ginsberg, J. R.(2000). Ranging behaviour and vulnerability to extinction in carnivores. In Behaviour and Conservation, ed. Gosling, L. M. and Sutherland, W. J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 125–140.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J., Macdonald, D. W. and IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group (1997). The African Wild Dog: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Frost, S. D. W. and Clifton-Hadley, R. S. (1999). Attempts to control tuberculosis in cattle by culling infected badgers: constraints imposed by live test sensitivity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 494–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Bourne, F. J., Donnelly, C. A., et al. (2002). Towards a sustainable policy to control TB in cattle. In Conservation and Conflict: Mammals and Farming in Britain, ed. Manley, W.. London: Linnean Society.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Lindsey, P. A., Romañach, S. S., Stein, A., Ranah, S. M. K. O. (2005). Livestock predation by endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in northern Kenya. Biological Conservation, 124, 225–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2003). Kenya at a glance. Accessible at http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/aag/ken_aag.pdf
World Commission on the Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
World Health Organization (1998). World Survey of Rabies. Geneva, Switzevland: WHO.
World Parks Congress (2003). Recommendation 4: Building comprehensive and effective protected area systems. Accessible at http://www.iucn.org/wpc2003/pdfs/outputs/recommendations/approved/english/html/r04.htm
World Resources Institute (1994). World Resources 1994–95: A Guide to the Global Environment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
World Tourism Organization (2002). Yearbook of Tourism Statistics. Madrid: WTO.
World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre (1993). World Travel and Tourism Environment Review 1993. Oxford, UK: WTTERC.
World Wildlife Fund (2000a). Food for Thought: The Utilization of Wild Meat in Eastern and Southern Africa.
World Wildlife Fund(2000b). Tourism and Carnivores: The Challenge Ahead. Godalming, UK: WWF-UK.
World Wildlife Fund(2002). An Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Amur Tiger Anti-Poaching Brigades in the Russian Far East, WWF Project No. RU0005.08. Vladivostok, Russia: WWF.
World Wildlife Fund(2004). World Wildlife Fund online news reports. Accessible at http://www.worldwildlife.org
Wu, J. and Babcock, B. A. (1996). Contract design for the purchase of environmental goods from agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78, 935–945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunder, M. B. (1997). Of Elephants and Men: Crop Destruction, CAMPFIRE, and Wildlife Management in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Wydeven, A. P., Treves, A., Brost, B. and Wiedenhoeft, J. (2004). Characteristics of wolf packs in Wisconsin: identification of traits influencing depredation. In People and Predators: From Conflict to Coexistence, ed. Fascione, N., Delach, A. and Smith, M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 28–50.Google Scholar
Wyoming Game and Fish Department (2003). Final Draft Wyoming Gray Wolf Management Plan. Wyoming Game and Fish Department Report, 1–43.
Yaeger, R. and Miller, N. N. (1986). Wildlife, Wild Death. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Yamazaki, K. (2002). Conflicts between Japanese black bears and human beings in the Okutama Mts., Central Japan. In 14th International Congress on bear research and Management: Program and Abstracts of Papers. Steinkjer, Norway: Nord-Trondelag University College, p. 80.Google Scholar
Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 402–413.
Yodsis, P. (2001). Must top predators be culled for the sake of fisheries?Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yom-Tov, Y., Ashkenazi, S. and Viner, O. (1995). Cattle predation by the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Golan Heights, Israel. Biological Conservation, 73, 19–22.Google Scholar
Young, S. P. (1944). The wolves of North America. Part 1. Their history, life habits, economic status, and control. In The Wolves of North America, ed. Young, S. P. and Goldman, E. A.. New York: Dover, pp. 1–385.Google Scholar
Young, S. P. and Goldman, E. A. (eds.) (1944). The Wolves of North America. New York: Dover.
Young, S. P. and Goldman, E. A.(1946). The Puma: Mysterious American Cat. Washington, DC: American Wildlife Institute.Google Scholar
Yudelman, M., Ratta, A. and Nygaard, D. (1998). Pest Management and Food Production. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Zemlicka, D. E. (1995). Seasonal variation in the behavior of sterile and nonsterile coyotes. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
Zhang, L. and Wang, N. (2003). An initial study on habitat conservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), with a focus on human elephant conflict in Simao, China. Biological Conservation, 112, 453–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhivotchenko, V. I. (1977). A man-eating tiger in Primorskiy Krai. Priroda, 3, 123–124. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zimmermann, A. (2000). Jaguar–rancher conflict in the north Pantanal of Brazil. M.Sc. thesis, Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, UK.
Zubanova, S. D., Leshnevskaya, L. A., Panchenko, P. P.et al. (2001). The Relationship of Local People and Tigers in the Sikhote–Alin Mountains: A Sociological Study. Vladivostok, Russia: World Wildlife Fund.Google Scholar
Zube, C. H. and Busch, M. L. (1990). Park–people relationships: an international review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 19, 117–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aanesland, N. and Holm, O. (2001). Offentlige tilskuddsordninger for sauenæringen-virkninger på norsk rovdyrpolitikk. Oslo: WWF-Norway. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Abramov, V. K. (1962). On the biology of the Amur tiger, Panthera tigris longipilis Fitrzenger, 1868. Vestn. Ceskhslov. Spolecnosti. Zool., 26(2), 189–202. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Adamic, M. (1994). Evaluation of possibilities for natural spreading of brown bear (Ursus arctos) towards the Alps, directions of main migration corridors and disturbances in their functionning. In Braunbär in den Ländern Alpen–Adria, ed. Adamic, M.. Ljubljana: Ministrstvo R.Slovenije za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano, pp. 145–158.Google Scholar
Adamic, M.(1997). The expanding brown bear population of Slovenia: a chance for bear recovery in the southeastern Alps. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 25–29.Google Scholar
Adesina, A. A., Johnson, D. E. and Heinrichs, E. A. (1994). Rice pests in the Ivory Coast, West Africa: farmers' perceptions and management strategies. International Journal of Pest Management, 40, 293–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwala, V. P. (1985). Forests in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press and IBH Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Agrawal, A. (1997). Community in Conservation: Beyond Enchantment and Disenchantment. Gainesville, FL: Conservation and Development Forum.Google Scholar
Ahlqvist, I. (1999). Förekomst av skador som björn, varg, lo, järv och kungsörn åstadkommer på annan egendom än ren. Bilagor till sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik, slutbetånkande av Rovdjursutredningen, 146, 97–118. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Ahmad, A. (1994). Protection of snow leopards through grazier communities – some examples from WWF-Pakistan's projects in the northern areas. In Proceedings of the 7th International Snow Leopard Symposium, ed. Fox, J. L. and Jizeng, D.. Seattle, WA: International Snow Leopard Trust, pp. 265–272.Google Scholar
Albers, H. J. and Grinspoon, E. (1997). A comparison of the enforcement of access restrictions between Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (China) and Khao Yai National Park (Thailand). Environmental Conservation, 24, 351–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alho, C. J., Lacher, T. E. and Goncalves, H. C. (1988). Environmental degredation in the Pantanal ecosystem. BioScience, 38, 164–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, L. R. and Gonzalez, A. (1998). Baiting reduces dingo numbers, changes age structures yet often increases calf losses. Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference, 11, 421–428.Google Scholar
Allen, L. R. and Sparkes, E. C. (2001). The effect of dingo control on sheep and beef cattle in Queensland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 76–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, S. H. (1982). Bait consumption and diethylstilbesterol influence on North Dakota red fox reproductive performance. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 307–373.Google Scholar
Almeida, T. (1990). Jaguar Hunting in the Mato Grosso and Bolivia. Long Beach, CA: Safari Press.Google Scholar
Aluma, J., Drennon, C.et al. (1989). Settlement in Forest Reserves, Game Reserves, and National Parks in Uganda. Kampala: Makerere Institute of Social Research.Google Scholar
Amar, A., Arroyo, B., Redpath, S. M. and Thirgood, S. J. (2004). Habitat variability predicts losses of red grouse to hen harriers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 305–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andelt, W. F. (1992). Effectiveness of livestock guarding dogs for reducing predation on domestic sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 20, 55–62.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1995). Livestock Guarding Dogs, Llamas and Donkeys for Reducing Livestock Losses to Predators. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1996). Carnivores. In Rangeland Wildlife, ed. Krausman, P. R.. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management, pp. 133–155.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1999a). Livestock Guard Dogs, Llamas and Donkeys. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F.(1999b). Relative effectiveness of guarding-dog breeds to deter predation on domestic sheep in Colorado. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 706–714.Google Scholar
Andelt, W. F. and Gipson, P. S. (1979). Domestic turkey losses to radio-tagged coyotes. Journal of Wildlife Management, 43, 673–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andelt, W. F. and Hopper, S. N. (2000). Livestock guard dogs reduce predation on domestic sheep in Colorado. Journal of Range Management, 53, 259–267. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andelt, F. A., Phillips, R. L., Gruver, K. S. and Guthrie, J. W. (1999). Coyote predation on domestic sheep deterred with electronic dog-training collar. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 12–18.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. and Grove, R. (1987). Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practices. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andersone, Z. and Ozolins, J. (2000). First results of public involvement in wolf research in Latvia. Folia Therologica Estonica, 5, 7–14.Google Scholar
Andrén, H. (1999). Kvantifiering av illegal jakt på lodjur i Sverige. Bilagor till Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik, Slutbetänkande av Rovdjursutredningen, 146, 183–190. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Angst, C. (2001). Procedure to selectively remove stock raiding lynx in Switzerland. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 4, 8.Google Scholar
Angst, C., Olsson, P. and Breitenmoser, U. (2000). Übergriffe von Luchsen auf Kleinvieh und Gehegetiere in der Schweiz. I: Entwicklung und Verteilung der Schäden. KORA-Bericht Nr. 5. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)
Angst, C., Hagen, S. and Breitenmoser, U. (2002). Übergriffe von Luchsen auf Kleinvieh und Gehegetiere in der Schweiz. II: Massnahmen zum Schutz von Nutztieren. KORA-Bericht Nr. 10. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)
Anonymous (1994). Firing line. The Weekly Review, 3–10.
Anonymous(2000). How to minimize risks of mountain lion attacks. Outdoor California Magazine 15,
Anonymous(2002a). Follow-up of recommendation No. 82 (2000) concerning brown bear in Slovenia. Report by the Slovenian Government. Council of Europe, T-PVS/Inf(2002) 45, 1–11.
Anonymous(2002b). Malaysian state calls for army to kill tigers. Reuters News Service, 16 August 2002.
Aranda, M. (2002). Importancia de los peccaries para la conservación del jaguar en Mexico. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 101–107.Google Scholar
Arcese, P., Hando, J. and Campbell, K. (1995). Historical and present day anti-poaching efforts in Serengeti. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Archabald, K. and Naughton-Treves, L. (2001). Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environmental Conservation, 28, 135–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, C. (2001). Wildlife and Poverty Study: Kunene/Namibia Case Study. London: Department for International Development.Google Scholar
Arnold, O. (1968). The Story of Cattle Ranching. Irving-on-Hudson, NY: Harvey House Inc.Google Scholar
Aronson, Å., Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Steinset, O. -K. and Kojola, I. (1999). The Wolf in Scandinavia: Status Report of the 1998/9 Winter. Evenstad, Norway: Høgskolen i Hedmark. (In Swedish with English Summary)Google Scholar
Aronson, Å., Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Steinset, O. -K. and Kojola, I.(2001). The Wolf in Scandinavia: Status Report of the 2000/2001 Winter. Evenstad, Norway: Høgskolen i Hedmark. (In Swedish with English summary)Google Scholar
Asher, V., Phillips, M., Kunkel, K. et al. (2001). Evaluation of electronic aversive conditioning methods for reducing wolf predation on livestock. 8th ITC, Sun City, South Africa.
Ashley, C. and Roe, D. (1998). Enhancing Community Involvement in Wildlife Tourism: Issues and Challenges, Wildlife and Development Series No. 11. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Ashley, C., Goodwin, H. and Roe, D. (2001). Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Expanding Opportunities for the Poor. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Aubert, M. F. A. (1993). Control of rabies in wildlife by depopulation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Epidemiology, Control and Prevention of Rabies in Eastern and Southern Africa 1992, ed. King, A.. Lyon: Editions Fondation Marcel Mérieux, pp. 141–145.Google Scholar
Aune, K. E. (1991). Increasing mountain lion populations and human–mountain lion interactions in Montana. In Mountain Lion–Human Interaction Symposium and Workshop, ed. Braun, C. E.. Denver, CO: Colorado Division of Wildlife, pp. 86–94.Google Scholar
Avery, M. (1989). Experimental evaluation of partial repellent treatment for reducing bird damage to crops. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 430–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baikov, N. A. (1925). The Manchurian Tiger, Seksia Yestestvoznaniya Otdelnoye Izdaniye Vipusk 1. Harbin: Obschestvo Izuchenia Manchzhurskogo Kraya.Google Scholar
Baker, J. E. (1997). Development of a model system for tourist hunting revenue collection and allocation. Tourism Management, 18, 273–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P., Harris, S. and Webbon, C. (2002). Effect of British hunting ban on fox numbers. Nature, 419, 34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balestra, F. A. (1962). The man-eating hyenas of Mlanje. African Wildlife, 16, 25–27.Google Scholar
Balikrishnan, M. and Ndhlovu, D. E. (1992). Wildlife utilization and local people: a case-study in Upper Lupande Game Management Area, Zambia. Environmental Conservation, 19, 135–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, W. B., Ayres, L. A., Krausman, P. R., Reed, D. J. and Fancy, S. G. (1997). Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska. Wildlife Monographs, 135, 1–47.Google Scholar
Balmford, A. and Whitten, T. (2003). Who should pay for tropical conservation, and how could the costs be met?Oryx, 37, 238–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balser, D. S. (1964). Management of predator populations with antifertility agents. Journal of Wildlife Management, 28, 352–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandara, R. and Tisdell, C. (2003). Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: empirical evidence. Biological Conservation, 110, 327–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bangs, E. E. and Fritts, S. H. (1996). Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 402–413.Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E. and Shivik, J. (2001). Managing wolf conflict with livestock in the Northwestern United States. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 3, 2–5. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E., Fritts, S. H., Harms, D. A. et al. (1995). Control of endangered gray wolves in Montana. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World., ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 127–134.Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E., Fritts, S. H., Fontaine, J. A., et al. (1998). Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 785–798.Google Scholar
Bangs, E. E., Fontaine, J., Jimenez, M., et al. (2001). Gray wolf restoration in the northwestern United States. Endangered Species Update, 18, 147–152.Google Scholar
Barnes, A. M. (1993). A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the black-footed ferret. In Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret, ed. Oldemeyer, J., Biggins, D., Miller, B. and Crete, R.. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 28–37.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. I., MacGregor, J. and Weaver, L. C. (2002). Economic efficiency and incentives for change within Namibia's community wildlife use initiatives. World Development, 30, 667–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W. (1990). Famine in the Rain Forest. New York: Wildlife Conservation International.Google Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W.(1996). The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests. Mammal Review, 26, 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W., Jensen, K. and Blom, A. (1991). Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 54–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W., Azika, S. and Asamoah-Boateng, B. (1995). Timber, cocoa, and crop-raiding elephants: a preliminary study from southern Ghana. Pachyderm, 19, 33–40.Google Scholar
Barnes, R. F. W., Craig, G. C., Dublin, H. T.et al. (1998). African Elephant Database 1998, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No.22. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Baron, D. (2003). The Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Barrett, C. B., Brandon, K., Gibson, C. and Gjertsen, H. (2001). Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions. BioScience, 51, 497–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, E. and Murphree, M. (2001). Community conservation: from concept to practice. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 24–37.Google Scholar
Bateson, P. and Bradshaw, E. L. (1997). Physiological effects of hunting red deer (Cervus elaphus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 264, 1707–1714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bath, A. J. (1992). Identification and documentation of public attitudes toward wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. In Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress, vol. IV, Research and Analysis, ed. Varley, J. D. and Brewster, W. G.. Yellowstone National Park, WY: National Park Service, pp. 2/5–2/30.Google Scholar
Bath, A. J.(2001). Human Dimensions in Wolf Management in Savoie and Les Alpes Maritimes, France: Results Targeted toward Designing a More Effective Communication Campaign and Building Better Public Awareness Materials. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe. www.large-carnivores-lcie.org
Bath, A. J. and Majic, A. (2001). Human Dimensions in Wolf Management in Croatia: Understanding Attitudes and Beliefs of Residents in Gorski Kotar, Lika and Dalmatia towards Wolves and Wolf Management. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe. Accessible at http://www.large-carnivores-lcie.org
Beard, P. (1963). The End of the Game. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.Google Scholar
Beier, P. (1991). Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 403–412.Google Scholar
Beier, P.(2004), Paul Beier Home Page. Accessible at http://nau.edu/pb1
Bell, R. H. V. (1984a). The man–animal interface: an assessment of crop damage and wildlife control. In Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa, ed. Bell, R. H. V. and McShane-Caluzi, E.. Washington, DC: US Peace Corps Office of Training and Program Support, pp. 387–416.Google Scholar
Bell, R. H. V.(1984b). Monitoring of public attitudes. In Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa, ed. Bell, R. H. V. and McShane-Caluzi, E.. Washington, DC: US Peace Corps Office of Training and Program Support, pp. 442–448.Google Scholar
Bell, R. H. V.(1987). Conservation with a human face: conflict and reconciliation in African land use planning. In Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice, ed. Anderson, D. and Grove, R.. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–101.Google Scholar
Bell, W. R. (1921). Death to the rodents. US Department of Agriculture Yearbook, 1920, 421–438.Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L. and Robinson, J. G. (2000). Hunting for sustainability: the start of a synthesis. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 409–499.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1998). Can state regulatory agencies resolve controversial wildlife management issues involving the broad general public? In Proceedings of The Defenders of Wildlife Restoring the Wolf Conference, ed. Fascione, N.. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, pp. 85–89.Google Scholar
Ben-Shahar, R. (1993). Does fencing reduce the carrying capacity for populations of large herbivores?Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9, 249–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, E. P. (1998). The lord, the ruler: jaguar symbolism in the Americas. In Icons of Power: Feline Symbolism in the Americas, ed. Saunders, N. J.. London: Routledge, pp. 53–72.Google Scholar
Bensted-Smith, R., Infield, M. Otekat, J. and Thomson-Handler, N. (1995). A review of the multiple-use (resource sharing) programme in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Unpublished report. Kampala: CARE-Development through Conservation Project and CARE-International.
Bere, R. M. (1955). The African wild dog. Oryx, 3, 180–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, K. A. (1998). The future of the wolf in Minnesota: control, sport or protection? In Proceedings of The Defenders of Wildlife Restoring the Wolf Conference, ed. Fascione, N.. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, pp. 40–44.Google Scholar
Berger, D. (1996). The challenge of integrating Maasai tradition with tourism. In People and Tourism in Fragile Environments, ed. Price, M. F.. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, pp. 175–197.Google Scholar
Berger, J., Stacey, P. B., Bellis, L. and Johnson, M. P. (2001). A mammalian predator–prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications, 11, 947–960.Google Scholar
Bergman, D. L., Huffman, L. E. and Paulson, J. D. (1998). North Dakota's cost-share program for guard animals. In Proceedings of the 18th Vertebrate Pest Conference, ed. Baker, R. O. and Crabb, A. C.. Davis, CA: University of California, pp. 122–125Google Scholar
Bergo, G. (1987). Eagles as predators of livestock. Fauna Norvegica Series C, 10, 95–102.Google Scholar
Bibby, C. J. and Etheridge, B. (1993). Status of the hen harrier in Scotland during 1988. Bird Study, 40, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bingham, J., Foggin, C., Wandeler, A. and Hill, F. (1999). The epidemiology of rabies in Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 11–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Sharps, J. C. and Predator Project (1998). Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Unpublished petition. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service Region 6.
Biryahwaho, B. (2002). Community perspectives towards management of crop raiding animals: experiences of CARE-DTC with communities living adjacent to Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, southwest Uganda. In Human–Wildlife Conflict: Identifying the Problem and Possible Solutions, Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 1. ed. Hill, C. M., Osborn, F. and Plumptre, A. J.. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Bishop, G. C., Durrheim, D. N., Kloeck, P. E.et al. (2002). Rabies: Guide for the Medical, Veterinary and Allied Professions. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Bjärvall, A., Franzén, R., Nordkvist, M. and Åhman, G. (1990). Renar och rovdjur: Rovdjurens effekter på rennäringen. Stockholm Naturvårdsverkets Förlag. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Bjerke, T. and Kaltenborn, B. P. (1998). The relationship of ecocentric and anthropocentric motives to attitudes toward large carnivores. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorge, R. R. and Gunson, J. R. (1985). Evaluation of wolf control to reduce cattle predation in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 38, 483–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, H. L. and Green, J. S. (1985). Navajo use mixed-breed dogs for management of predators. Journal of Range Management, 38, 11–15. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, B. F., Dolbeer, R. A. and Tyson, L. A. (2000). Lethal control of piscivorous birds at aquaculture facilities in the northeast United States: effects on populations. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 6 + 2, 300–307.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, J. A. S. (1979). Elephants and Other Animal Pests, Workshop on Elephant Damage. Trolak, Perak, Malaysia: INPUT, Institute of Land Development.Google Scholar
Blair, J. A. S., Boon, G. and Noor, M. (1979). Conservation or cultivation: the confrontation between the Asian elephant and land development in Peninsular Malaysia. Land Development Digest, 2, 25–58.Google Scholar
Blanco, J. C. (2003). Wolf damage compensation schemes in Spain. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 7–9.Google Scholar
Blanco, J. C., Reig, S. and Cuesta, L. (1992). Distribution, status and conservation problems of the wolf in Spain. Biological Conservation, 60, 73–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blejwas, K. M., Sacks, B. N., Jaeger, M. M. and McCullough, D. R. (2002). The effectiveness of selective removal of breeding coyotes in reducing sheep predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66, 451–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomley, T. (2003). Natural resource conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, south western Uganda. Unpublished report. Kampala: CARE-Development through Conservation Project and CARE-International.
Bodner, M. (1998). Damage to fish ponds as a result of otter (Lutra lutra) predation. BOKU Reports on Wildlife Research and Game Management, 14, 106–117.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. and Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000). The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bogges, E. K., Henderson, F. R. and Spaeth, C. E. (1980). Managing Predator Problems: Practices and Producers for Preventing and Reducing Livestock Losses. Coop. Ect. Serv. Bull. C-620. Manhatten, KS: Kansas State University.Google Scholar
Boitani, L. (1992). Wolf research and conservation in Italy. Biological Conservation, 61, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boitani, L.(1995). Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf–human relationships. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R., Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 3–11.Google Scholar
Boitani, L.(2000). Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolves in Europe (Canis lupus), Nature and Environment No. 113. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Bomford, M. and O'Brien, P. H. (1990). Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: a review of device tests and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 18, 411–422.Google Scholar
Bond, I. (1994). Importance of elephant hunting to CAMPFIRE revenue in Zimbabwe. Traffic Bulletin, 14, 117–119.Google Scholar
Bond, I.(2001). CAMPFIRE and the incentives for institutional change. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 227–243.Google Scholar
Bonham, C. D., and Lerwick, A. (1976). Vegetation changes induced by prairie dogs on shortgrass range. Journal of Range Management, 29, 221–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, R. (1993). At the Hand of Man. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Bonnie, R., McMillan, M. and Wilcove, D. S. (2001). A Home on the Range: How Economic Incentives Can Save the Threatened Utah Prairie Dog. Washington, DC: Environmental Defense.Google Scholar
Bookbinder, M. P., Dinerstein, E., Rijal, A., Cauley, H. and Rajouria, A. (1998). Ecotourism's support of biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 12, 1399–1404.Google Scholar
Boonzaier, E. (1996). Local responses to conservation in the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 307–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (1997). Beyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in Conservation. Gland Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Bothma, J. du P. (1971). Food of Canis mesomelas in South Africa. Zoologica Africana, 6, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothma, J. du P.(2002). Some economics of wildlife ranching. In Wildlife Group Symposium on Game Ranching. South African Veterinary Association, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar
Boulton, A. M., Horrocks, J. A. and Baulu, J. (1996). The Barbados vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus): changes in population size and crop damage 1980–1994. International Journal of Primatology, 17, 831–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourne, J. (1994). Protecting livestock with guard donkey. Agri-fax, Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Agriculture.Google Scholar
Bourne, J.(2002). Electric fencing for predator control in Alberta. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 9–10. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Boutin, S. (1990). Predation and moose population dynamics: a critique. Journal of Wildlife Management, 56, 116–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowland, A. E., Mills, M. G. L. and Lawson, D. (1993). Predators and Farmers. Parkview, South Africa: Endangered Wildlife Trust.Google Scholar
Boyce, M. S. (1995). Anticipating consequences of wolves in Yellowstone: model validation. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 199–210.Google Scholar
Boyd, D. K., Paquet, P. C., Donelon, S. et al. (1995). Transboundary movements of a recolonizing wolf population in the Rocky Mountains. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 135–140.Google Scholar
Bradley, E. H. (2004). An evaluation of wolf–livestock conflicts and management in the Northwestern United States Ph.D. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Bradley, E. H., Pletscher, D. H., Bangs, E. E. (in press) Evaluating wolf translocation as a non-lethal method to reduce livestock conflicts in the northwestern United States. Conservation Biology.
Bragin, A. P. and Gaponov, V. V. (1989). Problems of the Amur tiger. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 10, 12–15. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Brainerd, S. (2003). Konfliktdempende tiltak i rovviltforvaltningen. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Rapport. (In Norwegian).Google Scholar
Braithwait, J. (1996). Using Guard Animals to Protect Livestock. Missouri Department of Conservation.Google Scholar
Brand, C. J., Pybus, M. J., Ballard, W. B. and Peterson, R. O. (1995). Infectious and parasitic diseases of the gray wolf and their potential effects on wolf populations in North America. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 419–430.Google Scholar
Brashares, J. S., Arcese, P. and Sam, M. K. (2001). Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in west Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 2473–2478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breitenmoser, U. (1998). Large predators in the Alps: the fall and rise of man's competitors. Biological Conservation, 83, 279–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitenmoser, U., and Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. (2001). Die ökologischen und anthropogenen Voraussetzungen für die Existenz grosser Beutegreifer in der Kulturlandschaft. Forest Snow and Landscape Research, 76, 23–39.Google Scholar
Breitenmoser, U. and Haller, H. (1993). Patterns of predation by reintroduced European lynx in the Swiss Alps. Journal of Wildlife Management, 57, 135–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitenmoser, U., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Okarma, H.et al. (2000). Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian lynx in Europe (Lynx lynx). Nature and Environment No. 112. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
British Trust for Ornithology et al. (2001). Red Grouse and Birds of Prey. Sandy, UK: BTO and 11 others.
Bro, E., Reitz, F., Clobert, J., Migot, P. and Massot, M. (2001). Diagnosing the environmental causes of the decline in grey partridge in France. Ibis, 143, 120–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromley, , (1977). The tiger as a component of biocenoses of the Far East. In Redkie vidy mlekopitaiuschikh i ikh okhrana, Materially z Vsesoiuznogo soveschania. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 111–113. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Bromley, C. and Gese, E. M. (2001a). Effects of sterilization on territory fidelity and maintenance, pair bonds, and survival rates of free-ranging coyotes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 386–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromley, C. and Gese, E. M.(2001b). Surgical sterilization as a method of reducing coyote predation on domestic sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65, 510–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooker, M. G. and Ridpath, M. G. (1980). The diet of the wedge-tailed eagle in Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research, 7, 433–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brøseth, H., Odden, J. and Linnell, J. D. C. (2003). Minimum antall familiegrupper, bestandsestimat og bestandsutvikling for gaupe i Norge i perioden 1996–2002. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Rapport. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Brown, D. (1998). Participatory Biodiversity Conservation: Rethinking the Strategy in the Low Tourist Potential Areas of Tropical Africa. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Brown, D. and Gonzalez, C. A. L. (2001). Borderland Jaguars. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Brown, W. M. and Parsons, D. R. (2001). Restoring the Mexican gray wolf to the desert southwest. In Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century, ed. Maehr, D. S., Noss, R. F. and Larkin, J. L.. London: Island Press, pp. 169–186.Google Scholar
Bruinderink, G. G., Sluis, T., Lammertsma, D., Opdam, P. and Pouwels, R. (2003). Designing a coherent ecological network for large mammals in northwestern Europe. Conservation Biology, 17, 549–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, H. S. (2002). The role and value of hunting. The Hunting Report, 22, 1–4.Google Scholar
Burns, L., Edwards, V., Marsh, J., Soulsby, L. and Winter, M. (2000). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs in England and Wales. London: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J. (1980). Evaluation of conditioned predation aversion for controlling coyote predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 938–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, R. J.(1983). Coyote predation aversion with lithium chloride: management implications and comments. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 11, 128–133.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J.(1996). Effectiveness of Vichos non-lethal collars in deterring coyote attacks on sheep. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 17, 204–206.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J., Connolly, G. E. and Griffiths, R. E. Jr (1984). Repellent or aversive chemicals in sheep neck collars did not deter coyote attacks. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 11, 146–153.Google Scholar
Burns, R. J., Tietjen, H. J. and Connolly, G. E. (1991). Secondary hazard of livestock protection collars to skunks and eagles. Journal of Wildlife Management, 55, 701–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, R. J., Zemlicka, D. E. and Savarie, P. J. (1996) Effectiveness of large livestock protection collars against depredating coyotes. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 123–127.Google Scholar
Butler, J. R. A. (2000). The economic costs of wildlife predation on livestock in Gokwe communal land, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. C., Smith, A. A., Redpath, S. M. and Thirgood, S. J. (2002). Nest site characteristics and nesting success in red grouse. Wildlife Biology, 8, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D., Gichohi, H., Mwangi, A., Chege, L. and Sawin, T. (1999). Interactions between People and Wildlife in SE Kajiado District, Kenya. Nairobi: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Cape Nature Conservation (2001). Badgers and Beekeepers. Cape Nature Conservation Information Brochure, 4.
Carter, M. R. (1997). Environment, technology, and the social articulation of risk in West African agriculture. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45, 557–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, D. and Clark, T. W. (1996). Tales of the Wolf: Fifty-One Stories of Wolf Encounters in the Wild. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.Google Scholar
Causey, D. (2001). What's behind Zambia's closure of hunting?The Hunting Report, 21, 1–3.Google Scholar
Ceballos, G., Chavez, C., Rivera, A., Manterola, C. and Wall, B. (2002). Tamano poblacionaly conservación del jaguar en la Reserva de la Prosfera Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 403–419.Google Scholar
Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1993). Ecotourism as a worldwide phenomenon. In Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, ed. Lindberg, K. and Hawkins, D. E.. North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society, pp. 12–14.Google Scholar
Chalise, M. K. (2001). Crop raiding by wildlife, especially primates, and indigenous practices for crop protection in Lakuwa Area, East Nepal. Asian Primates, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, 7, 4–9.Google Scholar
Chapman, C. A. and Onderdonk, D. A. (1998). Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. American Journal of Primatology, 45, 127–141.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charudutt, M. (1997). Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environmental Conservation, 24, 338–343.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, A. B. and Chakrabarti, K. (1979). The tiger and man: the Sundarbans tiger as viewed by fisherman and other who eke out their livelihood from the area. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tiger. Government of India, pp. 129–135.Google Scholar
Chauhan, N. P. S., Bargali, H. S. and Akhtar, N. (2002). Human–sloth bear conflicts, causal factors and management implications in Bilaspur Forest Division, Chattishgarh, India. In Program and Abstracts of Papers, 14th International Congress on Bear Research and Management, ed. Kvam, T. and Sorensen, O. J.. Steinkjer, Norway: Nord-Trondelag University College.Google Scholar
Chellam, R. and Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1993). Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 65, 409–424.Google Scholar
Chester, T. (2004). Mountain Lion Attacks on Peaople in the US and Canada. Accessible at http://tchester.org/sgm/lists/lion_attacks.html#summary
Chestin, I. (1999). Brown bear conservation action plan for Asia: Russia. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 136–143.Google Scholar
Child, G. (1995). Wildlife and People: The Zimbabwean Success. Harare: Wisdom, Press.Google Scholar
Chin, R. and Benne, K. D. (1976). General strategies for effecting changes in human systems. In The Planning of Change, 3rd edn, ed. Bennis, W. G., Benne, K. D., Chin, R. and Corey, K. E.. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 22–45.Google Scholar
Chiyo, P. I. (2000). Elephant ecology and crop depredation in Kibale National Park, Uganda. M.Sc. thesis, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Chiyo, P. I., Cochrane, E., Naughton-Treves, L. and Basuta, G. I. (2005). Temporal patterns of crop raiding by elephants at Kibale National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, in press.CrossRef
Chundawat, R. S., Gogate, N. and Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1999). Tigers in Panna: Preliminary results from an Indian tropical dry forest. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123–129.Google Scholar
CITES (1997). Review of the proposals submitted by Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to transfer their national populations of Loxodonta africana from CITES Appendix I to Appendix II. Accessible at http://wildnetafrica.co.za/cites/info/iss_002_12.html
Ciucci, P. and Boitani, L. (1998). Wolf and dog depredation on livestock in central Italy. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 504–514.Google Scholar
Ciucci, P. and Boitani, L.(2000). Wolves, dogs, livestock and compensation costs: 25 years of Italian experience. In Beyond 2000: Realities of Global Wolf Restoration Symposium, Duluth, MN, 23–26 February 2000. Accessible at http://www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/scientific/symposium/abstracts/008.asp
Clark, T. W. (1997). Averting Extinction: Restructuring the Endangered Species Recovery Process. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, T. W. and Brunner, R. D. (1997). Making partnerships work in endangered species conservation: an introduction to the decision process. Endangered Species Update, 13, 1–4.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W., and Minta, S. C. (1994). Greater Yellowstone's Future. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W. and Wallace, R. L. (1998). Understanding the human factor in endangered species recovery: an introduction to human social process. Endangered Species Update, 15, 2–9.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W. and Wallace, R. L.(2002). The dynamics of value interactions in endangered species conversation. Endangered Species Update, 19, 95–100.Google Scholar
Clark, T. W., Hinckley, D. and Rich, T. (eds.) (1989). The prairie dog ecosystem: managing for biological diversity. Montana BLM Wildlife Technical Bulletin, 2, 1–55.
Clark, T. W., Begg, R. J. and Lowe, K. W. (2002). Interdisciplinary problem-solving workshops for natural resources professionals. In The Policy Process: A Practical Guide for Natural Resources Professionals, ed. Clark, T. W.. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 173–189.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. (1969). Man Is the Prey. New York: Stein and Day.Google Scholar
Clarkson, P. L. and Marley, J. L. (1995). Preventing and managing black and grizzly bear problems in Agricultural and forested areas in North America. In Proceedings of the 9th (France) International Bear Association, pp. 306–322.Google Scholar
Clemence, E. (1992). A barking dog. DogLog, 3(3), 3–4.Google Scholar
Collins, A. R., Workman, J. P. and Uresk, D. W. (1984). An economic analysis of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) control. Journal of Range Management, 37, 358–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conelly, W. T. (1987). Perception and management of crop pests among subsistence farmers in South Nyanza, Kenya. In Management of Pests and Pesticides: Farmers' Perceptions and Practices, ed. Tait, , and Nampometh, B.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 198–209.Google Scholar
Conner, M. M. (1995). Identifying patterns of coyote predation on sheep on a northern California ranch. M.S. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Conner, M. M., Jaeger, M. M., Weller, T. J. and McCullough, D. R. (1998). Effect of coyote removal on sheep depredation in northern California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 690–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, G. (1995). Animal damage control research contributions to coyote management. In Proceedings of the 1995 Joint Fur Resources Workshop.
Connolly, G. and O'Gara, B. W. (1987) Aerial hunting takes sheep-killing coyotes in western Montana. Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop, 8, 184–188.Google Scholar
Conover, M. (1984). Comparative effectiveness of Avitrol, exploders and hawk-kites to reduce blackbird damage to corn. Journal of Wildlife Management, 48, 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, M.(2002). Resolving Human–Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Conover, M. R. and Decker, D. J. (1991). Wildlife damage to crops: perceptions of agricultural and wildlife professionals in 1957 and 1987. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 46–52.Google Scholar
Conover, M. F. and Kessler, K. K. (1994). Diminished producer participation in an aversive conditioning program to reduce coyote depredation on sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 22, 229–233.Google Scholar
Conover, M. F., Francik, J. G. and Miller, D. E. (1979). An experimental evaluation of aversive conditioning for controlling coyote predation: a critique. Journal of Wildlife Management, 43, 208–211.Google Scholar
Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) http://www.biodiv.org
Cook, S. J., Norris, D. R. and Theberge, J. B. (1999). Spatial dynamics of a migratory wolf population in winter, south-central Ontario (1990–1995). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 1740–1750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cope, D. R., Pettifor, R. A., Griffin, L. R. and Rowcliffe, J. M. (2003). Integrating farming and wildlife conservation: the Barnacle Goose Management Scheme. Biological Conservation, 110, 113–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, C. and Coppinger, L. (1998). Differences in the behaviour of dog breeds. In Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, ed. Grandin, T.. London: Academic Press, pp. 167–202.Google Scholar
Coppinger, L. (1992). Getting through that juvenile period. DogLog 2(3–4), 6–12.Google Scholar
Coppinger, L. and Coppinger, R. (1982). Livestock-guarding dogs that wear sheep's clothing. Smithsonian, 13, 65–73.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. (1992). Can dogs protect livestock against wolves in North America?DogLog, 3, 2–4.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L. (1994). The Predicament of Flock-Guarding Dogs in the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia. Amherst, MA: Hampshire College.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L.(1995). Interaction between livestock guarding dogs and wolves. In Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 523–526.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L.(2001). Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R. and Schneider, R. (1995). Evolution of working dogs. In The Domestic Dog, ed. Serpell, J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–47.Google Scholar
Coppinger, R., Lorenz, J., Glendinning, J. and Pinardi, P. (1983). Attentiveness of guarding dogs for reducing predation on domestic sheep. Journal of Range Management, 36, 275–279. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, R., Smith, C. and Miller, L. (1985). Observations on why mongrels make effective livestock protecting dogs. Journal of Range Management, 38, 560–561. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, R., Glendinning, J., Torop, E.et al. (1987). Degree of behavioural neoteny differentiates canid polymorphs. Ethology, 75, 89–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppinger, R., Coppinger, L., Langeloh, G., Gettler, L. and Lorenz, J. (1988). A decade of use of livestock guarding dogs. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 13, 209–214.Google Scholar
Coppock, D. L., Detling, J. K, Ellis, J. E. and Dyer, M. I. (1983a). Plant–herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. I: Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on intraseasonal aboveground plant biomass and nutrient dynamics and plant species diversity. Oecologia, 56, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppock, D. L., Detling, J. K, Ellis, J. E. and Dyer, M. I.(1983b). Plant–herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. II: Responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs. Oecologia, 56, 10–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, J. (1944). The Man Eaters of Kumaon. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corbett, J.(1948). The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corbett, L. (1995). The Dingo in Australia and Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cote, I. M. and Sutherland, W. J. (1997). The effectiveness of removing predators to protect bird populations. Conservation Biology, 11, 395–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courchamp, F. and Macdonald, D. W. (2001). Crucial importance of pack size in the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. Animal Conservation, 4, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtin, F., Carpenter, T., Paskin, R. and Chomel, B. (2000). Temporal patterns of domestic and wildlife rabies in central Namibia stock-ranching area, 1986–1996. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 43, 13–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cozza, K., Fico, R., Battistini, M. and Rodgers, E. (1996). The damage–conservation interface illustrated by predation on domestic livestock in central Italy. Biological Conservation, 78, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawshaw, P. G. and Quigley, H. B. (1991). Jaguar spacing, activity, and habitat use in a seasonally flooded environment in Brazil. Journal of Zoology, 223, 357–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawshaw, P. G. and Quigley, H. B.(2002). Jaguar and puma feeding habits in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil, with implications for their management and conservation. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 223–227.Google Scholar
Creel, S. and Creel, N. M. (1997). Lion density and population structure in the Selous Game Reserve: evaluation of hunting quotas and offtake. African Journal of Ecology, 35, 83–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker-Bedford, D. (1976). Food interactions between Utah prairie dogs and cattle. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.Google Scholar
Crooks, K. and Soulé, M. (1999). Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature, 400, 563–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crooks, K. R. and Sanjayan, M. A. (2005). Connectivity and Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cully, J. F. Jr and Williams, E. S. (2001). Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 894–905.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, A. B. (1996). People, Parks and Plant Use: Recommendations for Multiple-Use Zones and Development Alternatives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, People and Plants Working Paper No. 5. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Cutlip, S. M. and Center, A. H. (1964). Effective Public Relations, 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Cutter, S. L. (1996). Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Progress in Human Geography, 20, 529–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czech, B. and Krausman, P. R. (1999). Public opinion on endangered species conservation and policy. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 469–479.Google Scholar
Dahier, T. (2000). Bilan des dommages en 2000. L'Infoloups, 8, 11.Google Scholar
Dahier, T.(2002). Bilan des dommages en 2001. L'Infoloups, 10, 11.Google Scholar
Dahle, B., Sørensen, O. J., Wedul, E. H., Swenson, J. E. and Sandegren, F. (1998). The diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in central Scandinavia: effect of access to free-ranging domestic sheep Ovis aries. Wildlife Biology, 4, 147–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, J. C. (1996). The Leopard in India: A Natural History. New Delhi: Natraj Publishers.Google Scholar
Daniel, J. C.(2001). The Tiger in India: A Natural History. Dehra Dun, India: Natraj Publishers.Google Scholar
Danz, H. P. (1999). Cougar!Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Darnton, R. 1985. The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Davies, R. A. G. (1994). Black eagle predation on rock hyrax and other prey in the Karoo. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Davies, R. A. G.(1999). The extent, cost and control of livestock predation by eagles with a case study on black eagles in the Karoo. Journal of Raptor Research, 33, 67–72.Google Scholar
Davies, R. A. G.(2000). The influence of predation by black eagles on rock hyrax numbers in the Karoo. In Raptors at Risk, ed. Chancellor, R. D. and Meyburg, B. U.. Berlin, Germany: World Working Group for Birds of Prey and Owls, pp. 519–526.Google Scholar
Davis, T. (2002). Division of wildlife to compensate landowners who protect prairie dogs. Colorado Conservator, 18, 9.Google Scholar
Daw, M. and Daw, D. (2001). The Costs of Wild Geese to Scottish Agriculture: Islay and Loch of Strathbeg Case Studies. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.Google Scholar
Boer, W. F. and Baquete, D. (1998). Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation, 25, 208–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemm, C. (1996). Compensation for Damage Caused by Wild Animals. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Lima, M. G. and Gascon, C. (1999). The conservation value of linear forest remnants in central Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 91, 241–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deCalesta, D. S. and Cropsey, M. G. (1978). Field test of a coyote proof fence. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 6, 256–259.Google Scholar
Decker, D. J. and Chase, L. C., (1997). Human dimensions of living with wildlife: a management challenge for the twenty-first century. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25, 788–795.Google Scholar
Decker, D. J. and Purdy, K. G. (1988). Toward a concept of wildlife acceptance capacity in wildlife management. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 53–57.Google Scholar
Defenders of Wildlife (2004). http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/wolfcomp.pdf
DeLiberto, T. J., Conover, M. R., Gese, E. M.et al. (1998). Fertility control in coyotes: is it a potential management tool?Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 18, 144–149.Google Scholar
Detling, J. K. (1998). Mammalian herbivores: ecosystem-level effects in two grassland national parks. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 438–448.Google Scholar
Detling, J. K.(2000). Distribution of raptors on heather moorland. Oikos, 100, 15–24.Google Scholar
Deurbrouck, J. and Miller, D. (2001). Cat Attacks: True Stories and Hard Lessons fron Congar Country. Seattle, WA: Sasquatch Books.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. A. and Sherman, P. B. (1990). Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look at Benefits and Costs. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Dolabella, A. L. (2000). The Brazilian Panatanal: an overview. In The Pantanal: Understanding and Preserving the World's Largest Wetland, ed. Swarts, F. A.. St Paul, MN: Paragon House, pp. 37–41.Google Scholar
Dolan, C. C. (1999). The National Grasslands and disappearing biodiversity: can the prairie dog save us from an ecological desert?Environmental Law, 29, 213–234.Google Scholar
Dolbeer, R., Holler, N. and Hawthorne, D. (1994). Identification and control of wildlife damage. In Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, ed. Dolbeer, R.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 474–506.Google Scholar
Donnelly, C. A., Woodroffe, R., Cox, D. R.et al. (2003). Impact of localized badger culling on TB incidence in British cattle. Nature, 426, 834–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorrance, M. J. (1976). Predation losses of sheep in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 29, 457–460. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J.(1982). Predation losses of cattle in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 35, 690–692. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J. and Bourne, J. (1980). An evaluation of anti coyote electric fencing. Journal of Range Management, 33, 385–387. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J. and Roy, L. D. (1976). Predation losses of domestic sheep in Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 29, 457–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrance, M. J. and Roy, L. D.(1978). Aversive conditioning tests of black bears in beeyards failed. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 8, 251–254.Google Scholar
du Toit, J. T. (2002). Wildlife harvesting guidelines for community-based wildlife management: a southern African perspective. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11, 1403–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
du Toit, J. T., Walker, B. H. and Campbell, B. M. (2004). Conserving tropical nature: current challenges for ecologists. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 12–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudley, J. P., Mensah-Ntiamoah, A. Y. and Kpelle, D. G. (1992). Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 30, 116–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, J. 1932. Tiger-Man. London: Victor Gollancz.Google Scholar
Duke University (2005) Hippos Newsletter. http://moray.ml.duke.edu/projects/hippos/Newsletter/NewsFrameSet.html
Dunishenko, Yu. M. (1985). On the problem of tiger conservation in Khahbarovskiy Krai. In Izuchenie i okhrana redkhikh i ischezaiuschikh vidov zhivotnykh fauny SSSR. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 62–65. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Dunlap, T. R. (1988). Saving America's Wildlife. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, A. (1991). A Survey of Elephants in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.Google Scholar
Durant, S. M. (2000). Dispersal patterns, social organization and population viability. In Behaviour and Conservation, ed. Gosling, L. M. and Sutherland, W. J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25–140.Google Scholar
Dyar, J. A. and Wagner, J. (2003). Uncertainty and species recovery program design. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45, 505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, A. (1996). Men for All Seasons: The Hunters and Pioneers. Agoura, CA: Trophy Room Books.Google Scholar
Ebbinge, B. S. (1991). The impact of hunting on mortality rates and spatial distribution of geese wintering in the western palearctic. Ardea, 79, 197–210.Google Scholar
Eckert, J., Conraths, F. and Tackmann, K. (2000). Echinococcosis: an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis?International Journal of Parasitology, 30, 1283–1294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, G. R., Crawley, M. J. and Heard, M. S. (1999). Factors influencing molehill distribution in grassland: implications for controlling the damage caused by molehills. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 434–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, S. R. and Allen, C. M. (1992). Sport hunting as sustainable use of wildlife. Unpublished report. of the Sustainable Use of Wildlife Programme. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Edwasi, I. (1994). Wildlife–Human Conflicts in Kenya, Report of the Five-Person Review Group. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Ellegren, H., Savolainen, P. and Rosen, B. (1996). The genetical history of an isolated population of the endangered grey wolf Canis lupus: a study of nuclear and mitochondrial polymorphisms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 351, 1661–1669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellins, S. R. and Catalano, S. M. (1980). Field application of the conditioned taste aversion paradigm to the control of coyote predation on sheep and turkeys. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 29, 532–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellins, S. R., Catalano, S. M. and Schechinger, S. A. (1977). Conditioned taste aversion: a field application to coyote predation on sheep. Behavioral Biology, 20, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eloff, T. (2002). The economic realities of the game industry in South Africa. In Sustainable Utilization: Conservation in Practice, ed. Ebedes, H., Reilly, B., Hoven, W. and Penzhorn, B.. Pretoria: South African Game Ranchers' Organization, pp. 78–86.Google Scholar
Else, J. G. (1991). Nonhuman primates as pests. In Primate Responses to Environmental Change, ed. Box, H. O.. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 115–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eltringham, S. K. (1994). Wildlife Resources and Economic Development. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Emerton, L. (2001). The nature of benefits and the benefits of nature: why wildlife conservation has not economically benefited communities in Africa. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 208–226.Google Scholar
Energi- og miljøkomitéen. (1997). Innstilling fra energi- og miljøkomitéen om rovviltforvaltning, Innstilling til Stortinget No. 301. Oslo: Energi- og miljøkomitéen. (In Norwegian)
Ernest, H. B. and Boyce, W. M. (2000). DNA identification of mountain lions involved in livestock depredation and public safety incident and investigation. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 19,Google Scholar
Errington, P. L. (1946). Predation and vertebrate populations. Quarterly Review of Biology, 21, 221–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, J. A. (1996). The influence of large, mobile predators in aquatic food webs: examples from sea otters and kelp forests. In Aquatic Predators and their Prey, ed. Greenstreet, S. P. R. and Tasker, M. L.. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 58–64.Google Scholar
Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M. and Doak, D. F. (1998). Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science, 282, 473–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etheridge, B., Summers, R. W. and Green, R. (1997). The effects of illegal killing and destruction of nests on the population dynamics of hen harriers in Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1081–1106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etling, K. (2001). Cougar Attacks: Encounters of the Worst Kind. Gilford, CT: Lyons Press.Google Scholar
Evans, W. (1983). The Cougar in New Mexico: Biology, Status, Depredation of Livestock and Management Recommendations. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.Google Scholar
Pritchand, Evans E. (1906). The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. London: Faber and Faber (reprinted 1987).Google Scholar
Eves, J. A. (1999). Impact of badger removal on bovine tuberculosis in east County Offaly. Irish Veterinary Journal, 52, 199–203.Google Scholar
Fanshawe, J. H., Ginsberg, J. R., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Woodroffe, R. (1997). The status and distribution of remaining wild dog populations. In The African Wild Dog: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Macdonald, D. W.. Gland, Switzeland: IUCN, pp. 11–57.Google Scholar
Faraizl, S. D. and Stiver, S. J. (1996). A profile of depredating mountain lions. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 17, 88–90.Google Scholar
Fawcett, P. H. (1954). Exploration Fawcett. London: Companion Book Club.Google Scholar
Fernandez, A. J. G. (1995). Livestock predation in the Venezuelan llanos. Cat News, 22, 14–15.Google Scholar
Ferraro, P. J. and Kiss, A. (2002). Direct payments to conserve biodiversity. Science, 298, 1718–1719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiedler, L. A. (1988). Rodent problems in Africa. In Rodent Pest Management, ed. Prakash, I.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 35–65.Google Scholar
Fielding, A., Haworth, P., Morgan, D., Thompson, D. B. A. and Whitfield, D. P. (2003). The impact of golden eagles on a diverse bird of Prey assemblage. In: Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Marquiss, M., Fielding, A. and Galbraith, C.. Edinburgh, UK: HMSO, pp. 221–243.Google Scholar
Fischer, F. (2000). Citizens, Experts, and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, H. (1989). Restoring the wolf: Defenders launches a compensation fund. Defender, 64, 9, 36.Google Scholar
FitzGibbon, C., Mogaka, H. and Fanshawe, J. (1995). Subsistence hunting in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya and its effects on mammal populations. Conservation Biology, 9, 1116–1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzwater, W. D. (1972). Barrier fencing in wildlife management. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 5, 49–55.Google Scholar
Flack, P. H. (2002). Exotic game: catching up with Texas?Magnum, October 2002, 76–80.Google Scholar
Fleck, S. and Herrero, S. (1988). Polar bear conflicts with humans. In Bear – People Conflicts, ed. Bromley, M.. Yellowknife, NWT: Department of Renewable Resources.Google Scholar
Foeken, D. and Owuor, S. O. (2000). Facts and figures. In Kenya Coast Handbook: Culture Resources and Development in the East African Littoral, ed. Hoorweg, J., Foeken, D. and Obudh, R. A.. London: LIT Verlag, pp. 406–422.Google Scholar
Forbes, G. J. and Theberge, J. B. (1996). Cross-boundary management of Algonquin Park wolves. Conservation Biology, 10, 1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, S. H. and Boyd, D. K. (1997). Genetic structure and migration in native and reintroduced Rocky Mountain wolf populations. Conservation Biology, 11, 1226–1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forrest, S. C. (1988). Black-Footed Ferret Recovery Plan. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Forrest, S. C., Biggins, D. E., Richardson, L. (1988). Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) attributes at Meeteetse, Wyoming, 1981 to 1985. Journal of Mammalogy, 69, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forthman, D. (2000). Experimental application of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to large carnivores. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 2–4. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Forthman-Quick, D. L. (1986). Activity budgets and the consumption of human foods in two troops of baboons (Papio anubis) at Gilgil, Kenya. In Primate Ecology and Conservation, ed. Else, J. G. and Lee, P. C.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–228.Google Scholar
Forthman-Quick, D. L. and Demment, D. (1988). Dynamics of exploitation: differential energetic adaptations of two troops of baboons to recent human contact. In Ecology and Behaviour of Food-Enhanced Primate Groups, ed. Fa, J. E. and Southwick, C. H.. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 25–51.Google Scholar
Fortney, R. H. (2000). Cattle grazing and sustainable plant diversity in the Pantanal. In The Pantanal of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, ed. Swarts, F. A.. Gouldsboro, PA: Hudson MacArthur Publishers, pp. 127–133.Google Scholar
Fourli, M. (1999). Compensation for Damage Caused by Bears and Wolves in the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Fox, C. H. (2001). Taxpayers say no to killing predators. Animal Issues, 32, 1–2.Google Scholar
Frank, L. G. (1998). Living with Lions: Carnivore Conservation and Livestock in Laikipia. Bethesda, MD: Development Alternatives.Google Scholar
Frank, L. G., Simpson, D. and Woodroffe, R. (2003). Foot snares: an effective method for capturing African lions. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 39, 309–314.Google Scholar
Franklin, W. L. and Powell, K. J. (1993). Guard Llamas, University Extension No. PM–1527. Ames, IA: Iowa State University. Accessible at http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1527.pdfGoogle Scholar
Freese, C. H. (1996). The Commercial, Consumptive Use of Wildlife Species: Managing It for the Benefit of Biodiversity Conservation, WWF Discussion Paper. Washington, DC: WWF United States.Google Scholar
Freese, C. H.(1998). Wild Species as Commodities: Managing Markets and Ecosystems for Sustainability. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Freudenberger, D. and Brooker, L. (2004). Development of the focal species approach for biodiversity conservation in the temperate agricultural zones of Australia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 253–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H. (1982). Wolf Depredation on Livestock in Minnesota, Resource Publication No. 145. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H. and Carbyn, L. N. (1995). Population viability, nature reserves, and the outlook for gray wolf conservation in North America. Restoration Ecology, 3, 26–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H. and Paul, W. J. (1989). Interactions of wolves and dogs in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 17, 21–123.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Paul, W. J., Mech, L. D. and Scott, D. P. (1992). Trends and Management of Wolf–Livestock Conflicts in Minnesota, Resource Publication No. 181. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Bangs, E. E. and Gore, J. F. (1994). The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 28, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Bangs, E. E., Harms, D. R., Brewster, W. G. and Gore, J. F. (1995). Restoring wolves to the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 107–126.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Bangs, E. E., Fontaine, M. R.et al. (1997). Planning and implementing a reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho. Restoration Ecology, 5, 7–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Mack, C. M., Smith, D. W. et al. (2001). Outcomes of hard and soft releases of reintroduced wolves in central Idaho and the Greater Yellowstone Area. In Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century, ed. Maehr, D. S., Noss, R. F. and Larkin, J. L.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 125–148.Google Scholar
Fritts, S. H., Stephenson, R. O., Hayes, R. D. and Boitani, L. (2003). Wolves and humans. In Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. Mech, L. D. and Boitani, L.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 289–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. (n.d.). Possible Answer to Difficult Questions. Las Cruces, NM: Cooperative Extension Service, New Mexico State University.
Fuller, E. (2000). Extinct Birds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, T. K. (1989). Population dynamics of wolves in North-Central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs, 105, 1–41.Google Scholar
Funston, P. J. (2001). Kalahari transfrontier lion project: Population-ecology and long term monitoring of a free-ranging population in an arid environment.
Gachago, S. and Waithaka, J. (1995). Human–Elephant Conflict in Kiambu, Murang'a, Kirinyaga, Embu and Meru Districts. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. and Thompson, D. B. A. (2003). Towards resolving raptor–human conflicts. In Birds of Prey in a Changing Environment, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A. H., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C. A.. Edinburgh, UK: Stationary Office, pp. 527–536.Google Scholar
Galster, S. R. and Vaud Eliot, K. (1999). Roaring back: anti-poaching strategies from the Russian Far East and the comeback of the Amur tiger. In Riding the Tiger: Meeting the Needs of People and Wildlife in Asia, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 230–239.Google Scholar
Game Department (1920–63). Annual Reports. Nairobi: Kenya Game Department.
Game Department of Uganda (1924). Game Department Archives of Uganda. Kampala: Ugandan Wildlife Authority, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, Government of Uganda.
Garshelis, D., Joshi, A. R., Smith, J. L. D. and Rice, C. G. (1999). Sloth bear conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 225–240.Google Scholar
Gasaway, W., Boertje, R., Grangaard, D.et al. (1992). The role of predation in limiting moose at low density in Alaska. Wildlife Monographs, 120, 1–70.Google Scholar
Gates, N., Rich, J. E., Godtel, D. D. and Hulet, C. V. (1978). Development and evaluation of anti coyote electric fencing. Journal of Range Management, 31, 151–153. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gede National Museum (2004). Kipepeo Butterfly Project. Watamu, Kenya: Gede National Museum. Accessible at http://www.kipepeo.org
Gee, E. P. (1964). The Wildlife of India. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Georgiadis, N. and Ojwang', G. (2001). Numbers and distributions of large herbivores in Laikipia, Samburu and Isiolo Districts. In Laikipia Wildlife Forum, Nanyuki, Kenya.Google Scholar
Gesicho, A. (1991). A Survey of the Arabuko Sokoke Elephant Population. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service Elephant Programme.Google Scholar
Ghiglieri, M. P. (1984). The Chimpanzees of Kibale Forest: A Field Study of Ecology and Social Structure. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ghimire, K. B. and Pimbert, M. P. (1997). Social Change and Conservation. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Giannecchini, J. (1993). Ecotourism: new partners, new relationships. Conservation Biology, 7, 429–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, C. C. and Marks, S. A. (1995). Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: an assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development, 23, 941–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, R. Jr (1989). Wildlife and integrated pest management. Environmental Management, 4, 373–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillingham, S. and Lee, P. C. (1999). The impact of wildlife related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Environmental Conservation, 26, 218–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillingham, S. and Lee, P. C.(2003). People and protected areas: a study of local perceptions of wildlife crop-damage conflict in an area bordering the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Oryx, 37, 316–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gipson, P. S. (1975). Efficiency of trapping in capturing offending coyotes. Wildlife Management, 39, 45–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gipson, P. S., Ballard, W. B. and Nowak, R. M. (1998). Famous North America wolves and the credibility of early wildlife literature. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 808–816.Google Scholar
Githaiga, J. (1998). Recent Population Trends in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Gjertz, I. and Persen, E. (1987). Confrontations between humans and polar bears in Svalbard. Polar Record, 34, 340–347.Google Scholar
Gjertz, I. and Scheie, J. O. (1998). Human casualties and polar bears killed in Svalbard, 1993–1997. Polar Record, 34(191), 347–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glen, A. S. and Short, J. (2000). The control of dingoes in New South Wales in the period 1883–1930 and its likely impact on their distribution and abundance. Australian Zoologist, 31, 432–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glover, P. E. (1968). A report on an ecological survey of the proposed Shimba Hills National Reserve. Unpublished report. Nairobi: Kenya National Parks.
Gniadek, S. J. and Kendall, K. C. (1998). A summary of bear management in Glacier National Park, 1960–1994. Ursus, 10, 155–159.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1996). Pest and disease hazards and sustainability in African agriculture. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, I. (1991). Spectacled bear predation and feeding behavior on livestock in Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 26, 231–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, A., Lawton, J. H., Gilbert, F. S., Blackburn, T. M. and Evans-Freke, I. (1998). Metapopulation dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem. Science, 281, 2045–2047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Fernandez, A. J. (1995). Livestock predation in the Venezuelan llanos. Cat News, 22, 14–15.Google Scholar
Goodrich, J. M., Kerley, L. L., Schleyer, B. O.et al. (2000). Capture and chemical anesthesia of Amur (Siberian) tigers. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 533–542.Google Scholar
Goodwin, H. J. (1996). In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 277–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, H. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (2000). Tourism and protected areas: distorting conservation priorities towards charismatic megafauna? In Has the Panda Had its Day? Priorities for the Conservation of Mammal Diversity, ed. Entwistle, A. and Dunstone, N.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–275.Google Scholar
Goodwin, H., Kent, I., Parker, K. and Walpole, M. (1998). Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development: Case Studies from Asia and Africa, Wildlife and Development Series No. 12. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Goodwin, H., Johnston, G. and Warburton, C. (2000). Carnivores and Tourism: The Challenge Ahead. WWF-UK Report: 1– 26.
Gorokhov, G. F. (1977). The numbers and population structure of the Amur tiger in the south of Sikhote-Alin. In Redkie vidy mlekopitaiuschikh i ikh okhrana: Materialy 2 Vsesoiuznogo soveschania. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 119–220. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Gorokhov, G. F.(1983). The causes of illegal shooting of Amur tigers. In Redkie vidy mlekopitaiuschikh i ikh okhrana: Materialy 3 Vsesoiuznogo soveschania. Moscow: Iemezh ran i vto an SSSR, pp. 88–89. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Gossling, S. (1999). Ecotourism: a means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions?Ecological Economics, 29, 303–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, A. D. (1973). The Gardeners of Eden. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Gray, G. G. (1993). Wildlife and People: The Human Dimensions of Wildlife Ecology. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Green, J. S. and Woodruff, R. A. (1988). Breed comparison and characteristics of use of livestock guarding dogs. Journal of Range Management, 41, 249–251. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J. S. and Woodruff, R. A.(1990). Livestock Guard Dogs: Protecting Sheep from Predators, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 588. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Green, J. S., Woodruff, R. A. and Tueller, T. T. (1984). Livestock-guarding dogs for predator control: costs, benefits and practicality. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 12, 44–50.Google Scholar
Green, J. S., Woodruff, R. A. and Audelt, W. F. (1994). Do livestock guarding dogs lose their effectiveness over time?Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 16, 41–44.Google Scholar
Green, R. and Etheridge, B. (1999). Breeding success of the hen harrier in relation to the distribution of grouse moors and the red fox. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 472–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenaway, J. C. (1967). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R. J., Sargeant, A. B., Johnson, D. H., Cowardin, L. M. and Shaffer, T. L. (1995). Factors accociated with duck nest success in the prairie pothole region of Canada. Wildlife Monograph, 128, 1–57.Google Scholar
Grey, Z. (1922). Roping Lions in the Grand Canyon. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Griffin, L. R. and Coath, D. C. (2001). WWT Svalbard Barnacle Goose Project Report 2000–2001, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Internal Report. Slimbridge, UK:Google Scholar
Grobbelaar, C. (2004). Zimbabwe. In African Hunting Guide, ed. Wieland, T.. Rivonia, South Africa: Future Publishing.Google Scholar
Grundblatt, M., Said, M. Y. and Warugute, P. (1995). National Rangeland Report: Summary of Population Estimates of Wildlife and Livestock. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and National Development, Department of Remote Sensing and Regional Surveys.Google Scholar
Guerrera, W., Sleeman, J. M., Jasper, S. B.et al. (2003). Medical survey of the local human population to determine possible health risks to the mountain gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961). Simba: The Life of the Lion. Cape Town, South Africa: Howard Timmins.Google Scholar
Guha, S. (2001). Health and Population in South Asia: From Earliest Times to the Present. New Delhi: Permanent Black.Google Scholar
Gujadhur, T. (2001). Joint Venture Options for Communities and Safari Operators in Botswana, CBNRN Support Programme Occasional Paper No. 6. SNV/IUCN.
Gunther, K. A. (1994). Bear management in Yellowstone National Park, 1960–93. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 549–560.Google Scholar
Gustavson, C. R., Garcia, J., Hankins, W. G. and Rusiniak, K. W. (1974). Coyote predation control by aversive conditioning. Science, 184, 581–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustavson, C. R., Jowsey, J. R. and Milligan, D. (1982). A 3-year evaluation of taste aversion coyote control in Saskatchewan. Journal of Range Management, 35, 57–59. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutleb, B. (2001). Experiences of 10 years of damage prevention for brown bears in Austria. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 9–10. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Haber, G. C. (1996). Biological, conservation, and ethical implications of exploiting and controlling wolves. Conservation Biology, 10, 1068–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackel, J. D. (1999). Community conservation and the future of Africa's wildlife. Conservation Biology, 13, 726–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hætta, I. O. 2002. Ressursregnskap for reindriftsnaeringen. Alta, Norway: Reindriftsforvaltningen. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Haight, R. G. and Mech, L. D. (1997). Computer simulation of vasectomy for wolf control. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 1023–1031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakkarainen, H. and Korpimaki, E. (1996) Competitive and predatory interactions among raptors: an observational and experimental study. Ecology, 77, 1134–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halfpenny, J. C. (2003). Yellowstone Wolves in the Wild. Helena, MT: Riverbend Publishing.Google Scholar
Hallowell, I. A. (1926). Bear ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere. American Anthropologist, 28, 1–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, P. H. (1981). The Leopard Panthera pardus and the Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus in Kenya. Report for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation and the Government of Kenya.
Hanby, J. P., Bygott, J. D. and Packer, C. (1995). Ecology, demography and behavior of lions in two contrasting habitats: Ngorongoro Crater and the Serengeti Plains. In Serengeti II: Research, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. and Arcese, P.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 315–331.Google Scholar
Hanks, J., Denshaw, W. D., Smuts, G. L. et al. (1981). Management of locally abundant mammals: the South African experience. In Problems of Managing Locally Abundant Wild Animals, ed. Jewell, P. A., Holt, S. and Hart, D.. London: Academic Press, pp. 21–55.Google Scholar
Hanley, N., MacMillan, D., Patterson, I. and Wright, R.E. (2003). Economics and the design of nature conservation policy: a case study of wild goose conservation in Scotland using choice experiments. Animal Conservation, 6, 123–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, I. and Bakken, M. (1999). Livestock-guarding dogs in Norway. I: Interaction. Journal of Range Management, 52, 2–6. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, I. and Smith, M. M. (2001). Livestock-guarding dogs in Norway. II: Different working regimes. Journal of Range Management, 52, 312–316. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, K. (1992). Cougar: The American Lion. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Publishing.Google Scholar
Hansen, R. M. and Gold, I. K. (1977). Black-tailed prairie dogs, desert cottontails and cattle trophic relations on shortgrass range. Journal of Range Management, 30, 210–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbo, S. J. Jr and Dean, F. C. (1983). Historical and current perspectives on wolf management in Alaska. In Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Their Status, Biology and Management, ed. Carbyn, L. N.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 51–64.Google Scholar
Harcourt, A. H., Parks, S. A. and Woodroffe, R. (2001). Small reserves face a double jeopardy: small size and high surrounding human density. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1011–1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 168, 1243–1248.Google Scholar
Harms, D. R. (1980). Bear management in Yosemite. In International Conference on Bear Research and Management, pp. 205–212.
Harris, D. and Eisenberg, J. H. (1989). Enhanced linkages: necessary steps for success in conservation of faunal diversity. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Western, D. and Pearl, M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 166–181.Google Scholar
Harwood, J. (2000). Risk assessment and decision analysis in conservation. Biological Conservation, 95, 219–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatfield, P. G. and Walker, J. W. (1994). An Evaluation of PRED-X Eartag in Protection of Lambs from Coyote Predation, Sheep Research Progress Report No. 3. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
Hawes-Davis, D. (1998). Varmints. Missoula, MT: High Plains Films. (video)Google Scholar
Hawkes, R. K. (1991). Crop and Livestock Losses to Wild Animals in the Bulilimamangwe Natural Resources Management Project Area. Harare: Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, J. (1980). Wildlife damage and control techniques. In Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, 3rd edn, ed. Schemnitz, E.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society.Google Scholar
Hayward, G. D., Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N. and Nations, C. (2002). Monitoring Amur tiger populations: characteristics of track surveys in snow. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 1150–1159.Google Scholar
Hazumi, T. (1999). Asiatic black bear conservation action plan: Japan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 207–210Google Scholar
Hearn, R. D. (2002). The 2000 National Census of Pink-footed Geese and Icelandic Greylag Geese in Britain and Ireland, Slimbridge, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Hefner, R. and Geffen, E. (1999). Group size and home range of the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus) in southern Israel. Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 611–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hempel, L. C. (1996). Environmental Governance. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Hemson, G. and Macdonald, D. W. (2002). Cattle predation by lions in the Makgadikgadi: some patterns and parameters. In Lion Conservation Research, Workshop 2: Modelling Conflict, ed. Loveridge, A. J., Lynam, T. and Macdonald, D. W.. Oxford, UK: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, pp. 10–12.Google Scholar
Hendrichs, H. (1975). The status of the tiger Panthera tigris (Linne, 1758) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (Bay of Bengal). Saugetierkundlich Mitteilungen, 3, 161–199.Google Scholar
Herne, B. (2001). White Hunters: The Golden Age of African Safaris. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. (1970). Human injury inflicted by grizzly bears. Science, 170, 593–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrero, S.(1985). Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance. Piscataway, NJ: Winchester Press.Google Scholar
Herrero, S.(1989). The role of learning in some fatal grizzly bear attacks on people. In Bear–People Conflicts, ed. Bromley, M.. Yellowknife, NWT: Department of Renewable Resources, pp. 9–14.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Fleck, S. (1990). Injury to people inflicted by black, grizzly or polar bears: Recent trends and new insights. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8, 25–32.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins A. (1995). Fatal injuries inflicted to people by black bears. In Proceedings of the 5th Western Black Bear Workshop, ed. Auger, J. and Black, H. L.. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, pp. 75–82.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins, A.(1998). Field use of capsaicin spray as a bear deterrent. Ursus, 10, 533–537.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins, A.(1999). Human injuries inflicted by bears in British Columbia: 1960–. Ursus, 11, 209–218.Google Scholar
Herrero, S. and Higgins, A.(2003). Human injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–1998. Ursus, 14, 44–54.Google Scholar
Hewson, R. (1984). Scavenging and predation upon ship and lambs in west Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 843–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heydon, M. J. and Reynolds, J. L. (2000). Demography of rural foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in relation to cull intensity in three contrasting regions of Britain. Journal of Zoology, 251, 265–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, V. H. (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, C. M. (1997). Crop-raiding by wild vertebrates: the farmers' perspective in an agricultural community in western Uganda. International Journal of Pest Management, 43, 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C. M.(1998). Conflicting attitudes towards elephants around the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Environmental Conservation, 25, 244–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C. M.(2000). Conflict of interest between people and baboons: crop raiding in Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 21, 299–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C. M.(in press). People, crops and primates: a conflict of interests. In Primate Commensalism and Conflict, ed. J. D. Paterson.
Hill, C. M., Osborn, F. V. and Plumptre, A. J. (2002). Human–Wildlife Conflict: Identifying the Problem and Possible Solutions. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Hill, J. and Simper, N. (2002). Evaluation of a high-density polyethylene collar for the prevention of coyote predation on sheep. Proceedings of the Defenders of Wildlife's Carnivores 2002, 236.Google Scholar
Smith, Hillman A. K. K., Merode, E., Nicholas, A., Buts, B. and Ndey, A. (1995). Factors affecting elephant distribution in Garamba National Park and surrounding reserves, Zaire, with a focus on human–elephant conflict. Pachyderm, 19, 39–48.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. E. (1995). Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people. Pachyderm, 19, 54–63.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. E.(1999). Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a land-use mosaic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 689–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, R. E.(2000). African elephants and humans in conflict: the outlook for coexistence. Oryx, 34, 34–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, R. E.(2001). A Decision Support System (DSS) for Managing Human–Elephant Conflict Situations in Africa. Nairobi: IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. E. and du Toit, J. (1999). Coexistence between people and elephants in African savannah. Conservation Biology, 13, 633–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofer, D. (2002). The Lion's Share of the Hunt: Trophy Hunting and Conservation – A Review of the Legal Eurasian Tourist Trophy Hunting Market and Trophy Trade under CITES. TRAFFIC Europe.
Hofer, H. and East, M. L. (1993). The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. I: Social organization. Animal Behaviour, 46, 547–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homewood, K., Lambin, E. F., Coast, E.et al. (2001). Long-term changes in Serengeti–Mara wildebeest and land cover: pastoralism, population or policies?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 98, 12544–12549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?Washington DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R. (2002). A Manual on the Problems of Depredation Caused by Jaguars and Pumas on Cattle Ranches. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society. Accessible at http://www.savethejaguar.comGoogle Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R. and Chapman, C. A. (1997). Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos. Oryx, 31, 274–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R. and Mondolfi, E. (1992). The Jaguar. Caracas: Armitano Publishers.Google Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R., Hoogesteijn, A. and Mondolfi, E. (1993). Jaguar predation and conservation: cattle mortality caused by felines on three ranches in the Venezuelan llanos. In Mammals as Predators, ed. Dunstone, N. and Gorman, M. L.. London: Zoological Society, pp. 391–406.Google Scholar
Hoogesteijn, R., Boede, E. O. and Mondolfi, E. (2002). Observaciones de la depredación de bovines por jaguares en Venezuela y los programmas Gubernamentales de control. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 183–199.Google Scholar
Hoogland, J. L. (1995). The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hoogland, J. L.(1996). Cynomys ludovicianus. Mammalian Species, 535, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornocker, M. (1992). Learning to live with mountain lions. National Geographic, 182, 52–65.Google Scholar
Horrocks, J. and Baulu, J. (1994). Food competition between vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and farmers in Barbados: implications for management. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre Vie), 49, 281–294.Google Scholar
Horstman, L. P. and Gunson, J. R. (1982). Black bear predation on livestock in Alberta. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 10, 34–39.Google Scholar
Hötte, M. and Bereznuk, S. (2001). Compensation for livestock kills by tigers and leopards in Russia. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 3, 6–7.Google Scholar
Hovens, J. P. M., Tungalartuja, K. H., Todgeril, T. and Batdorj, D. (2000). The impact of wolves (Canis lupus) on wild ungulates and nomadic livestock in and around the Hustain Nuruu Steppe Reserve, Mongolia. Lutra, 43, 39–50.Google Scholar
Howard, W. E. (1988). Why lions need to be hunted. Proceedings of the Mountain Lion Workshop, 3, 66–68.Google Scholar
Hoyt, J. (1994). Animals in Peril: How Sustainable Use Is Wiping out the World's Wildlife. New York: Avery.Google Scholar
Huber, D. and Adamic, M. (1999). Slovenia. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plans, ed. Sevheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 119–122.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J. (1992). Grouse in Space and Time. Fordingbridge, UK: Game Conservancy Trust.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J., Rizzoli, A., Grenfell, B. T., Heesterbeek, H. and Dobson, A. P. (2002). The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, A. and Humphrey, E. (2003). A Profile of Four Communal Area Conservancies in Namibia. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism.Google Scholar
Hunt, C. (1983). Deterrents, Aversive Conditioning and Other Practices: An Annotated Bibliography to Aid Bear Management. National Park Service, USA.Google Scholar
Hunt, C.(1985). Descriptions of Five Promising Deterrent and Repellent Products for Use with Bears. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Grizzly Bear Recovery Coordinator, Montana.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. A. (1952). Hunter. London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
Hussain, S. (2000). Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods. Mountain Research and Development, 20, 226–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, S.(2003). Snow leopards and local livelihoods: managing the emerging conflicts through an insurance scheme. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 9–11.Google Scholar
Hustad, H. (2000). The issuing of kill permits for brown bears in response to domestic sheep depredation in Norway, 1989–99. Thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås.
Hutton, J. M. (1992). The CITES Nile Crocodile Project. Lausanne, Switzerland: CITES Secretariat.Google Scholar
Hutton, J. M. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests. Oryx, 37, 215–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, J. M. and Webb, G. (2003). Crocodiles: the legal trade snaps back. In The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation, ed. Oldfield, S.. London: Earthscan, pp. 108–120.Google Scholar
Huygens, O. C. and Hayashi, H. (1999). Using electric fences to reduce Asiatic black bear depredation in Nagano prefecture, central Japan. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 959–964.Google Scholar
Idaho Legislative Wolf Oversight Committee (2002). Idaho wolf conservation and management plan. Unpublished report. Boise, ID.
Infield, M. (1988). Attitudes of a rural community towards conservation and a local conservation area in Natal, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 45, 21–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inukai, T. (1935). Damages on people by brown bears. Syoku-butsu oyo-bi dou-butsu (Plant and Animal), 1, 57–64. (In Japanese)Google Scholar
Inukai, T. (1972). Bear damage and bear control in Japan. In Bears: Their Biology and Management, ed. Herrero, S.. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 333–Google Scholar
Inverarity, J. D. (1894). Man-eating panther of Basim Berars. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 9, 25–27.Google Scholar
Isenberg, A. C. (2000). The Destruction of the Bison. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IUCN (1999). African Elephant Database. UNEP Publication.
IUCN(2002). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessible at http://www.redlist.org
IUCN(2003). 2003 United Nations List of Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1980). World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP/WWF.
IUCN/UNEP/WWF(1991). Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP/WWF.
Jackson, J. J. (1996). An international perspective on trophy hunting. In Tourist Hunting in Tanzania, ed. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 7–11.Google Scholar
Jackson, P. (1990). Endangered Species: Tigers. London: The Apple Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, P. and Nowell, K. (1996). Problems and possible solutions in management of felid predators. Journal of Wildlife Research, 1, 304–314.Google Scholar
Jackson, R., Ahlorn, G., Ale, S. et al. (1994). Reducing Livestock Predation in the Nepalese Himalaya: Case of the Anapurna Conservation Area. Draft Report. BioSystems Analysis Inc.,
Jagt, C. J. van der, Gujadhur, T. and Bussel, F. van (2000). Community Benefits through Community Based Natural Resources Management in Botswana, CBNRM Support Programme Occasional Paper No. 2. IUCN/SNV.
Jenkins, D., Watson, A. and Millar, G. (1964). Predation and red grouse populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1, 183–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, S., Perry, B. and Winkler, W. (1998). Ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 10, 620–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jhala, Y. (2000). Human–wolf conflict in India: beyond 2000. In Realities of Global Wolf Restoration Symposium, Duluth, MN, 23–26 February 2000. Accessible at http://www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/scientific/symposium/abstracts/003.asp
Joffe, H. (2003). Risk: from perception to social representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 55–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J., Kruszon-Moran, D., Wilson, M.et al. (2001). Toxoplasma gondii infection in the US: seroprevalence and risk factors. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. M. and Woolf, A. (1983). Relationship between husbandry practices and coyote use of swine in west central Illinois. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 11, 133–135.Google Scholar
Jones, S. (1999). Becoming a pest: prairie dog ecology and the human economy in the Euroamerican West. Environmental History, 4, 531–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonker, S. A., Parkhusr, J. A., Field, R. and Fuller, T. K. (1998). Black bear depredation on agricultural commodities in Massachusetts. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 318–324.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, C. J. (1979) Bear-sheep interactions, Targhee National Forest. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 5, 191–200.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, C. J., Conley, R. H., Hamilton, R. J. and Sanders, O. T. (1978). Management of black bear depredation problems. Proceedings of the Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Management and Research, 4, 297–321.Google Scholar
Jorgenson, J. P. (2000). Wildlife conservation and game harvest by Maya hunters in Quintana Roo, Mexico. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 251–266.Google Scholar
Jorner, U., Baer, L. A., Karlsson, E. and Danell, Ö. (1999). Reindeer Husbandry in Sweden. Umeå, Sweden: Svenska samernas riksförbund.Google Scholar
Kaczensky, P. (1996). Livestock–Carnivore Conflicts in Europe. Munich, Germany: Munich Wildlife Society.Google Scholar
Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Kock, R. and Macfie, E. (2002). Scabies in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Veterinary Record, 150, 12–15.CrossRef
Kaltenborn, B. P., Bjerke, T. and Strumse, E. (1998). Diverging attitudes towards predators: do environmental beliefs play a part?Research in Human Ecology, 5, 1–9.Google Scholar
Kaltenborn, B. P., Bjerke, T. and Vittersø, J. (1999). Attitudes towards large carnivores among sheep farmers, wildlife managers, and research biologists in Norway. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 4, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangwana, K. (1993). Elephants and Maasai: Conflict and Conservation in Amboseli, Kenya. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press.Google Scholar
Kangwana, K.(1995). Human–elephant conflict: the challenge ahead. Pachyderm, 19, 11–14.Google Scholar
Kaplanov, L. G. (1948). Tigers in Sikhote-Alin. In Tiger, red deer, and moose, Materialy k poznaniyu fauny i flory SSSR, Obschestva Ispytateley Prirody, Novaya seria, Otdel zool., 14, 18–49. (In Russian)
Karami, M. (1992). Nature reserves in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Species, 19, 11.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U. (2001). The Way of the Tiger: Natural History and Conservation of the Endangered Big Cat. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U.(2002). Nagarahole: limits and opportunities in wildlife conservation. In Making Parks Work: Identifying Key Factors to Implementing Parks in the Tropics, ed. Terborgh, J., Schaik, C., Davenport, L. C. and Rao, M.. Covelo, CA: Island Press, pp. 189–202.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U.(2003). Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 100, 169–189.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U. and Madhusudan, M. D. (2002). Mitigating human–wildlife conflicts in Southern Asia. In Making Parks Work: Identifying Key Factors to Implementing Parks in the Tropics, ed. Terborgh, J., Schaik, C., Davenport, L. C. and Rao, M.. Covelo, CA: Island Press, pp. 250–264.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U. and Nichols, J. D. (1998). Estimating tiger densities in India from camera trap data using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79, 2852–2862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karanth, K. U. and Stith, B. M. (1999). Prey depletion as a critical determinant of tiger population viability. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–113.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U., Sunquist, M. E. and Chinnappa, K. M. (1999). Long-term monitoring of tigers: lessons from Nagarahole. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–122.Google Scholar
Karanth, K. U., Nichols, J. D., Kumar, N. S., Link, W. A. and Hines, J. E. (2004). Tigers and their prey: predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 101, 4854–4858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kayanja, F. and Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1984). The impact of the unexpected on the Uganda national parks. In National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, ed. McNeely, J. A. and Miller, K. R.. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 87–92.Google Scholar
Keiter, R. B. (ed.) (1998). Reclaiming the Native Home of Hope: Community, Ecology and the American West. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Keith, L. B. (1983). Population dynamics of wolves. In Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Their Status, Biology, and Management, ed. Carbyn, L. N.. Report No. 45. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 66–77.Google Scholar
Kellert, S. R. (1991). Public views of wolf restoration in Michigan. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 51, 193–200.Google Scholar
Kellert, S. R., Black, M., Rush, C. R. and Bath, A. J. (1996). Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology, 10, 977–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, J. S., Smith, J. L. D., Starfield, A. M. and McDougal, C. (1995). The long-term effects of tiger poaching on population viability. Conservation Biology, 9, 1113–1127.Google Scholar
Kenward, R. (1977). Predation on released pheasants by goshawks in central Sweden. Swedish Game Research, 10, 79–112.Google Scholar
Kenward, R.(1981). Goshawk winter ecology in Swedish pheasant habitats. Journal of Wildlife Management, 45, 397–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenya Wildlife Service (1991). A Policy Framework and Development Programme 1991–1996. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.
Kenya Wildlife Service(1997). Kenya Wildlife Service Wildlife Policy. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.
Kerbis-Peterhams, P. (1999). The science of man-eating among lions (Panthera leo) with a reconstruction of the natural history of the ‘Man-eaters of Tsavo’. Journal of the East African Wildlife Society, 90, 1–40.Google Scholar
Kerley, L. L., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G.et al. (2002). Effects of roads and human disturbance on Amur tigers. Conservation Biology, 16, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerley, L. L., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G.et al.(2003). Reproductive parameters of wild female Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Journal of Mammalogy, 84, 288–298.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khaemba, W. M., Stein, A., Rasch, D., Leeuw, J. and Georgiadis, N. (2001). Empirically simulated study to compare and validate sampling methods used in aerial surveys of wildlife populations. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 374–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, J. A. (1995). Conservation and management of Gir lion sanctuary and national park, Gujarat, India. Biological Conservation, 73, 183–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kharel, F. R. (1997). Agricultural crop and livestock depredation by wildlife in Langtang National Park, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 17, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khramtsov, V. S. (1995). Behavior of tigers in encounters with man. Ecologia, 3, 252–254. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kiiru, W. (1995). Human–elephant interactions around Shimba Hills N. Reserve, Kenya. M. S. thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.Google Scholar
King, D. A. and Stewart, W. P. (1996). Ecotourism and commodification: protecting people and places. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 293–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, F. A. and Lee, P. C. (1987). A brief survey of human attitudes to a pest species of primate: Cercopithecus aethiops. Primate Conservation, 8, 82–84.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G., Reading, R. P., Miller, B. J.et al. (2000). The importance of improving evaluation in conservation. Conservation Biology, 14, 1–11.Google Scholar
Klenzendorf, S. A. (1997). Management of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Knight, J. (ed). (2001). Natural Enemies: People–Wildlife Conflicts in Anthropological Perspective. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Knight, J.(2003). Waiting for Wolves in Japan. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knowles, C. J. (1988). An evaluation of shooting and habitat alteration for control of black-tailed prairie dogs. In Proceedings of the 8 Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop, Rapid City, SD, 28–30 April 1987 pp. 53–56.
Knowlton, F. F., Gese, E. M. and Jaeger, M. M. (1999). Coyote depredation control: an interface between biology and management. Journal of Range Management, 52, 398–412. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, A. E., Marsh, R. E. and Salmon, T. P. (1990). Frightening methods and devices/stimuli to prevent mammal damage: a review. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 14, 168–173.Google Scholar
Kojola, I. and Kuittinen, J. (2002). Wolf attacks on dogs in Finland. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 498–501.Google Scholar
Korpimaki, E. and Norrdahl, K. (1998). Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small rodent cycles. Ecology, 79, 2448–2455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kothari, A. (1996). Is joint management of protected areas possible and desirable? In People and Protected Areas: Towards Participatory Conservation in India, ed. Kothari, A., Singh, N. and Suri, S.. New Dehli: Sage Publications, pp. 17–49.Google Scholar
Kothari, A., Suri, S. and Singh, N. (1995). People and protected areas: rethinking conservation in India. Ecologist, 25, 188–194.Google Scholar
Kotliar, N. B., Miller, B. and Reading, R. P. (in press). Black-tailed prairie dogs as keystone species. In Prairie Dog Conservation, ed. Hoogland, J. L.. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Krange, O. and Skogen, K. (2001). Naturen i Stor-Elvdal, ulven og det sosiale landskapet: en kortrapport fra prosjektet Konfliktlinjer i utmarka. Norwegian Social Research Temahefte, 1, 1–31.Google Scholar
Krebs, C. J., Boutin, S., Boonstra, R.et al. (1995). Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science, 269, 1112–1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krebs, J. R., Anderson, R., Clutton-Brock, T.et al. (1997). Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers: An Independent Scientific Review. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Krishke, H., Lyamuya, V. and Ndunguru, I. F. (1996). The development of community-based conservation around the Selous Game Reserve. In Community-Based Conservation in Tanzania, ed. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 75–83.Google Scholar
Krogstad, S., Christiansen, F., Smith, M.et al. (1999). Protective Measures against Depredation on Sheep: Sheep-Herding and Use of Livestock Guarding Dogs in Lierne, Annual Report Phase II, 1998. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. (In Norwegian with English summary)Google Scholar
Kruuk, H. (1972). The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kruuk, H.(1980). The Effects of Large Carnivores on Livestock and Animal Husbandry in Marsabit District, Kenya, United Nations Environmental Program, Man and Biosphere, Integrated Project in Arid Lands Technical Report No. E-4. Nairobi: UNEP/MAB.Google Scholar
Kruuk, H.(2002). Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between Carnivores and People. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krystufek, B. and Griffiths, H. I. (2003). Anatomy of a human: bear conflict: case study from Slovenia 1999–2000. In Living with Bears: A Large European Carnivore in a Shrinking World, ed. Krystufek, B., Flasman, B. and Griffiths, H. I.. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ecological Forum of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, pp. 127–153.Google Scholar
Kucherenko, S. P. (1970). The Amur tiger (present distribution and numbers). Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 2, 20–23. (In Russian)
Kucherenko, S. P.(1993). The price of tiger conservation. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 2, 16–19. (In Russian)
Kucherenko, S. P.(2001). Amur tigers at the turn of the century. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 4, 20–24. (In Russian)
Kumar, A. and Wright, B. (1999). Combating tiger poaching and illegal wildlife trade in India. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243–251.Google Scholar
Kumar, S. (2001). Compensation policies complicate wolf depredation conflicts. International Wolf, 11, 8–9.Google Scholar
Kunkel, K. E. (1997). Predation by wolves and other large carnivores in northwestern Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Kvam, T. (1996). Bestandsestimat for gaupe 1995–96. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Insitute for Nature Research.Google Scholar
Lahiri-Choudhury, D. (1993). Problems with wild elephant translocation. Oryx, 27, 53–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahm, S. A. (1994). A nation wide survey of crop-raiding by elephants and other species in Gabon. Pachyderm, 21, 69–77.Google Scholar
Laikipia Wildlife Forum (2004). http://www.//laikipia.org/
Lamb, B. L., Reading, R. P. and Andelt, W. F. (in press). Public attitudes and perceptions toward black-tailed prairie dogs. In Prairie Dog Conservation, ed. Hoogland, J. L.. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Landa, A. and Tømmerås, B. A. (1996). Do volatile repellents reduce wolverine Gulo gulo predation on sheep?Wildlife Biology, 2, 219–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A. and Tømmerås, B. A.(1997). A test of aversive agents on wolverines. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 510–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Strand, O., Swenson, J. E., and Skogland, T. (1997). Wolverines and their prey in southern Norway. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 1292–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Franzén, R., , T.et al. (1998a). Active wolverine Gulo gulo dens as a minimum population estimator in Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 4, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Krogstad, S, Tømmerås, B. Å., and Tufto, J. (1998b). Do volatile repellents reduce wolverine Gulo gulo predation on sheep? Results of a large-scale experiment. Wildlife Biology, 4, 111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Strand, O., Linnell, J. D. C. and Skogland, T. (1998c). Home range sizes and altitude selection for arctic foxes and wolverines in an alpine environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 448–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Gudvangen, K., Swenson, J. and Roskaft, E. (1999). Factors associated with wolverine predation on domestic sheep. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 963–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, A., Tufto, J., Andersen, R. and Persson, J. (2000a). Reanalyse av aktive ynglehi hos jerv som bestandsestimator basert på nye data om alder for første yngling. Unpublished report. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Landa, A., Linnell, J. D. C., Lindén, M. et al. (2000b). Conservation of Scandinavian wolverines in ecological and political landscapes. In Mustelids in a Modern World: Management and Conservation Aspects of Small Carnivore–Human Interactions, ed. Griffiths, H. I.. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Landa, A., Lindén, M. and Kojola, I. (2000c). Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolverines in Europe (Gulo gulo). Nature and Environment Report No. 115. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Landry, J. -M. (1998). The Use of Guard Dogs in the Swiss Alps: A First Analysis, KORA Report No. 2. Muri, Switzerland: Coordinated Research Projects for the Protection and Management of Carnivores in Switzerland. Accessible at http://www.kora.unibe.chGoogle Scholar
Landry, J. -M.(2000). Testing livestock guard donkeys in the Swiss Alps. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 1, 6–7. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Landry, J. -M.(2001). The guard dog: protecting livestock and large carnivores. In Wildlife, Land, and People: Priorities for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Field, R., Warren, R. J., Okarma, H. and Sievert, P. R.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 209–121.Google Scholar
Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe (2002). Core group position statement on the use of hunting, and lethal control, as means of managing large carnivore populations. Accessible at http://www.large-carnivores-lcie.org
Larsson, K. and Forslund, P. (1992). Population dynamics of the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis in the Baltic area: density-dependent effects on reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 954–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasswell, H. D. and McDougal, M. S. (1992). Jurisprudence for a Free Society. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Laws, R., Parker, I. and Johnstone, R. (1975). Elephants and Their Habitats: The Ecology of Elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Le Fevre, A. M., Johnston, W. T., Bourne, F. J. et al. (2003). Changes in badger setts over the first three years of the randomized badger culling trial. Poster at Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Conference. Accessible at http://www.svepm.org.uk/Posters2003/poster_files/LeFevre.pdf
Leader-Williams, N. (2000). The effects of a century of policy and legal change upon wildlife conservation and utilization in Tanzania. In Conservation of Wildlife by Sustainable Use, ed. Prins, H. H. T., Grootenhuis, J. G. and Dolan, T. T.. Boston, MA: Kluwer, pp. 219–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leader-Williams, N. and Dublin, H. T. (2000). Charismatic megafauna as ‘flagship species’. In Has the Panda Had its Day? Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity, ed. Entwistle, A. and Dunstone, N.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53–81.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N. and Tibanyenda, R. K. (1996). The Live Bird Trade in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Albon, S. D. and Berry, P. S. M. (1990a). Illegal exploitation of black rhinoceros and elephant populations: patterns of decline, law enforcement and patrol effort in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27, 1055–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Harrison, J. and Green, M. J. B. (1990b). Designing protected areas to conserve natural resources. Science Progress, 74, 189–204.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L. (1996a). Tourist Hunting in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.(1996b). Community-Based Conservation in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N., Smith, R. J and Walpole, M. J. (2001). Elephant hunting and conservation. Science, 293, 2203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leader-Williams, N., Oldfield, T. E. E., Smith, R. J. and Walpole, M. J. (2002). Science, conservation and foxhunting. Nature, 419, 878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R. J. (2000). Impact of subsistence hunting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and conservation options. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, ed. Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 455–472.Google Scholar
LeFranc, M. N., Moss, M. B., Patnode, K. A. and Sugg, W. C. (1987). The Inter- agency Grizzly Bear Committee: Grizzly Bear Compendium. Missoula, MT: Office of the Grizzly Bear Recovery Coordinator.Google Scholar
Lehner, P. N. (1987). Repellents and conditioned avoidance. In Protecting Livestock from Coyotes, ed. Green, J. S.. Dubois, ID: US Department of Agriculture, pp.56–61.Google Scholar
Leopold, A. S. and Wolfe, T. O. (1970). Food habits of nesting wedge-tailed eagles in Southeastern Australia. CSIRO Wildlife Research, 15, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1964). The Raw and the Cooked: Introduction to a Science of Mythology. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Levin, M. (2002). How to prevent damage from large predators with electric fences. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 5–8. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. (1998). Procedures and expectations of the Conservation Bullet Certification. Unpublished report.
Lewis, D. M.(1999). Comparative Study of Factors Influencing ADMADE Success. USAID report. Lusaka: USAID.
Lewis, D. M.(2001). Wildlife Enterprise and Management Approaches in Sichifulo GMA: A Case Study Analysis. Lusaka: CONASA.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Alpert, P. (1997). Trophy hunting and wildlife conservation in Zambia. Conservation Biology, 11, 59–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Phiri, A. (1998). Wildlife snaring: an indicator of community response to a community-based conservation project. Oryx, 32, 111–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Tembo, N. (1999). Improving Food Security to Reduce Illegal Hunting of Wildlife. Lusaka: ADMADE.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. and Tembo, N.(2000). Non-conventional approaches to wildlife management in an African landscape. In Pretoria Game Producers Symposium, pp. 1–14.
Liberg, O. and Glöersen, G. (2000). Rapport fran lo- och varginventeringen 2000. Spånga, Sweden: Svenska Jägareforbundet. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Licht, D. S. (1997). Ecology and Economics of the Great Plains. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Linden, H. and Wikman, M. (1983). Goshawk predation on Tetraonids: availability of prey and diet of the predator in the breeding season. Journal of Animal Ecology, 52, 953–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, P. A. (2003). Conserving wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) outside state protected areas in South Africa: ecological, sociological and economic determinants of success. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Linhart, S. B., Roberts, J. D., Shumake, S. A. and Johnson, R. (1976). Avoidance of prey by captive coyotes punished with electric shock. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 7, 302–306.Google Scholar
Linhart, S. B., Roberts, J. D. and Dasch, G. J. (1982). Electric fencing reduces coyote predation on pastured sheep. Journal of Range Management, 53, 276–281. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linhart, S. B., Sterner, R. T., Dasch, G. J. and Theade, J. W. (1984). Efficacy of light and sound stimuli for reducing coyote predation upon pastured sheep. Protection Ecology, 6, 75–84.Google Scholar
Linhart, S. B., Dasch, G. J., Johnson, R. R., Roberts, J. D. and Packham, C. J. (1992). Electronic frightening devices for reducing coyote predation on domestic sheep: efficacy under range conditions and operational use. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 15, 386–392.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C. (2000). Taste aversive conditioning: a comment. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 4. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C. and Bjerke, T. (2002). Frykten for ulven: en tverrfaglig utredning. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 722, 1–109.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C. and Brøseth, H. (2003). Compensation for large carnivore depradation of domestic sheep 1994–2001. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 11–13.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Smith, M. E., Odden, J., Kaczensky, P. and Swenson, J. E. (1996). Strategies for the reduction of carnivore–livestock conflicts: a review. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 443, 1–118. (http://nidaros.nina.no/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/opm%20550.pdf)Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Aanes, R., Swenson, J. E., Odden, J. and Smith, M. E. (1997). Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 1245–1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, J., Smith, M. E., Aanes, R. and Swenson, J. E. (1999). Large carnivores that kill livestock: do problem individuals really exist?Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 698–705.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Andersen, R., Kvam, T.et al. (2001a). Home range size and choice of management strategy for lynx in Scandinavia. Environmental Management, 27, 869–879.Google Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Swenson, J. E. and Andersen, R. (2001b) Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favorable. Animal Conservation, 4, 345–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, J. D. C., Løe, J., Okarma, H.et al. (2002). The fear of wolves: a review of wolf attacks on humans. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 731, 1–65.Google Scholar
Litoroh, M. (1997). Shimba Hills Elephant Count. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Liverman, D. (1990). Vulnerability to global environmental change. In Understanding Global Environmental Change, ed. Kasperson, R. E.. Worcester, MA: The Earth Transformed Program, pp. 27–44.Google Scholar
Logan, K. A. and Sweanor, L. L. (2001) Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an Enduring Carnivore. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
London, J. (1913). White Fang. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Lonely Planet (2004). Lonely Planet Online. Accessible at http://www.lonelyplanet.com
Lopez, B. H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. R. (1985). Introducing Livestock-Guarding Dogs. Extension Circular No. 1224. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Extension Service.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. R. and Coppinger, L. (1986). Raising and Training a Livestock-Guarding Dog, Extension Circular No. 1238. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Extension Service.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. R., Coppinger, R. and Sutherland, M. R. (1986). Causes and economic effects of mortality in livestock guarding dogs. Journal of Range Management, 39, 293–295. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, B. (2001). An Umbrella, Multi-State Approach for the Conservation and Management of the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, in the United States. Cheyenne, WY: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Team.Google Scholar
Luce, R. J. (2003). A Multi-State Conservation Plan for the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, in the United States: An Addendum to the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Assessment and Strategy. Sierra Vista, AZ: Prairie Dog Conservation Team.Google Scholar
Lukarevsky, V. (2002). Saving the central Asian leopard in Turkmenistan. Russian Conservation News, 28, 25–26. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Lukarevsky, V.(2003). Saving the central Asian leopard in Turkmenistan. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 13–15.Google Scholar
Lynch, O. J. and Alcorn, J. B. (1994). Tenurial rights and community-based conservation. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, ed. Western, D. and Wright, R. M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 373–392.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. (1980). Rabies and Wildlife. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2004). Dramatis personae. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, ed. Macdonald, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mace, R. D. and Waller, J. S. (1996). Grizzly bear distribution and human conflicts in Jewel Basin Hiking Area, Swan Mountains, Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 461–467.Google Scholar
Mace, R. D. and Waller, J. S.(1998). Demography and population trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Conservation Biology, 12, 1005–1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKenzie, J. M. (1988). The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, K., Mishra, H. and Mott, J. (1999). Reconciling the needs of conservation and local communities: Global Environmental Facility support for tiger conservation in India. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307–315.Google Scholar
Madhusudan, M. D. (2003). Living amidst large wildlife: livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, southern India. Environmental Management, 31, 460–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhusudan, M. D. and Karanth, K. U. (2002). Local hunting and the conservation of large mammals in India. Ambio, 3, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhusudan, M. D. and Mishra, C. (2003). Why big, fierce animals are threatened: conserving large mammals in densely populated landscapes. In Battles over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation, ed. Saberwal, V. and Rangarajan, M.. New Delhi: Permanent Black, pp. 31–55.Google Scholar
Madzou, Y. C. (1999). Situation conflictuelle des éléphants à Bomassa. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Makin, J. (1968). The soils in the country around Shimba Hills Settlement, Kikoneni and Jombo Mountain. Unpublished report. Nairobi: Kenya Soil Survey Unit, Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Makombe, K. (ed.) (1994). Sharing the Land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa. IUCN/ROSA Environmental Issues Series No. 1. Harare: IUCN/ROSA.Google Scholar
Makombo, J. (2003). Responding to the challenge: how protected areas can best provide benefits beyond boundaries. A case study of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in western Uganda. Unpublished report. Kampala: Uganda Wildlife Authority.
Manfredo, M. and Dayer, A. (2004). Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human–wildlife conflict in a global context. Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management.CrossRef
Manfredo, M. J., Zinn, H. C., Sikorowski, L. and Jones, J. (1998) Public acceptance of mountain lion management: a case study of Denver, Colorado, and nearby foothill areas. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 964–970.Google Scholar
Manosa, S. (1994). Goshawk diet in a Mediterranian area of northeastern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research, 28, 84–92.Google Scholar
Manosa, S.(2002). Conflict between gamebird hunting and raptors in Europe. Accessible at http://www.uclm.es/irec/reghab/informes_3.htm
Maples, W. R., Maples, W. K., Greenhood, W. F. and Walek, M. L. (1976). Adaptations of crop-raiding baboons in Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 45, 309–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchini, S. (2002). Local public opinion about environment and socio-Economic development in the Pantanal. Unpublished report. Wildlife Conservation Society.
Marcstrom, V., Kenward, R. and Engren, E. (1998). The impact of predation on boreal tetraonids during vole cycles. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 859–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marker, L. L. (2000a). Donkeys protecting livestock in Namibia. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 7–8. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Marker, L. L.(2000b). Livestock guarding dogs. Unpublished panel report.
Marker, L. L., Dickman, A. J., Mills, M. G. L. and MacDonald, D. W. (2003a). Aspects of the management of cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus jubatus, trapped on Namibian farmland. Biological Conservation, 114, 000–000.Google Scholar
Marker, L. L., Dickman, A. J., Mills, M. G. L. and MacDonald, D. W.(2003b). Demography of the Namibian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus jubatus. Biological Conservation, 114, 000–000.Google Scholar
Marker, L. L., Mills, M. G. L. and MacDonald, D. W. (2003c). Factors influencing perceptions of conflict and tolerance towards cheetahs on Namibian farmlands. Conservation Biology, 17, 1290–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marker-Kraus, L. (1994). The Namibian free-ranging cheetah. Environmental Conservation, 21, 369–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marker-Kraus, L., Kraus, D., Barnett, D. and Hurlbut, S. (1996). Cheetah Survival on Namibian Farmlands. Windhoek: Cheetah Conservation Fund.Google Scholar
Markham, D. (1995). Guard Llamas. Kalispell, MT: International Llama Association. Accessible at http://www.internationalllama.orgGoogle Scholar
Marquiss, M., Madders, M., Irvine, J. and Carss, D. (2002). The Impact of White-Tailed Eagles on Sheep Farming on Mull, SEERAD Report No. ITE/004/99. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department.Google Scholar
Marquiss, M., Madders, M. and Carss, D. (2003). White-tailed eagles and lambs. In: Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C.. Edinburgh, UK: HMSO, pp. 471–480.Google Scholar
Marsh, R. E. (1984). Ground squirrels, prairie dogs, and marmots as pests on rangeland. In Proceedings of the Conference for Organization and Practice of Vertebrate Pest Control, Fernherst, UK, 30 August–3 September 1982, pp. 195–208.
Maryland (1997). A New Conservation Strategy for the Namibian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Study by the 1997 Problem Solving Team, Graduate Program in Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology. College Park, MD: University of Maryland.
Mascarenhas, A. (1971). Agricultural vermin in Tanzania. In Studies in East African Geography and Development, ed. Ominde, S. H.. London: Heinemann, pp. 259–267.Google Scholar
Mason, J. (1989). Avoidance of methiocarb-poisoned apples by red-winged blackbirds. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53, 836–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, J. R., Shivik, J. A. and Fall, M. W. (2001). Chemical repellents and other aversive strategies in predation management. Endangered Species Update, 18, 175–181.Google Scholar
Matchett, M. R. and O'Gara, B. W. (1987). Methods of controlling golden eagle predation on domestic sheep in Southwestern Montana. Journal of Raptor Research, 21, 85–94.Google Scholar
Matsuzawa, T., Hasegawa, Y., Gotoh, J. and Wada, K. (1983). One-trial long-lasting food-aversion learning in wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Behavioral and Neural Biology, 39, 155–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matyushkin, E. N., Pikunov, D. G., Dunishenko, Y. M. (1996). Numbers, Distribution, and Habitat Status of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East. Final report to the USAID Russian Far East Environmental Policy and Technology Project.
Matyushkin, E. N., Pikunov, D. G., Dunishenko, Y. M.(1999). Distribution and numbers of Amur tigers in the Russian Far East in the mid-1990s. In Rare Mammal Species of Russia and Neighboring Territories, ed. Aristova, A. A.. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences Therological Society, pp. 242–271. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Maveneke, T. (1996). The elephant's importance to CBCD: the CAMPFIRE example. In Rural Development and Conservation in Africa. African Resources Trust, pp. 31–33.
McDougal, C. (1987). The man-eating tiger in geographical and historical perspective. In Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species, ed. Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 435–448.Google Scholar
McDougal, C.(1999). Tiger attacks on people in Nepal. Cat News, 30, 9–10.Google Scholar
McDougal, C., Cotton, M., Barlow, A., Kumal, S., and Tamang, D. B. (2001). Tigers claim more human victims in Nepal. Cat News, 35, 2–3.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R. (ed.) (1995). War against the Wolf: America's Campaign to Exterminate the Wolf. Stillwater, MN: Voyaguer Press.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N. (1990). Relationships between human industrial activity and grizzly bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8, 57–64.Google Scholar
McLeod, W. T. (ed.) (1982), The New Collins Concise English dictionary. Glasgow, UK: Collins.Google Scholar
McNay, M. E. (2002). Wolf–human interactions in Alaska and Canada: a review of the case history. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 831–843.Google Scholar
McNeely, J. (1988). Economics and Biological Diversity: Developing and Using Economic Incentives to Conserve Biological Resources. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
McNeely, J.(1989). Protected areas and human ecology: how national parks can contribute to sustaining societies. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Western, D. and Pearl, M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 150–157.Google Scholar
McNeely, J.(ed.) (1993). Parks for Life: Report of the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
McNeely, J. A. and Miller, K. R. (eds.) (1984). National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A. and Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 3, 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, L. E. and Knowlton, F. F. (2000). Efficacy of guard llamas to reduce canine predation on domestic sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 614–622.Google Scholar
Mech, L. D. (1970). The Wolf: Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Mech, L. D.(1995). The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology, 9, 270–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mech, L. D. and Nelson, M. E. (2000). Do wolves affect white-tailed buck harvest in northeastern Minnesota? Journal of Wildlife Management, 64, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mech, L. D., Fritts, S. H. and Paul, W. J. (1988). Relationship between winter severity and wolf depredations on domestic animals in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 269–272.Google Scholar
Mech, L. D., Harper, E. K., Meier, T. J., and Paul, W. J. (2000). Assessing factors that may predispose Minnesota farms to wolf depredations on cattle. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 623–629.Google Scholar
Medellin, R. A., Equihua, C., Chetiewicz, C.et al. (eds.) (2002). El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.Google Scholar
Mehta, J. N. and Kellert, S. R. (1998). Local attitudes towards community-based conservation policy and programmes in Nepal: a case study in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area. Environmental Conservation, 25, 320–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, K. J. (1993). Politics and the Bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Menon, V., Sukumar, R. and Kumar, A. (1998). A God in Distress: Threats of Poaching and the Ivory Trade to the Asian Elephant in India. New Delhi: Wildlife Protection Society of India.Google Scholar
Meriggi, A. and Lovari, S. (1996). A review of wolf predation in southern Europe: does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock? Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 1561–1571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriam, C. H. (1902). The prairie dog of the Great Plains. In Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1901. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 257–270.Google Scholar
Mertens, A., Promberger, C. and Gheorge, P. (2002). Testing and implementing the use of electric fences for night corrals in Romania. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 5, 2–5. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Messier, F. (1985). Solitary living and extraterritorial movements of wolves in relation to social ststus and prey abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 239–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messmer, T. (2000). The emergence of human–wildlife conflict management: turning challenges into opportunities. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 45, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B. and Reading, R. P. (2002). The black-tailed prairie dog: threats to survival and a plan for conservation. Wild Earth, 12, 46–55.Google Scholar
Miller, B., Wemmer, C., Biggins, D. and Reading, R. (1990). A proposal to conserve black-footed ferrets and the prairie dog ecosystem. Environmental Management, 14, 763–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B., Ceballos, G. and Reading, R. P. (1994). The prairie dog and biotic diversity. Conservation Biology, 8, 677–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B., Reading, R. P. and Forrest, S. (1996). Prairie Night: Black-Footed Ferrets and the Recovery of Endangered Species. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. J. and Jackson, R. (1994). Livestock and snow leopards, making room for cometing users on the Tibetan Plateau. In Proceedings of the 7th International Snow Leopard Symposium, ed. Fox, J. L. and Jizeng, D.. Seattle, WA: International Snow Leopard Trust.Google Scholar
Miller, L. E. (2002). Eat or Be Eaten: Predator Sensitive Foraging among Primates. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. and Cully, J. F. Jr (2001). Conservation of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 889–893.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. A. and Jackson, P. (1994). Killed for a Cure: A Review of the World-Wide Trade in Tiger Bone. Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC International.Google Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. (1990). Kalahari Hyaenas: Comparative Behavioural Ecology of Two Species. London: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. and Biggs, H. C. (1993). Prey apportionment and related ecological relationships between large carnivores in Kruger National Park. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 65, 253–268.Google Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. and Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers.Google Scholar
Mills, M. G. L. and Hofer, H. (1998). Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (1992). A model of incentives for the illegal exploitation of black rhinos and elephants: poaching pays in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 388–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Mace, R. (1998). Conservation of Biological Resources. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2001) Minnesota Wolf Management Plan. Grand Rapids, MN: Division of Wildlife in collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources(2003). Minnesota wolf management plan. Unpublished report from Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
Miquelle, D. G. and Pikunov, D. G. (2003). Status of the Amur tiger and Far Eastern leopard. In The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development, ed. Newell, J. P.. McKinleyville, CA: Daniel and Daniel, pp. 106–109.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G. and Smirnov, E. N. (1999). People and tigers in the Russian Far East: searching for the ‘coexistence recipe’. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 290–293.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Quigley, H. G.et al. (1996). Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Research, 1, 138–147.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Merrill, W. T. et al. (1999a). Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71–99.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Stevens, P. A., Smirnov, E. N., et al. (2005). Competitive exclusion, functional redundancy, and conservation implications: tigers and wolves in the Russian Far East. In Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity, ed. Ray, J., Berger, J., Redford, K. H. and Stereck, R.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 179–207.Google Scholar
Miquelle, D. G., Merrill, W. T., Dunishenko, Y. M. (1999b). A habitat protection plan for the Amur tiger: developing political and ecological criteria for a viable land-use plan. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 273–295.Google Scholar
Mishra, C. (1997). Livestock predation by large carnivores in the Indian Trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environmental Conservation, 24, 338–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, C., Madhusudan, M. D., Allen, P. and McCarthy, T. (2003). The role of incentive schemes in conserving the snow leopard, Uncia uncia. Conservation Biology, 17, 1512–1520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, H. R. (1984). A delicate balance: tigers, rhinoceros, tourists and park management vs. the needs of local people in the Royal Chitwan National Park. In National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, ed. McNeely, J. A. and Miller, K. R.. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 197–205.Google Scholar
Misra, M. (2003). Evolution, impact and effectiveness of domestic wildlife bans in India. In The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation, ed. Oldfield, S.. London: Earthscan, pp. 78–85.Google Scholar
Mizutani, F. (1993). Home range of leopards and their impact on livestock on Kenyan ranches. Symposia of Zoological Society of London, 65, 425–439.Google Scholar
Mizutani, F.(1999). Impact of leopards on a working ranch in Laikipia, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 37, 211–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mnene, R. (1992). Interaction between People and Wildlife around Shimba Hills National Reserve and Mwaluganje Forest. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Monaghan, P. and Wood-Gush, D. (1990). Managing the Behaviour of Animals. New York: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Mondolfi, E. and Hoogesteijn, R. (1986). Notes on the biology and status of the small wild cats in Veenzuela. In Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management, ed. Miller, S. D. and Everett, D. D.. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation, pp. 125–146.Google Scholar
Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (2003). Draft Montana gray wolf conservation and management plan. Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks Unpublished report.
Moss, A. H. (1903). Forest panther attack. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 15, 516.Google Scholar
Moss, C. J. (2001). The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya. Journal of Zoology, 255, 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moxey, A., White, B. and Ozanne, A. (1999). Efficient contract design for agrienvironmental policy. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50, 187–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mubalama, L. (1996). An Assessment of Crop Damage by Large Mammals in the Reserve de Faune à Okapis in the Ituri Forest, Zaire: With Special Emphasis on Elephants. Canterbury, UK: Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature.Google Scholar
Mubalama, L. and Hart, J. A. (1995). An Assessment of Crop Damage: Damage by Large Mammals in the Reserve de Faune à Okapis, Ituri Forest, Zaire: with a Special Emphasis on Elephants. Epulu: Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature.Google Scholar
Muchapondwa, E. (n.d.). Risk Management through Community-based Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Damage Insurance. Göteborg, Sweden: School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University.
Mueller, L. (1985). Cougar attack. Outdoor Life, 175, 108–111.Google Scholar
Mugisha, S. (1994). Land cover/use around Kibale National Park. Kampala: MUIENR and RS/GIS Laboratory.Google Scholar
Munn, L. C. (1993). Effects of prairie dogs on physical and chemical properties of soils. In Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret, ed. Oldemeyer, J. L., Biggins, D. E. and Miller, B. J.. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, pp. 11–17.Google Scholar
Murombedzi, J. (1992). Decentralization or Recentralization? Implementing CAMPFIRE in the Omay Communal Lands of the Nayminyami District. Harare: Centre for Applied Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Murombedzi, J.(2001). Committees, rights, costs and benefits: natural resource stewardship and community benefits in Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE programme. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 244–255.Google Scholar
Murphree, M. (1993). Communities as Resource Management Institutions, Gatekeeper Series No. 36. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Murphree, M.(1995). The Lesson from Mahenye: Rural Poverty, Democracy and Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife and Development Series No. 1. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Murphree, M.(2001). Community, council and client: a case study in ecotourism development from Mahenye, Zimbabwe. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, ed. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.. Oxford, UK: James Currey, pp. 177–194.Google Scholar
Muruthi, P., Stanley-Price, M. R., Soorae, P., Moss, C. and Lanjouw, A. (2000). Conservation of large mammals in Africa: what lessons and challenges for the future? In Has the Panda Had Its Day? Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity, ed. Entwistle, A. and Dunstone, N.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Musgrove, A. J., Pollitt, M. S., Hall, C.et al. (2001). The Wetland Bird Survey 1999–2000: Wildfowl and Wader Counts. Slimbridge, UK: British Trust for Ornithology/Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust/Royal Society for the Protection of Birds/Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Musiani, M. and Visalberghi, E. (2001). Effectiveness of fladry on wolves in captivity. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 91–98.Google Scholar
Musiani, M., Mamo, C., Boitani, L.et al. (2003). Wolf depredation trends and the use of fladry barriers to project livestock in Western North America. Conservation Biology, 17, 1538–1547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musters, C. J. M., Kruk, M., Graaf, H. J. and Terkeurs, W. J. (2001). Breeding birds as a farm product. Conservation Biology, 15, 363–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwathe, K. M. (1992). A preliminary report on elephant crop damage in areas bordering Shimba Hills National Reserve. Unpublished report. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service Elephant Program.
Nash, R. F. (1989). The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nass, R. D. and Theade, J. (1988). Electric fences for reducing sheep losses to predators. Journal of Range Management, 41, 251–252. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nass, R. D., Lynch, G. and Theade, J. (1984). Circumstances associated with predation rates on sheep and goats. Journal of Range Management, 37, 423–426. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Agriculture Statistics Service (2001a). Cattle and Calf Loss in 2000. Washington, DC: Agricultural Board, US Department of Agriculture.
National Agriculture Statistics Service(2001b). Sheep and Lamb Loss in 2000. Washington, DC: Agricultural Board, US Department of Agriculture.
National Environment Action Plan Secretariat (1995). National Environmental Action Plan for Uganda. Kampala: Ministry of Natural Resources.
National Goose Forum (1997a). NGF3/97 Development of a National Policy Framework. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING1/NGF03_97.pdf
National Goose Forum(1997b). NGF2/97 Terms of reference and membership. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING1/NGF02_97.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998a). NGF10/98 Review of management techniques and habitat creation. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING3/NGF10_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998b). NGF14/98 Goose management in other european countries. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING4/NGF14_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998c). NGF9/98 Population viability analyses: theoretical basis. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING3/NGF09_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998d). NGF16/98 The viability of goose populations wintering in Scotland: a population viability analysis approach. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING4/NGF16_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1998e). NGF19/98 Management arrangements for geese. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING5/NGF19_98.pdf
National Goose Forum(1999). NGF4/99 Options for the delivery of future goose management schemes. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING6/NGF04_99.pdf
National Goose Forum(2000). Policy report and recommendations of the National Goose Forum. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/ngf-00.asp
National Goose Management Review Group (2000). NGMRG report on proposals submitted by Local Goose Management Groups. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library3/environment/ngmrg-00.asp
National Trust (1993). The Conservation and Management of Red Deer in the West Country. Unpublished report to the Council of the National Trust by the Deer Working Party.
National Wildlife Federation (1998). Petition for Rule Listing the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) as Threatened throughout its Range. Denver, CO: US Fish Wildlife Service Region 6.
Naughton-Treves, L. (1996). Uneasy neighbors: wildlife and farmers around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Naughton-Treves, L.(1997). Farming the forest edge: vulnerable places and people around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Geographical Review, 87, 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L.(1998). Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology, 12, 156–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L.(1999). Whose animals? A history of property rights to wildlife in Toro, western Uganda. Land Degradation and Development, 10, 311–328.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L.(2001). Farmers, wildlife and the forest fringe. In African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation, ed. Weber, A., White, L., Vedder, A. and Naughton-Treves, L.. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 369–284.Google Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A., Chapman, C. and Wrangham, R. (1998). Temporal patterns of crop-raiding by primates: linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 596–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A. (1999). The Social Dimension of Human–Elephant Conflict in Africa: A Literature Review and Case Studies from Uganda and Cameroon. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group.Google Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A.(2000). The spatial and social dimensions of human–elephant conflict in Africa: case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. Accessible at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/hectf/pdfs/hecugcarev.pdf
Naughton-Treves, L., Mena, J. L., Treves, A., Alvarez, N. and Radeloff, V. C. (2003a). Wildlife survival beyond park boundaries: the impact of swidden agriculture and hunting on mammals in Tambopata, Peru. Conservation Biology, 17, 1106–1117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton-Treves, L., Grossberg, R. and Treves, A. (2003b). Paying for tolerance: the impact of depredation and compensation payments on rural citizens' attitudes toward wolves. Conservation Biology, 17, 1500–1511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nchanji, A. C. and Lawson, D. P. (1998). A survey of elephant crop damage around the Banyang-Mbo wildlife sanctuary, 1993–1996. Yaoundé: Cameroon Biodiversity Project and Wildlife Conservation Society.
Nelson, R. (1997). Heart and Blood: Living Together with Deer in North America. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Nemtzov, S. C. (2003). A short-lived wolf depredation compensation program in Israel. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 6, 16–17.Google Scholar
Nepal, S. K. and Weber, K. E. (1993). Struggle for Existence: Park–People Conflict in the Royal Chitwan National Park. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
New, T. R. (1994). Butterfly ranching: sustainable use of insects and sustainable benefits to habitats. Oryx, 28, 169–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (2005). Home pages. Accessible at http://www.gmshs.state.nm.us
Newby, F. and Brown, R. (1958). A new approach to predator management in Montana. Montana Wildlife, 8, 22–27.Google Scholar
Newmark, W. D. (1995). Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology, 9, 512–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D.(1996). Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology, 10, 1549–1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D., Leonard, N. L., Sariko, H. I. and Gamassa, D. -G. M. (1993). Conservation attitudes of local people living adjacent to five protected areas in Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 63, 177–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D., Manyanza, D. N., Gamassa, D. and Sariko, H. (1994). The conflict between wildlife and local people living adjacent to protected areas in Tanzania: human density as a predictor. Conservation Biology, 8, 249–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, I. (1979). Population Ecology of Raptors. London: Poyser.Google Scholar
Newton, I.(1998). Population Limitation in Birds. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Nicanor, N. (2001). Practical Strategies for Pro-Poor Tourism: NACOBTA the Namibian Case Study, PRo-Poor Tourism Working Paper No. 4. London: Centre for Responsible Tourism/International Institute for Environment and Development/Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Nielsen, O. K. (1999). Gyrfalcon predation on ptarmigan: numerical and functional responses. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 1034–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemeyer, X. Y. Z. (1995). Control of endangered gray wolves in Montana. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H., and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 127–134.Google Scholar
Niemeyer, X. Y. Z.(1998). Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 785–798.Google Scholar
Nikolaev, I. G. (1985). Last winter's loss of tigers. Okhota i okhotnichie khozyaistvo, 9, 18–19. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Nikolaev, I. G. and Yudin, V. G. (1993). Tiger and man in conflict situations. Bull. Mosk. Obschestva Ispytateley Priorody. Otd. Biol. V., 98, 23–26.Google Scholar
Nolte, D., Farley, J., Campbell, D., Epple, G. and Mason, J. (1993). Potential repellents prevent mountain beaver damage. Pesticide Science, 12, 624–626.Google Scholar
Norton-Griffiths, M. and Southey, C. (1995). The opportunity costs of biodiversity conservation in Kenya. Environmental Economics, 12, 125–139.Google Scholar
Nowack, R. (1991). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Nowak, R. (1995). Another look at wolf taxomony. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H., and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 375–397.Google Scholar
Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Cambridge, UK: Burlington Press.Google Scholar
Nunez, R., Miller, B. and Lindzey, F. (2002). Ecology of jaguars in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 107–127.Google Scholar
Nybakk, K., Kjelvik, O., Kvam, T., Overskaug, K. and Sunde, P. (2002). Mortality of semi-domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus in central Norway. Wildlife Biology, 8, 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhus, P., Tilson, R. and Sumianto, (2000). Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra Indonesia. Oryx, 34, 262–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhus, P., Fischer, H., Madden, F. and Osofsky, S. (2003). Taking the bite out of wildlife damage: the challenges of wildlife compensation schemes. Conservation Biology, 4, 37–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakleaf, J. K. (2002). Wolf–cattle interactions and habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the northwestern United States. M. S. thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
Oakleaf, J. K., Mack, C. and Murray, D. L. (2003). Effects of wolves on livestock calf survival and movements in central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management, 67, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, J. F. (1999). Myth and Reality in the Rainforest: How Conservation Strategies are Failing in West Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
O'Connell-Rodwell, C., Rodwell, T., Rival, L. and Hart, L. (2000). Living with the modern conservation paradigm: can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants?Biological Conservation, 93, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odden, J., Linnell, J. D. C., Moa, P. F.et al. (2002). Lynx depredation on domestic sheep in Norway. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66, 98–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oerke, E. C., Dehne, H. W., Schonbeck, F. and Weber, A. (1995). Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ogada, M. O., Woodroffe, R., Oguge, N. and Frank, L. G. (2003). Limiting depredation by African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17, 1521–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogutu, J. O. and Dublin, H. T. (2002). Demography of lions in relation to prey and habitat in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 120–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okarma, H. and Jedrzejewski, W. (1997). Livetrapping wolves with nets. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25, 78–82.Google Scholar
Okwemba, A. (2004). Proposal to reduce parks' sizes. Daily Nation, 18 March, 2.
Oldfield, T. E. E., Smith, R. J., Harrop, S. R. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Field sports and conservation in the United Kingdom. Nature, 423, 531–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oli, M. K. (1991). The ecology and conservation of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. M.Phil. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Oli, M. K., Taylor, I. R. and Rogers, M. E. (1994). Snow leopard predation of livestock: an assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Biological Conservation, 68, 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira, T. G. de. (1992). Ecology and conservation of neotropical felids. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Olsen, J. W. (1985). Prehistoric dogs in mainland East Asia. In Origins of the Domestic dog: The Fossil Record, ed. Olsen, S. J.. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 47–70.Google Scholar
Olsen, L. (1991). Compensation: giving a break to ranchers and bears. Western Wildlands, Spring, 25–29.Google Scholar
Olsson, O., Wirtberg, J., Andersson, M. and Wirtberg, I. (1997). Wolf predation on moose and roe-deer in south-central Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 3, 13–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Meilia, M. E., Knopf, F. L. and Lewis, J. C. (1982). Some consequences of competition between prairie dogs and beef cattle. Journal of Range Management, 35, 580–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orejuela, J. and Jorgenson, J. (1999). Spectacle bear conservation action plan: Colombia. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 179–181.Google Scholar
Orford, H. J. L., Perrin, M. R. and Berry, H. H. (1988). Contraception, reproduction and demography of free-ranging Etosha lions. Journal of Zoology, 216, 717–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, F. V. (1998). The ecology of crop-raiding elephants in Zimbabwe. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Osborn, F. V.(2002a). Capsicum oleoresin as an elephant repellent: field trials in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66, 674–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, F. V.(2002b). Elephant-induced change in woody vegetation and its impact on elephant movements out of a protected area in Zimbabwe. Pachyderm, 33, 50–57.Google Scholar
Osborn, F. V. and Parker, G. E. (2002). Community-based methods to reduce crop loss to elephants: experiments in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Pachyderm, 33, 32–38.Google Scholar
Osborn, F. V. and Parker, G. E.(2003). Towards an integrated approach for reducing the conflict between elephants and people: a review of current research. Oryx, 37, 80–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, F. V. and Welford, L. (1997). Living with Elephants: A Manual for Wildlife Managers in the SADC Region. Liloagwe, Malawi: Southern African Development Community/Natural Resources Management Programme.Google Scholar
Osmaston, H. A. (1959). Working Plan for the Kibale and Itwara Central Forest Reserves, Toro District, W. Province, Uganda. Kampala: Forest Department, Uganda Protectorate.Google Scholar
Östergren, A., Bergström, M. -R., Attergaard, H., From, J. and Mellquist, H. (1998). Wolverine, Lynx and Wolf in the Reindeer Husbandry Area of Sweden: Results from the 1998 Inventory. Umeå, Sweden: Länsstyrelsen i Västerbotten, Meddelande 3. (In Swedish with English summary)
Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C. B., Norgaard, R. B. and Policansky, D. (1999). Sustainability: revisiting the commons. Science, 284, 278–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottichilo, W. K. (2001). Population trends of resident wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus hecki (Neumann)) and factors influencing them in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 97, 271–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Outwater, A. (1996). Water: A Natural History. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Owen, M. (1971). The selection of feeding site by white-fronted geese in winter. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8, 905–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M.(1977). The role of wildfowl refuges on agricultural land in lessening the conflict between farmers and geese in Britain. Biological Conservation, 11, 209–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M.(1980). The role of refuges in wildfowl management. In Bird Problems in Agriculture, ed. Wright, E. N., Inglis, I. R. and Feare, C. J.. London: British Crop Protection Council, pp. 144–156.Google Scholar
Owen, M.(1990). The damage-conservation interface illustrated by geese. Ibis, 132, 238–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M. and Black, J. M (1991). Geese and their future fortunes. Ibis, 133 (suppl. 1), 28–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M. and Norderhaug, M. (1977). Population dynamics of barnacle geese breeding in Svalbard. Ornis Scandinavia, 8, 161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, M., Black, J. M., Agger, M. K. and Campbell, C. R. G. (1987). The use of the Solway Firth, Britain, by barnacle geese Branta leucopsis Bechst. in relation to refuge establishment and increases in numbers. Biological Conservation, 39, 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packer, C., Herbst, L., Pusey, A. E. et al. (1988). Reproductive success of lions. In Reproductive Success, ed. Clutton-Brock, T. H.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Palomares, F. and Caro, T. (1999). Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist, 153, 492–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palomares, F., Gaona, P., Ferreras, P. and Delibes, M. (1995). Positive effects on game species of top predators by controlling smaller predator populations: an example with lynx, mongooses and rabbits. Conservation Biology, 9, 295–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panwar, H. S. (1987). Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers and their future. In Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species, ed. Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 110–117.Google Scholar
Parker, I. and Bleazard, S. (2001). An Impossible Dream. Elgin, UK: Librario Press.Google Scholar
Parker, I. S. C. and Graham, A. D. (1989a). Elephant decline. I: Downward trends in African elephant distribution and numbers. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 34, 287–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, I. S. C. and Graham, A. D.(1989b). Man, elephants and competition. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 61, 241–252.Google Scholar
Patterson, I. J. (1991). Conflict between geese and agriculture: does goose grazing cause damage to crops? Ardea, 79, 179–186.Google Scholar
Patterson, I. J. and Cosgrove, P. J. (1997). Monitoring of a goose management scheme for the Strathbeg area. Unpublished report. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Grampian Area No. GR/97/006.
Patterson, I. J. and Fuchs, R. M. E. (2001). The use of nitrogen fertilizer on alternative grassland feeding refuges for pink-footed geese in spring. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 637–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, I. J., Abdul Jalil, S. and East, M. L. (1989). Damage to winter cereals by greylag and pink-footed geese in north-east Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 879–895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, J. H. (1907). The Maneaters of Tsavo. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Patton, D. L. H. and Frame, J. (1981). The effect of grazing in winter by wild geese on improved grasslands in West Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 311–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, W. J. and Gipson, P. S.. (1994). Wolves. In Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 123–129.Google Scholar
Pearl, M. C. (1994). Local initiatives and the rewards of biodiversity conservation: Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, ed. Western, D. and Wright, R. M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 193–214.Google Scholar
Pearson, E. W. and Caroline, M. (1981). Predator control in relation to livestock losses in central Texas. Journal of Range Management, 34, 435–441. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, V., Linnell, J. D. C., Andersen, R.et al. (1999). Winter lynx predation on semi-domestic reindeer in northern Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 5, 203–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, S. M. (1993). The effects of reseeding, fertiliser application and disturbance on the use of grassland by barnacle geese, and the implications for refuge management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 437–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, S. M. and Houston, D. C. (1992). The effect of winter grazing by barnacle geese on grassland yields on Islay. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, S. M., Halpin, Y. and Houston, D. C. (1997). Managing the distribution of barnacle geese on Islay, Scotland, through deliberate human disturbance. Biological Conservation, 82, 273–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, J. (2003). Population ecology of Scandinavian wolverines. Ph.D. thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
Peterson, R. (1999) Wolf–moose interactions on Isle Royale: the end of natural regulation?Ecological Applications, 9, 10–16.Google Scholar
Pettifor, R. A., Black, J. M., Owen, M., Rowcliffe, J. M. and Patterson, D. (1998). Growth of the Svalbard barnacle goose Branta leucopsis winter population 1958–1996: an initial review of temporal demographic changes. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter, 200, 147–164.Google Scholar
Peyton, B. (1999). Spectacled bear conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 157–198.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, W. K. and Goos, W. W. (1982). Guard dogs and gas exploders as coyote depredation control tools in North Dakota. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 10, 55–61.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. (1995). Conserving the red wolf. Canid News, 3, 13–17.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. K., Bangs, E. E., Mech, L. D., Kelly, B. T. and Fazio, B., (2004). Living alongside canids: lessons from the extermination and recovery of red and grey wolves in the contiguous United States. In The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, ed. MacDonald, D. and Sillero, C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, R. L. and Blom, F. S. (1988). Distribution and magnitude of eagle/livestock conflicts in the United States. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 13, 241–244.Google Scholar
Picozzi, N. (1978). Dispersion, breeding and prey of the hen harrier in Glen Dye. Ibis, 120, 489–509.Google Scholar
Pierce, B. M., Bleich, V. C., Wehausen, J. D. and Bowyer, R. T. (1999). Migratory patterns of mountain lions: implications for social regulation and conservation. Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 986–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitman, M. R. P. L., Oliveira, T. G., Paula, R. C. and Indrusiak, C. (2002). Manual de identificacao, prevencao e controle de predacao por carnivos. Brasilia: IBAMA.Google Scholar
Pitt, J. (1988). Des chiens ‘montagne des Pyrénées’ pour la protection des troupeaux ovins en région Rhône Alpes. Paris: Institut technique de l'élevage ovin et caprin.Google Scholar
Playne, S. (1909). East Africa: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources. London: Unwin Bros.Google Scholar
Pletscher, D. H., Ream, R. R., Boyd, D. K., Fairchild, M. W. and Kunkel, K. E. (1997). Population dynamics of a recolonizing wolf population. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 459–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumptre, A. J. and Bizumuremyi, J. B. (1996). Ungulates and Hunting in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Polisar, J., Maxit, I., Scognamillo, D.et al. (2003). Jaguars, pumas, their prey base and cattle ranching: ecological interpretations of a management problem. Biological Conservation, 109, 297–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, J. (1966). Wolves and Were-Wolves. London: Robert Hale.Google Scholar
Porter, P. and Sheppard, E. S. (1998). A World of Difference. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Porter, P. W. (1976). Agricultural Development and Agricultural Vermin in Tanzania. Boston, MA: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
Porter, P. W.(1979). Food and Development in the Semi-Arid Zone of East Africa. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Porter, P. W, and Sheppard, E. S. (1998). A World of Difference. New York: Euilford Press.Google Scholar
Potts, G. R. (1998). Global dispersion of nesting hen harriers: implications for grouse moors in the UK. Ibis, 140, 76–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulle, M. -L., Dahier, T., de Beaufort, R. and Durand, C. (2000). Conservation du loup en France, Programme Life-Nature, rapport final 1997–1999.
Prairie Dog Coalition (2002). Prairie dog summit forms coalition. Prairie Dog Tales, 1, 1.
Prance, G. T. and Schaller, G. B. (1982). Preliminary study of some vegetation types of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brittonia, 34, 228–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Predator Conservation Alliance (2001). Restoring the Prairie Dog Ecosystem of the Great Plains: Learning from the Past to Ensure the Prairie Dog's Future. Bozeman, MT: Predator Conservation Alliance.
Prezhewalski, N. M. (1870). Travelling in Ussuriisky Krai, 1867–1869. St Petersburg: Tipografiya N. Nekludova.Google Scholar
Price Waterhouse (1996). The trophy hunting industry: an African perspective. In Tourist Hunting in Tanzania, ed. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A. and Overton, G. L.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 9–11.Google Scholar
Priston, N. E. C. (2001). Assessment of crop damage by Macaca ochreata brunnescens in Southeast Sulawesis: a farmer's perspective. Undergraduate thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Quammen, D. (2003). Monster of God: The Man-Eating Predator in the Jungles of History and the Mind. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Quigley, H. and Crawshaw, P. G. (1992). A conservation plan for the jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal region of Brazil. Biological Conservation, 61, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, A. (1986). Jaguar predation on domestic livestock in Belize. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 14, 170–174.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A.(1995). Jaguar conflict and conservation, a strategy for the future. In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future, ed. Bissonette, J. A. and Krausman, P. R.. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 394–397.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A.(1999). The present status of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Southwestern United States. Southwestern Naturalist, 44, 96–100.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A.(2000). Jaguar: One Man's Struggle to Establish the World's First Jaguar Preserve. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A. and Nottingham, B. G. (1986). Ecology and behavior of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America. Journal of Zoology, 210, 149–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajpurohit, K. S. (1999). Child lifting: wolves in Hazaribagh, India. Ambio, 28, 162–166.Google Scholar
Rajpurohit, K. S. and Krausman, P. R. (2000). Human–sloth-bear conflicts in Madhya Pradesh, India. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 393–399.Google Scholar
Rangarajan, M. (2001). India's Wildlife History: An Introduction. New Delhi: Permanent Black.Google Scholar
Rasker, R. and Freese, C. (1995). Wildlife in the marketplace: opportunities and problems. In Wildlife Conservation Policy, ed. Geist, V. and McTaggert-Cowan, I.. Calgary, Alberta: pp. 177–204.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, G. (1999). Livestock predation by the painted hunting dog in a cattle ranching region of Zimbabwe: a case study. Biological Conservation, 88, 133–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratnaswamy, M. J., Warren, R. J., Kramer, M. T. and Adam, M. D. (1997). Comparisons of lethal and nonlethal techniques to reduce raccoon depredation of sea turtle nests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 368–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raveneau, A. and Daveze, J. (1994). Le Livre de l'âne. Paris: Editions Rustica.Google Scholar
Ray, J. C., Berger, J., Redford, K. H. and Steneck, R. (in press). Large Carnivores and Biodiversity: Does Saving One Conserve the Other?Washington, DC: Island Press.
Raynor, R., Strachan, R. and McClellan, A. (1996). The Loch of Strathbeg Goose Management Scheme Part 1. A final report on the scheme for the period 1994 to 1996. Unpublished report. Scottish Natural Heritage, North-East Area No. NE/96/037.
Reading, R. P. (1993). Toward an endangered species reintroduction paradigm: a case study of the black-footed ferret. Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Reading, R. P. and Kellert, S. R. (1993). Attitudes toward a proposed black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) reintroduction. Conservation Biology, 7, 569–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reading, R. P., Miller, B. J. and Kellert, S. R. (1999). Values and attitudes toward prairie dogs. Anthrozoös, 12, 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ream, R. R., Fairchild, M. W., Boyd, D. K. and Blakesley, A. J., (1989). First wolf den in western United States in recent history. Northwest Naturalist, 70, 39–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. (1991). The impact of hen harriers on red grouse breeding success. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28, 659–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. and Thirgood, S. (1997). Birds of Prey and Red Grouse. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Redpath, S. and Thirgood, S.(1999). Numerical and functional responses in generalist predators: hen harriers and peregrines on Scottish grouse moors. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 879–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. and Thirgood, S.(2003). The impact of hen harrier predation on red grouse: linking models with field data. In Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C.. Edinburgh, UK: Stationery Office, pp. 499–511.Google Scholar
Redpath, S. M., Thirgood, S. J. and Leckie, F. M. (2001). Does supplementary feeding reduce harrier predation on red grouse?Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 1157–1168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S. M., Thirgood, S. J. and Clarke, R. (2002). Field vole abundance and hen harrier diet and breeding in Scotland. Ibis, 144, E130–E138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S., Arroyo, B., Leckie, F.et al. (2004). Using decision modelling to resolve human–wildlife conflicts: a raptor–grouse case study. Conservation Biology, 18, 350–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeve, R. (2000). Eselenkei Community Conservation Project. Nairobi: International Fund for Animal Welfare.Google Scholar
Regeringen (2000). Sammanhållen Rovdjurspolitik, Regeringens proposition No. 2000/01:57. Stockholm: Regeringen. (In Swedish)
Reid, D. G. and Gong, J. (1999). Giant panda conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 241–254.Google Scholar
Reif, V., Tornberg, R., Jungell, S. and Korpimaki, E. (2001). Diet variation of common buzzards in Finland supports the alternative prey hypothesis. Ecography, 24, 267–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiger, J. F. (1986). American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Reiter, D. K., Brunson, M. W. and Schmidt, R. H. (1999). Public attitudes toward wildlife damage management and policy. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 746–758.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya (1977). The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya(1989). The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act Amended. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Reynolds, J. C. and Tapper, S. C. (1996). Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation. Mammal Review, 26, 127–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, J. C., Goddard, H. N. and Brockless, M. H. (1993). The impact of local fox (Vulpes vulpes) removal on fox populations at two sites in southern England. Gibier Faune Sauvage, 10, 319–334.Google Scholar
Rigg, R. (2001). Livestock Guarding Dogs: Their Current Use World Wide, IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Occasional Paper No. 1. Accessible at http://www.canids.org/occasionalpapers/
Rijksen, H. D. and Meijaard, E. (1999). Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang Utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rilling, S., Kelly, L., Lindquist, H., Scully, K. and Moriarty, D. (2002). Effectiveness of a fladry in captive wolves. Proceedings of the Defenders of Wildlife's Carnivores 2002, 253.Google Scholar
Risley, E. H. (1966). An urgent plea for a national park to be created in the Shimba Hills. Africana, 9, 6–8.Google Scholar
Ritter, D. G. (1981). Rabies in Alaskan furbearers: a review. In 6th North American Furbearer Conference, Fairbanks, AK, 10–11 April 1991.Google Scholar
Robel, R. J., Dayton, A. D., Henderson, R. R., Meduna, R. L. and Spaeth, C. W. (1981). Relationship between husbandry methods and sheep losses to canine predators. Journal of Wildlife Management, 45, 894–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, P. A., Park, K. J. and Barton, A. F. (2001). Loss of heather moorland in the Scottish uplands: the role of red grouse management. Wildlife Biology, 7, 11–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, S. A. and Luke, W. R. W. (1993). Coast Forest Survey, Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya and World Wildlife Fund.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. G. (1993). Limits to caring: sustainable living and the loss of biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 7, 20–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, W. A. and Lobo, W. D. (1982). Elephant control and legal ivory exploitation, 1920–1976. Tanganyika Notes and Records, 85, 25–54.Google Scholar
Roe, D., Leader-Williams, N. and Dalal-Clayton, D. B. (1997). Take Only Photographs, Leave Only Footprints: The Environmental Impacts of Wildlife Tourism. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Roe, D., Grieg-Ryan, M. and Schalken, W. (2001). Getting the Lion's Share from Tourism: Private Sector Community Partnerships in Namibia. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Rollins, K. and Briggs, H. C. (1996). Moral hazard, externalities, and compensation for crop damages from wildlife. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31, 368–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rondeau, D. and Bulte, E. H. (2003). Compensation for Wildlife Damage: Habitat Conversion, Species Preservation and Local Welfare, REPA Working Paper No. 2003–01, revised 7 April 2004. Victoria, British Columbia: Department of Economics, University of Victoria.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, T. (1926). Through the Brazilian Wilderness. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Roper, T. J., Findlay, S. R., Lups, P. and Sheperdson, J. (1995). Damage by badgers Meles meles to wheat Triticum vulgare and barlery Hordeum sativum crops. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 720–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblum, M. and Williamson, D. (1987). Squandering Eden. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Røskaft, E., Bjerke, T., Kaltenborn, B. P. and Linnell, J. D. C. (2003). Patterns of self reported fear towards large carnivores among the Norwegian public. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 24, 184–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, P. (1998). Crocodiles: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Ross, P. I., Jalkotzy, M. G. and Gunson, J. R. (1996). The quota system of cougar harvest management in Alberta. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 490–494.Google Scholar
Rouget, M., Cowling, R. M., Pressey, R. L. and Richardson, D. M. (2003). Identifying spatial components of ecological and evolutionary processes for regional conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Diversity and Distributions, 9, 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousselot, M. -C. and Pitt, J. (1999). Guide pratique du chien de protection. Paris: Institut technique de l'élevage ovin et caprin.Google Scholar
Rowcliffe, J. M., Pettifor, R. A. and Mitchell, C. R. (2000). Icelandic Population of the Greylag Goose (Anser anser): The Collation and Statistical Analysis of Data and Population Viability Analyses. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage.Google Scholar
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (1996). Wild Geese and Agriculture in Scotland, RSPB response to Scottish Office Discussion Paper. Edinburgh, UK: RSPB.
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and British Association for Shorting and Conservation (1998). NGF12/98 Geese and local economies in Scotland: a report to the National Goose Forum by RSPB and BASC. Accessible at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/MEETING4/NGF12_98.pdf.
Rudacille, D. (1998). Activism for animals. In Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, ed. Beckoff, M. and Meaney, C. A.. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 1–3.Google Scholar
Runte, A. (1987). National Parks: The American Experience. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Saberwal, V. K., Gibbs, J. P., Chellam, R. and Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). Lion–human conflict in the Gir Forest, India. Conservation Biology, 8, 501–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, B. N. (1996). Ecology and behavior of coyotes in relation to depredation and control on a California sheep ranch. M.S. thesis, University California, Berkeley, CA.
Sacks, B. N. and Neale, J. C. C. (2002). Foraging strategy of generalist predator toward a special prey: coyote predation on sheep. Ecological Applications, 12, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, B. N., Blejwas, K. M. and Jaeger, M. M. (1999a). Relative vulnerability of coyotes to removal methods on a northern California ranch. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 939–949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, B. N., Jaeger, M. M., Neale, J. C. C. and McCullough, D. R. (1999b). Territoriality and breeding status of coyotes relative to sheep predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 593–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saenz, J. C. and Carrillo, E. (2002). Jaguares depredators de Ganado en Costa Rica: Un problema sin solution? In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 127–139.Google Scholar
Sæther, B. E., Engen, S., Swenson, J. E, Bakke, Ø. and Sandegren, F. (1998). Assessing the viability of Scandinavian brown bear, Ursus arctos, populations: the effects of uncertain parameter estimates. Oikos, 83, 403–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safari Consultants (2004). http://www.safariconsultants.com.
Safety in Bear Country Society (2001). Staying Safe in Bear Country. Available at http://www.magiclantern.ca. at (video)
Sagør, J. T., Swenson, J. E., and Roskaft, E. (1997). Compatibility of brown bear Ursus arctos and free-ranging sheep in Norway. Biological Conservation, 81, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saj, T., Sicotte, P. and Paterson, J. (2001). The conflict between vervet monkeys and farmers at the forest edge in Entebbe, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 195–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandegren, F. and Swenson, J. (1997). Björnen: viltet, ekologin och människan. Stockholm: Svenska Jägareförbundet. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Sandell, M. (1989). The mating tactics and spacing behaviour of solitary carnivores. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, ed. Gittleman, J. L.. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 164–182.Google Scholar
Sanderson, E. W., Redford, K. H., Chetkiewicz, C. B.et al. (2002). Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model. Conservation Biology, 16, 58–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santiapillai, C. and Jackson, P. (1990). The Asian Elephant: An Action Plan for its Conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Sanyal, P. (1987). Managing the man-eaters in the Sundarbans tiger reserve of India: a case study. In Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species, ed. Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 427–434.Google Scholar
Sathyakumar, S. (1999). Asiatic black bear conservation action plan: India. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 202–206.Google Scholar
Saunders, G., McIlroy, J., Berghout, M.et al. (2002). The effects of induced sterility on the territorial behaviour and survival of foxes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 56–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, N. J. 1989. People of the Jaguar: The Living Spirit of Ancient America. London: Souvenir Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, N. J.(1991). The Cult of the Cat. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Schaller, G. B. (1967). The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schaller, G. B.(1983). Mammals and their biomass on a brazilian ranch. Arquivos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 31, 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, G. B. and Crawshaw, P. (1980). Movement patterns of jaguar. Biotropica, 12, 161–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, G. B., Jinchu, H., Wenshi, P. and Jing, Z. (1985). The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schiaffino, K., Malmierca, L. and Perovic, P. G. (2002). Depredacion de credos domesticos por jaguar en un area rural vecina a un parque nacional en el noreste de Argentina. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 251–265.Google Scholar
Schusler, T. M. and Decker, D. J. (2002). Engaging local communities in wildlife management area planning: an evaluation of the Lake Onterio Islands search conference. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 1226–1237.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. W. (1999). Choosing the appropriate scale of reserves for conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 83–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scognamillo, D., Maxit, I., Sunquist, M. and Farrell, L. (2002). Ecologia del jaguar y el problema de la depredación de ganado en un hato de Los Llanos venezolanos. In El Jaguar en el nuevo milenio, ed. Medellin, R. A.et al. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, pp. 139–151.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. (1976). The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, J. P. and Fuller, J. L. (1965). Genetics and the Social Behaviour of the Dog. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Scottish Executive Envirionment and Rural Affairs Department (2002). Agriculture Facts and Figures 2002. Accessible at http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/library5/agri/afaf-00.asp
Scottish Natural Heritage (1998). Good Practice for Grouse Moor Management. Edinburgh, UK: SNH.
Scottish Natural Heritage(2002). Facts and Figures 2001/02. Perth, UK: SNH.
Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department (1996). Wild Geese and Agriculture in Scotland, a discussion paper. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Office.
Scottish Raptor Study Groups (1997). The illegal persecution of raptors in Scotland. Scottish Birds, 19, 65–85.
Scrivner, J. H., Howard, W. E., Murphy, A. H. and Hays, J. R. (1985). Sheep losses to predators on a California range (1973–1983). Journal of Range Management, 38, 418–421. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seal, U. S., Thorne, E. T., Bogan, M. A. and Anderson, S. H. (1989). Conservation Biology and the Black-Footed Ferret. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Segerson, K. (1988). Uncertainty and incentives for non-point pollution control. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15, 87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidensticker, J., Sunquist, M. E. and McDougal, C. (1990). Leopards living at the edge of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. In Conservation in Developing Countries: Problems and Prospects, ed. Daniel, J. C. and Serrao, J. S.. Bombay, India: Oxford University Press, pp. 415–423.Google Scholar
Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P. (1999). Preface. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. xv–xix.Google Scholar
Sekhar, N. U. (1998). Crop and livestock depredation caused by wild animals in protected areas: the case of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Conservation, 25, 160–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serpell, J. and Jagoe, J. A. (1995). Early experience and the development of behavior. In The Domestic Dog, ed. Serpell, J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–102.Google Scholar
Servheen, C. (1999). Sun bear conservation action plan. In Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 219–224Google Scholar
Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. (eds.) (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Shabecoff, P. (1993). A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Shafi, M. M. and Khokhar, A. R. (1986). Some observations on wild boar (Sus scrofa) and its control in sugar cane areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 83, 63–67.Google Scholar
Shaw, H. G., Woolsey, N. G., Wegge, J. R. and Day, R. L. J. (1988). Factors affecting Mountain Lion Densities and Cattle Depredation in Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department.Google Scholar
Shelton, M. (1973). Some myths concerning the coyote as a livestock predator. BioScience, 23, 719–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivik, J. A. (2001). The other tools for wolf management. Wolf, 19, 3–7.Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A. and Gruver, K. S. (2002). Animal attendance at coyote trap sites in Texas. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 502–557.Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A. and Martin, D. J. (2001). Aversive and disruptive stimulus applications for managing predation. Proceeding of the Wildlife Damage Management Conference, 9, 111–119.Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A., Asher, V., Bradley, L.et al. (2002). Electronic aversive conditioning for managing wolf predation. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 20,Google Scholar
Shivik, J. A., Treves, A. and Callahan, M. (2003). Non-lethal techniques: primary and secondary repellents for managing predation. Conservation Biology, 17, 1531–1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siex, K. and Struhsaker, T. (1999). Colobus monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human–wildlife conflicts. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 1009–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Laurenson, M. K. (2001). Interactions between carnivores and local communities: conflict or co-existence? In Carnivore Conservation, ed. Gittleman, J., Funk, S. M., MacDonald, D. W. and Wayne, R. K.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 283–312.Google Scholar
Sillero-Zubiri, C., Reynolds, J. and Novaro, A. J. (2004). Management and control of wild canids alongside people. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, ed. Macdonald, D. W. and Sillero-Zubiri, C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 107–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sim, I. M. W., Gibbons, D. W., Bainbridge, I. P. and Mattingley, W. A. (2001). Status of the hen harrier in the UK in 1998. Bird Study, 48, 341–354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1983). Reason in Human Affairs. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, N. (1962). Between the Sunlight and the Thunder. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Sinclair, A. R. E. (1995). Equilibria in plant–herbivore interactions. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P.. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, pp. 91–113.Google Scholar
Singer, D. J. (1916). Big Game Fields of America: North and South. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Siriri, M. N. (2002). Knowledge and attitudes of the communities bordering Bwindi and Mgahinga National Parks in south western Uganda, December 2001. Unpublished report. Kampala: CARE-Development Through Conservation Project and CARE-International.
Sitati, N. W., Walpole, M. J., Smith, R. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Predicting spatial aspects of human–elephant conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 667–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogen, K. (2001). Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf? Young peoples respones to the conflicts over large carnivores in eastern Norway. Rural Sociology, 66, 203–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogen, K.(2003). Adapting adaptive management to a cultural understanding of land use conflicts.. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 435–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogen, K. and Haaland, H. (2001). En ulvehistorie fra Østfold: samarbeid og konflikter mellom forvaltning, forskning og lokalbefolkning. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fagrapport, 52, 1–51.Google Scholar
Skogen, K., Haaland, H., Brainerd, S. and Hustad, H. (2003). Lokale syn på rovvilt og rovviltforvaltning. En undersøkelse i fire kommuner: Aurskog-Høland, Lesja, Lierne og Porsanger. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fagrapport, 70, 1–30.Google Scholar
Skuja, A. (2002). Lion–human conflicts in Tanzania. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.
Smirnov, E. N. and Miquelle, D. G. (1999). Population dynamics of the Amur tiger in Sikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human–Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–70.Google Scholar
Smith, A. A., Redpath, S. M., Campbell, S. C. and Thirgood, S. J. (2001). Meadow pipits, red grouse and the habitat characteristics of managed grouse moors. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 390–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. H., Ralls, K., Davenport, B., Adams, B. and Maldonado, J. E. (2001). Canine assistants for conservationists. Science, 291–435.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. W., Peterson, R. O. and Honston, D. B. (2003). Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience, 53, 330–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. L. D. (1993). The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population. Behaviour, 124, 165–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (1984)., Repellents and deterrents for brack and grizzly bears. M.Sc. thesis, University of Montana.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E., Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, J., and Swenson, J. E. (2000a). Methods for reducing livestock losses to predators. A: Livestock guardian animals. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 50, 279–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E., Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, J., and Swenson, J. E.(2000b). Methods for reducing livestock losses to predators. B: Aversive conditioning, deterrents and repellents. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 50, 304–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, N. J. H. (1976). Spotted cats and the Amazon skin trade. Oryx, 13, 362–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smuts, G. L. (1978). Effects of population reduction on the travels and reproduction of lions in Kruger National Park. Carnivore, 1, 61–72.Google Scholar
Solberg, E. J., Sand, H., Linnell, J. D. C.et al. (2003). Store rovdyrs innvirkning på hjorteviltet i Norge: økologisk prosesser og konsekvenser for jaktuttak og jaktutøvelse. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fagrapport, 63, 1–78. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Sollie, P. V., Finset, P., Jaren, V.et al. (1996). Forebyggende tiltak mot rovviltskader i landbruket. Trondheim, Norway: Directorate for Nature Management. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Songorwa, A. N. (1999). Community-based wildlife management (CWM) in Tanzania: are the communities interested?World Development, 27, 2061–2079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soulé, M. E. and Terborgh, J. (1999). Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Soulé, M. E., Wilcox, B. A. and Holtby, C. (1979). Benign neglect: a model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa. Biological Conservation, 95, 259–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwood, T. (1977). The relevance of population dynamic theory of pest status. In origins of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed Problems, ed. Cherret, J. M. and Sagar, G. R.. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, pp. 36–54.Google Scholar
Sowerby, A. de C. (1923). The Naturalist in Manchuria. Tientsin.
Sprague, D. (2002). Monkeys in the backyard: encroaching wildlife and rural communities in Japan. In Primates Face to Face, ed. Fuentes, A. and Wolfe, L.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 254–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (2000). The Sri Lankan Elephant. Accessible at http://www.benthic.com/sri_lanka/issues.htm
SSR (2002). Swedish reindeer owners' organization. Accessible at http://www.sapmi.se/ssr
Stahl, P. and Vandel, J. M. (2001). Factors influencing lynx depredation on sheep in France: problem individuals and habitat. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 4, 6–8.Google Scholar
Stahl, P., Vandel, J. M., Herrenschmidt, V. and Migot, P. (2001a). Predation on livestock by an expanding reintroduced lynx population: long-term trend and spatial variability. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 674–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, P., Vandel, J. M., Herrenschmidt, V. and Migot, P.(2001b). The effect of removing lynx in reducing attacks on sheep in the Jura. Biological Conservation, 101, 15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, P., Vandel, J. M., Ruette, S.et al. (2002). Factors affecting lynx predation on sheep in the French Jura. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 204–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinset, O. K., Fremming, O. R. and Wabakken, P. (1996). Protection Collars on Lambs as Preventive Activity against Lynx Predation in Stange, Hedmark. Koppang, Norway: Department of Forestry and Wilderness Management.Google Scholar
Stellflug, J. N., Leathers, C. W. and Green, J. S. (1984). Antifertility effect of busulfan and dl-6-(N-2-pipecolinomethyl)-5-hydroxy-indane maleate (PMHI) in coyotes (Canis latrans). Theriogenology, 22, 533–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirling, I. and Guravich, D. (1988). Polar Bears. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Stirling, I., Jonkel, C., Smith, P., Robertson, P. and Cross, D. (1977). The Ecology of the Polar Bear along the Western Coast of Hudson Bay, Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper No. 33.
Stowell, L. R. and Willging, R. C. (1992). Bear damage to agriculture in Wisconsin. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference, 5, 96–104.Google Scholar
Strickland, D. (1999). Algonquin Park struggles with ‘fearless’ wolves. Wolf! 17, 7–9.Google Scholar
Struhsaker, T. T. (1997). Ecology of an African Rain Forest. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. (1994). Prospects for management of primate pests. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et Vie), 49, 295–306.Google Scholar
Strum, S. C. and Southwick, C. (1986). Translocation of primates. In Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations, ed. Benirschke, K.. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukhomirov, G. (2002). A Survey of Social Perspectives on Conservation of Tigers and their Habitat. Khabarovsk, Russia: Khabarovsk State Technical University Press. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sukumar, R.(1990). Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. II: Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukumar, R.(1991). The management of large mammals in relation to male strategies and conflict with people. Biological Conservation, 55, 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suminski, H. R. (1982). Mountain lion predation on domestic livestock in Nevada. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 10, 62–66.Google Scholar
Sunde, P., Overskaug, K., and Kvam, T. (1998). Culling of lynxes Lynx lynx related to livestock predation in a heterogeneous landscape. Wildlife Biology, 4, 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunquist, M. E. (1981). Social organization of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 336, 1–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunquist, M. E. and Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sunquist, M. E., Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, F. (1999). Ecology, behaviour, and resilience of the tiger and its conservation needs. In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes, ed. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–18.Google Scholar
Sutherland, G. D., Harestad, A. S., Price, K. and Lertzman, K. P. (2000). Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals. Conservation Ecology, 4 (http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art 16)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, W. R., Larson, D. M. and Jarvis, L. S. (2002). A new approach to contingent valuation for assessing the costs of living with wildlife in developing countries. In World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, Monterrey, CA, June 28Google Scholar
Svensson, L., Ahlqvist, I. and Kjellander, P. (1998). Elstängsel som förebyggande åtgärd mot bjärnskador på bikupor. Viltskade center, GrimsöForskningsstation.Google Scholar
Swanson, T. (1994). International Regulation of Extinction. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J. and Sandegren, F. (1999). Misstänkt illegal björnjakt i Sverige. In Bilagor till Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik: Slutbetänkande av Rovdjursutredningen. Statens offentliga utredningar, pp. 201–206. Stockholm: (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F., Bjärvall, A.et al. (1994). Size, trend, distribution and conservation of the brown bear Ursus arctos population in Sweden. Biological Conservation, 70, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Wabakken, P., Sandegren, F., et al. (1995). The near extinction and recovery of brown bears in Scandinavia in relation to the bear management policies of Norway and Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 1, 11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J., Sandegren, F., Heim, M.et al. (1996). Is the Scandinavian brown bear dangerous?Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding, 404, 1–26. (In Norwegian)Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F. and Söderberg, A. (1998). Geographic expansion of an increasing brown bear population: evidence for presaturation dispersal. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 819–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. and Zedrosser, A. (2000). Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Nature and Environment No. 114. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Talbot, L. M. (1963). The wildebeest in western Maasailand. Wildlife Monographs, 12, 1–88.Google Scholar
Tapper, S. C. (1999). A Question of Balance: Game Animals and Their Role in the British Countryside. Fordingbridge, UK: Game Conservancy Trust.Google Scholar
Tapper, S. C., Potts, G. R. and Brockless, M. H. (1996). The effect of an experimental reduction in predation pressure on the breeding success and population density of grey partridges. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 965–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapscott, B. (1997). Guidelines for Using Donkeys as Guard Animals with Sheep. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Accessible at http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/sheep/facts/donkey2.htmGoogle Scholar
Taylor, R. (1999). A Review of Problem Elephant Policies and Management Options in Southern Africa. Nairobi: HEC Task Force, IUCN AfESG.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. G., Workman, J. P. and Bowns, J. E. (1979). The economics of sheep predation in southwestern Utah. Journal of Range Management, 32, 317–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tchamba, M. N. (1995). The problem elephants of Kaele: a challenge for elephant conservation in Northern Cameroon. Pachyderm, 19, 26–31.Google Scholar
Tchamba, M. N.(1996). History and present status of the human/elephant conflict issue in the Waza-Cogone region, Cameroon, West Africa. Biological Conservation, 75, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tchamba, M. N., Bauer, H. and Iongh, H. H. (1995). Applications of VHF-radio and satellite telemetry techniques on elephants in northern Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology, 33, 335–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terborgh, J., Lopez, L., Nunez, P.et al. (2002). Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science, 294, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thapar, V. (2002). Cult of the Tiger. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tharme, A. P., Green, R. E., Baines, D., Bainbridge, I. P. and O'Brien, M. (2001). The effect of management for red grouse shooting on the population density of breeding birds on heather-dominated moorland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 439–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiel, R. P. and Ream, R. R. (1992). Status of the grey wolf in the lower 48 States to 1992. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 59–62.Google Scholar
Thiollay, J. M. (1989). Area requirements for the conservation of rain forest raptors and game birds in French Guiana. Conservation Biology, 3, 128–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. and Redpath, S. (1997). Red grouse and their predators. Nature, 390, 547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S., Redpath, S., Newton, I. and Hudson, P. (2000a). Raptors and red grouse: conservation conflicts and management solutions. Conservation Biology, 14, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. J., Redpath, S., Rothery, P. and Aebischer, N. (2000b). Raptor predation and population limitation in red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 504–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. J., Redpath, S., Haydon, D.et al. (2000c). Habitat loss and raptor predation: disentangling causes of red grouse declines. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267, 651–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S., Redpath, S., Campbell, S. and Smith, A. (2002). Do habitat characteristics influence predation on red grouse?Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 217–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S. J., Redpath, S. M. and Graham, I. (2003). What determines the foraging distribution of raptors on heather moorland?Oikos, 100, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S., Polasky, S., Mlingwa, C. et al. (in press). Financing conservation in the Serengeti Ecosystem. In Serengeti III: Biodiversity and Biocomplexity in a Human-Influenced Ecosystem, ed. Sinclair, A. R. E., Packer, C., Coughenour, M., Galvin, K. and Mduma, S.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
Thomas, H. (2002). Managing and controlling the quarry species: deer. Unpublished report to Westminster Hearings on Hunting with Hounds.
Thompson, B. C. (1978). Fence-crossing behavior exhibited by coyotes. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 6, 14–17.Google Scholar
Thompson, B. C.(1979). Evaluation of wire fences for coyote control. Journal of Range Management, 32, 457–461. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, D. B. A., MacDonald, A. J., Marsden, J. H. and Galbraith, C. A. (1995). Upland heather moorland in the UK: a review of international importance, vegetation change and objectives for conservation. Biological Conservation, 71, 163–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. G. (1993). Addressing the human dimensions of wolf reintroduction: an example using estimates of livestock depredation and costs of compensation. Society and Natural Resources, 6, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, M. and Homewood, K. (2002). Entrepreneurs, elites and exclusion in Maasailand: trends in wildlife conservation and pastoralist development. Human Ecology, 30, 107–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P. C. (1984). The use of buffer zones in dingo control. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia, 25, 32–34.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. C.(1986). The effectiveness of aerial baiting for the control of dingoes in North-Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research, 13, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, J. B., Edwards, S. R. and Mulliken, T. A. (1992). Perceptions, Conservation and Mangement of Wild Birds in Trade. Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC International.Google Scholar
Thouless, C. R. (1994). Conflict between humans and elephants in Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. GEF. Oxford, UK: EDG.Google Scholar
Thouless, C. R.(1995). Long-distance movements of elephants in northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 33, 321–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thouless, C. R.(1998). Large mammals inside and outside protected areas in the Kalahari. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53, 245–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thouless, C. R. and Sakwa, J. (1995). Shocking elephants: fences and crop raiders in Laikipia District, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 72, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tietenberg, T. (1996). Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Tigner, J. A. and Larson, G. E. (1977). Sheep losses on selected ranches in southern Wyoming. Journal of Range Management, 30, 244–252. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Till, J. A. and Knowlton, F. F. (1983). Efficacy of denning in alleviating coyote depredations upon domestic sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management, 47, 1018–1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillman, D. (2000). Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Science, 405, 208–211.Google Scholar
Timm, R. M. and Connolly, G. E. (2001). Sheep-killing coyotes a continuing dilemma for ranchers. California Agriculture, 55(6), 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, A. W. and Keith, L. B. (1976). Responses of coyote to winter reductions in agricultural carrion. Alberta Wildlife Technical Bulletin, 5, 1–32.Google Scholar
Tompa, F. S. (1983). Problem wolf management in British Columbia: conflict and program evaluation. In Wolves in Canada and Alaska: Their Status, Biology and Management, ed. Carbyn, L. N.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 112–119.Google Scholar
Tornberg, R. (2001). Pattern of goshawk predation on four forest grouse species in Finland. Wildlife Biology, 7, 245–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, S. G. (1997). Mountain Lion Alert. Helena, MT: Falcon Press.Google Scholar
Torres, S. G., Mansfield, T. M., Foley, J. E., Lupo, T. and Brinkhaus, A. (1996). Mountain lion and human activity in California: testing speculations. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 457–460.Google Scholar
Treves, A. (2002). Wolf justice: managing human–carnivore conflict in the 21st century. Wolf Print, 13, 6–9.Google Scholar
Treves, A. and Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human–carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology, 17: 1491–1499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treves, A. and Naughton-Treves, L. (1999). Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treves, A., Jurewicz, R., Naughton-Treves, L.et al. (2002). Wolf depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, 1976–2000. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 231–241.Google Scholar
Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L., Harper, E. K.et al. (2004). Predicting human–carnivore conflict: a spatial model derived from 25 years of data on wolf predation on livestock. Conservation Biology, 18, 114–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trzebinski, E. (1988). The Kenya Pioneers. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Turnbull-Kemp, P. (1967). The Leopard. Cape Town, South Africa: Howard Timmins.Google Scholar
Turyahikayo-Rugyema, B. (1974). The History of the Bakiga in Southwestern Uganda and Northern Rwanda, 1500–1930. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
US Fish and Wildlife Service (1987). Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(1988). Interim Wolf Control Plan: Northern Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming. Denver, CO: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(1994a). The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Helena, MT: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(1994b). Establishment of a nonessential experimental population of gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana and central Idaho and southwestern Montana. Final Rule, Nov. 22. Federal Register, 59(224), 60252–60281.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(1999). 90-Day Finding for a Petition to List the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog as Threatened. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2000). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: 12-month finding for a petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog as threatened. Federal Register, 65(24), 5476–5488.
US Fish and Wildlife Service(2001a). Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Light Goose Management. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2001b). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: annual notice of findings on recycled petitions. Federal Register, 66(5), 1295–1300.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2002). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: review of species that are candidates or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened; Annual notice of findings on recycled petitions; Annual description of progress on listing actions. Federal Register, 67(114), 40657–40679.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2003a). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; final rule to reclassify and remove the gray wolf from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife in portions of the conterminous United States; establishment of two special regulations for threatened gray wolves. Federal Register, 68(62), 15804–15875.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2003b). Final rule to reclassify and remove the gray wolf from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife in portions of the conterminous United States; Establishment of two special regulations for threatened gray wolves; Final and proposed rules. Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AF20, 1–73.
US Fish and Wildlife Service.(2003c). Final Revised Recovery Plan for the Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Portland, OR: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service and US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services (2003). Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2002 Annual Report, ed. Meier, T.. Helena, MT: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessible at http://westerngraywolf.fws.gov/Google Scholar
United Nations Environmental Programme (2001). East Africa Database and Atlas Project. Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya.
Uresk, D. W. (1984). Black-tailed prairie dog food habits and forage relationships in western South Dakota. Journal of Range Management, 37, 325–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uresk, D. W. and Paulson, D. B. (1988). Estimated carrying capacity for cattle competing with prairie dogs and forage utilization in western South Dakota. In Symposium on Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America, Flagstaff, AZ, 19–21 July 1988, pp. 387–390.Google Scholar
Urquart, K. A. and McKenrick, I. J. (2003). Survey of permanent wound tracts in the carcasses of culled wild red deer in Scotland. Veterinary Record, 152, 497–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Agriculture (2005). Wildlife data. Accessible at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ws/tblfrontpage.html
US Federal Register (2000). Register, July 28, pp. 46391–46398.
Vales, D. J. and Peek, J. M. (1995). Projecting the potential effects of wolf predation on elk and mule deer in the east front portion of the northwest Montana wolf recovery area. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 211–221.Google Scholar
Valkama, J., Korpimaki, E., Arroyo, B.et al. (2005). Birds of prey as limiting factors of gamebird populations in Europe: a review. Biological Reviews, 80, 170–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walt, J. (2002). Proliferation of game ranches. Game and Hunting 8(10), 7.Google Scholar
Eerden, M. R. (1990). The solution of goose damage problems in The Netherlands, with special reference to compensation schemes. Ibis, 132, 253–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Oosten, V. (2000). The Conflict between Primates and the Human Population in a Protected Area in North Cameroon. Centre d'Etude de l'Environnement et du Developpement au Cameroun (CEDC), Centre des Etudes de l'Environnement Université de Leiden (CML) and Organisation Neerlandaise de Developpement (SNV).
Pelt, W. E. (1999). The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Assessment and Strategy. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department.Google Scholar
Van Vuren, D. (1998). Mammalian dispersal and reserve design. In Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology, ed. Caro, T. M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 369–393.Google Scholar
Vandel, J. -M., Stahl, P., Durand, C., Balestra, L. and Raymond, J. (2001). Des chiens de protection contre le lynx. Faune sauvage, 254, 22–27.Google Scholar
VanDruff, L. W., Bolen, E. G. and San Julian, G. J. (1994). Management of urban wildlife. In Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, ed. Bookout, T. A.. 5th edn, Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 507–530.Google Scholar
Veeramani, A. (1996). Man–wildlife conflict: cattle lifting and human casualties in Kerala. Indian Forester, 122, 897–902.Google Scholar
Vickery, J. A. and Gill, J. A. (1999). Managing grassland for wild geese in Britain: a review. Biological Conservation, 89, 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, J. A. and Summers, R. W. (1992). Cost-effectiveness of scaring brent geese Branta b. bernicla from fields of arable crops by a human bird scarer. Crop Protection, 11, 480–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, J. A., Sutherland, W. J. and Lane, S. J. (1994). The management of grass pasture for brent geese. Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 282–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinuela, J. and Arroyo, B. (2002). Gamebird hunting and biodiversity conservation: synthesis, recommendations and future research priorities. Accessible at www.uclm.es/irec/reghab/inicio.html
Vinuela, J. and Villafuerte, R. (2003). Predators and rabbits in Spain: a key conflict for European raptor conservation. In Birds of Prey in a Changing Landscape, ed. Thompson, D. B. A., Redpath, S. M., Fielding, A. H., Marquiss, M. and Galbraith, C. A.. Edinburgh, UK: Stationery Office, pp. 511–526.Google Scholar
Virtanen, P. (2003). Local management of global values: community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe and Zambia. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. A. and Matson, P. A. (1986). Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience, 36, 368–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo, J. M. (1997). Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science, 277, 494–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volpi, G., Boitani, L., Callaghan, C.et al. (2002). Anti-wolf barriers to manage captive and wild wolves and to protect livestock. Abstract Wildlife Society 9th Annual Conference, Bismarck, ND, 24–28 September.Google Scholar
Vos, J. (2000). Food habits and livestock depredation of two Iberian wolf packs (Canis lupus) in the north of Portugal. Journal of Zoology, 251, 457–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vosburgh, T. C. and Irby, L. R. (1998). Effects of recreational shooting on prairie dog colonies. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 363–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wabakken, P., Sand, H., Liberg and, O. and Bjärvall, A. (2001). The recovery, distribution and population dynamics of wolves on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 710–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, D. (1982). The use of fences for predator damage control. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings, 10, 24–33.Google Scholar
Wagner, K. K. and Conover, M. R. (1999) Effect of preventive coyote hunting on sheep losses to coyote predation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 600–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, K. K., Schmidt, R. H. and Conover, M. R. (1997). Compensation programs for wildlife damage in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25, 312–319.Google Scholar
Waithaka, J. (1993). The effects of different elephant densities on biodiversity. Pachyderm, 16.Google Scholar
Waithaka, J.(1994). The ecological role of elephants in restructuring plant and animal communities in different eco-climatic zones in Kenya and their impacts on land-use patterns. Ph. D. thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Waithaka, J.(1997). Management of elephants in Kenya: what have we learnt so far?Pachyderm, 24, 33–36.Google Scholar
Waithaka, J. and Mwathe, K. M. (1995). Report on Crop and Property Losses in Shimba Hills National Reserve. Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Service Elephant Program.Google Scholar
Wakajummah, J. O. (2000). Population dynamics. In Kenya Coast Handbook: Culture Resources and Development in the East African Littoral, ed., Hoorweg, J., Foeken, D. and Obudh, R. A.. London: LIT Verlag, pp. 55–81.Google Scholar
Wakeley, J. S. and Mitchell, R. C. (1981). Blackbird damage to ripening field corn in Pennsylvania. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 9, 52–55.Google Scholar
Waller, J. and Reynolds, V. (2001). Limb injuries resulting from snares and traps in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Budongo Forest, Uganda. Primates, 42, 135–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, W. (2003). Terror takes toll on Kenya's tourism industry. Financial Times, 8 December 2003.
Walpole, M. J. (2001). Feeding dragons in Komodo National Park: a tourism tool with conservation complications. Animal Conservation, 4, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J. and Goodwin, H. J. (2000). Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 559–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J. and Goodwin, H. J.(2001). Local perceptions of ecotourism and conservation around Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Environmental Conservation, 28, 160–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J. and Leader-Williams, N. (2001). Masai Mara tourism reveals partnership benefits. Nature, 413, 771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walpole, M. J. and Leader-Williams, N.(2002). Ecotourism and flagship species in conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11, 543–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J., Goodwin, H. J. and Ward, K. G. R. (2001). Pricing policy for tourism in protected areas: lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 15, 218–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walpole, M. J., Karanja, G. G., Sitati, N. W. and Leader-Williams, N. (2003). Wildlife and People: Conflict and Conservation in Masai Mara, Kenya, Wildlife and Development Series No. 14. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Walton, L. R., Cluff, H. D., Paquet, P. C. and Ramsay, M. A. (2001). Movement patterns of barren-ground wolves in the central Canadian arctic. Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 867–876.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y. (1999). Asiatic black bear conservation action plan: Taiwan. In Bears: Status survey and Conservation Action Plan, ed. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 213–215.Google Scholar
Warbington, M. C. (2000). Predator control with dogs and llamas. North American Veterinary Conference Proceedings, 14, 237–239.Google Scholar
Warren, J. T. (1998). Conservation biology and agroecology in Europe. Conservation Biology, 12, 499–500.Google Scholar
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (2003). Game Management Plan 2003–2009. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Report.
Watkin, J. R. (2002). The Evolution of Ecotourism in East Africa: From an Idea to an Industry, Wildlife and Development Series No. 15. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (1977). The Hen Harrier. London: Poyser.Google Scholar
Watson, J. (1997). The Golden Eagle. London: Poyser.Google Scholar
Watson, M. and Thirgood, S. J. (2001). Could translocation aid hen harrier conservation in the UK?Animal Conservation, 4, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wayne, R. K., Lehman, N. and Fuller, T. K. (1995). Conservation genetics of the gray wolf. In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World, ed. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H. and Seip, D. R.. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 399–407.Google Scholar
Weber, J. -M. (2000). Wolf return in Switzerland: a project to solve conflicts. Carnivore Damage Prevention News, 2, 8–9. (http://www.kora.unibe.ch)Google Scholar
Weber, W. and Rabinowitz, A. (1996). A global perspective on large carnivore conservation. Conservation Biology, 10, 1046–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, D. and Wood, T. (1999). Walking a wildlife highway from Yellowstone to the Yukon. Smithsonian, 30, 58.Google Scholar
Wells, M. P. (1992). Biodiversity conservation, affluence and poverty: mismatched costs and benefits and efforts to remedy them. Ambio, 21, 237–243.Google Scholar
Wells, M. P.(1993). Neglect of biological riches: the economics of nature tourism in Nepal. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2, 445–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, M. and Brandon, K. (1992). People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Wells, M., Guggenheim, S., Khan, A., Wardojo, W. and Jepson, P. (1999). Investing in Biodiversity: A Review of Indonesia's Integrated Conservation and Development Projects. Washington, DC: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weltzin, J. F., Dowhower, S. L. and Heitschmidt, R. K. (1997a). Prairie dog effects on plant community structure in southern mixed-grass prairie. Southwestern Naturalist, 42, 251–258.Google Scholar
Weltzin, J. F., Archer, S. and Heitshmidt, R. K. (1997b). Small mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna. Ecology, 78, 751–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. (1989). Conservation without parks: conservation in the rural landscape. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Western, D. and Pearl, M.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 159–165.Google Scholar
Western, D.(1994). Ecosystem conservation and rural development: the case of Amboseli. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, ed. Western, D. and Wright, R. M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 15–52.Google Scholar
Western, D.(1997). In the Dust of Kilimanjaro. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Western, D.(2001). Conservation in a human-dominated world. Issues in Science and Technology, 16, 53–60.Google Scholar
Western, D.(2002). In the Dust of Kilimanjaro, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: Shearwater.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Gichohi, H. (1993). Segregation effects and the impoverishment of savanna ecosystems: the case for ecosystem viability analysis. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 268–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. and Henry, W. (1979). Economics and conservation in third world national parks. BioScience, 29, 414–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. and Manzollilo Nightingale, D. (2002). Environmental change and the vulnerability of pastoralists to drought: a case study of the Maasai in Amboseli, Kenya. In Africa Environmental Outlook Report. Stevenage, UK: Earthprint, pp. 31–50.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Pearl, M. (eds.) (1989). Conservation for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Wright, R. M. (eds.) (1994). Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Weston, A. (1999). An Invitation to Environmental Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
White, D., Kendall, K. C. and Picton, H. D. (1999). Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 146–151.Google Scholar
White, L. J. T., Tutin, C. E. G. and Fernandez, M. (1993). Group composition and diet of forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie 1900), in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 31(3), 181–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, P. C. L. and Whiting, S. J. (2000). Public attitudes towards badger culling to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Veterinary Record, 147, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitman, K., Starfield, A. M., Quadling, H. S, and Packer, C. (2004). Sustainable trophy hunting of African lions. Nature, 428, 175–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whyte, I. (1993). The movement patterns of elephant in the Kruger National Park in response to culling and environmental stimuli. Pachyderm, 16, 72–80.Google Scholar
Whyte, I. J. and Joubert, S. C. J. (1988). Blue wildebeest population trends in the Kruger National Park and the effects of fencing. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 18, 78–87.Google Scholar
Wick, P. (1995). Minimizing bear–sheep conflicts through herding techniques. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 367–373.Google Scholar
Wick, P.(1998). Le Chien de protection sur troupeau ovin: utilisation et méthode de mise en place. Blois, France: ARTUS.Google Scholar
Wickens, P. (1996). Conflict between Cape (South African) fur seals and line-fishing operations. Wildlife Research, 23, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieland, T.African Hunting Guide. Rivonia, South Africa: Future Publishing.
Wikramanayake, E. D., Dinerstein, E., Robinson, J. G.et al. (1998). An ecology-based method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: the tiger as case study. Conservation Biology, 12, 865–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcove, D. (1999). The Condor's Shadow. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Wilcox, R. (1992). Cattle and environment in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 1870–1970. Agricultural History, 66, 232–256.Google Scholar
Wild, R. G. and Mutebi, J. (1996). Conservation through Community Use of Plant Resources, People and Plants Working Paper No. 5. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Wilkie, D. S. and Carpenter, J. F. (1999). The potential role of safari hunting as a source of revenue for protected areas in the Congo Basin. Oryx, 33, 339–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willebrand, T., Lindén, M., Persson, J. and Segerström, P. (1999). Överlevnad och dödsorsaker hos märkta järvar i Sarek. Bilagor till Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik, Slutbetänkande av Rovdjursutredningen. 146, 191–199. (In Swedish)Google Scholar
Williams, C. K., Ericsson, G. and Heberlein, T. A. (2002). A quantitative summary of attitudes toward wolves and their reintroduction (1972–2000). Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 575–584.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. and Williamson, J. (1985). Botswana's fences and the depletion of Kalahari wildlife. Parks, 10, 5–7.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. A. (1997). The wolf in Yellowstone: science, symbol, or politics? Deconstructing the conflict between environmentalism and wise use. Society and Natural Resources, 10, 453–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windberg, L. A., Knowlton, F. F., Ebbert, S. M. and Kelly, B. T. (1997). Aspects of coyote predation on Angora goats. Journal of Range Management, 50, 226–230. (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/jrmhome.htm)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winterbach, H. and Winterbach, C. W. (2002). Okavango Delta lions: ecology, home range and population dynamics. In Lion Conservation Research Workshop 2: Modelling Conflict, ed. Loveridge, A. J., Lynam, T. and Macdonald, D. W.. Oxford, UK: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, pp. 83–84.Google Scholar
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1999). Wisconsin wolf management plan. Unpublished report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources(2002). Guidelines for Conducting Depredation Control on Wolves in Wisconsin following Federal Reclassification to Threatened Status. Madison, WI: WDNR.
Wise, S. M. (2000). Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Wittemyer, G. (2001). The elephant population of Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R. (2000). Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation, 3, 165–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R.(2001a). African Wild Dogs and African People: Conservation through Coexistence, First Annual Report of the Samburu–Laikipia Wild Dog Project. Davis, CA: University of California–Davis.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R.(2001b). Strategies for carnivore conservation: lessons from contemporary extinctions. In Carnivore Conservation, ed. Gittleman, J. L., Funk, S., Macdonald, D. W. and Wayne, R. K.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–92.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R.(2003). African Wild Dogs and African People: Conservation through Coexistence, Third Annual Report of the Samburu–Laikipia Wild Dog Project. Davis, CA: University of California–Davis.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R. and Frank, L. G. (2005). Lethal control of African lions (Panthera leo): local and regional population impacts. Animal Conservation, 8, 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R. and Ginsberg, J. R. (1998). Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science, 280, 2126–2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodroffe, R. and Ginsberg, J. R.(2000). Ranging behaviour and vulnerability to extinction in carnivores. In Behaviour and Conservation, ed. Gosling, L. M. and Sutherland, W. J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 125–140.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J., Macdonald, D. W. and IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group (1997). The African Wild Dog: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Frost, S. D. W. and Clifton-Hadley, R. S. (1999). Attempts to control tuberculosis in cattle by culling infected badgers: constraints imposed by live test sensitivity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 494–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Bourne, F. J., Donnelly, C. A., et al. (2002). Towards a sustainable policy to control TB in cattle. In Conservation and Conflict: Mammals and Farming in Britain, ed. Manley, W.. London: Linnean Society.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R., Lindsey, P. A., Romañach, S. S., Stein, A., Ranah, S. M. K. O. (2005). Livestock predation by endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in northern Kenya. Biological Conservation, 124, 225–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2003). Kenya at a glance. Accessible at http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/aag/ken_aag.pdf
World Commission on the Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
World Health Organization (1998). World Survey of Rabies. Geneva, Switzevland: WHO.
World Parks Congress (2003). Recommendation 4: Building comprehensive and effective protected area systems. Accessible at http://www.iucn.org/wpc2003/pdfs/outputs/recommendations/approved/english/html/r04.htm
World Resources Institute (1994). World Resources 1994–95: A Guide to the Global Environment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
World Tourism Organization (2002). Yearbook of Tourism Statistics. Madrid: WTO.
World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre (1993). World Travel and Tourism Environment Review 1993. Oxford, UK: WTTERC.
World Wildlife Fund (2000a). Food for Thought: The Utilization of Wild Meat in Eastern and Southern Africa.
World Wildlife Fund(2000b). Tourism and Carnivores: The Challenge Ahead. Godalming, UK: WWF-UK.
World Wildlife Fund(2002). An Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Amur Tiger Anti-Poaching Brigades in the Russian Far East, WWF Project No. RU0005.08. Vladivostok, Russia: WWF.
World Wildlife Fund(2004). World Wildlife Fund online news reports. Accessible at http://www.worldwildlife.org
Wu, J. and Babcock, B. A. (1996). Contract design for the purchase of environmental goods from agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78, 935–945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunder, M. B. (1997). Of Elephants and Men: Crop Destruction, CAMPFIRE, and Wildlife Management in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Wydeven, A. P., Treves, A., Brost, B. and Wiedenhoeft, J. (2004). Characteristics of wolf packs in Wisconsin: identification of traits influencing depredation. In People and Predators: From Conflict to Coexistence, ed. Fascione, N., Delach, A. and Smith, M.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 28–50.Google Scholar
Wyoming Game and Fish Department (2003). Final Draft Wyoming Gray Wolf Management Plan. Wyoming Game and Fish Department Report, 1–43.
Yaeger, R. and Miller, N. N. (1986). Wildlife, Wild Death. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Yamazaki, K. (2002). Conflicts between Japanese black bears and human beings in the Okutama Mts., Central Japan. In 14th International Congress on bear research and Management: Program and Abstracts of Papers. Steinkjer, Norway: Nord-Trondelag University College, p. 80.Google Scholar
Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 402–413.
Yodsis, P. (2001). Must top predators be culled for the sake of fisheries?Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yom-Tov, Y., Ashkenazi, S. and Viner, O. (1995). Cattle predation by the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Golan Heights, Israel. Biological Conservation, 73, 19–22.Google Scholar
Young, S. P. (1944). The wolves of North America. Part 1. Their history, life habits, economic status, and control. In The Wolves of North America, ed. Young, S. P. and Goldman, E. A.. New York: Dover, pp. 1–385.Google Scholar
Young, S. P. and Goldman, E. A. (eds.) (1944). The Wolves of North America. New York: Dover.
Young, S. P. and Goldman, E. A.(1946). The Puma: Mysterious American Cat. Washington, DC: American Wildlife Institute.Google Scholar
Yudelman, M., Ratta, A. and Nygaard, D. (1998). Pest Management and Food Production. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Zemlicka, D. E. (1995). Seasonal variation in the behavior of sterile and nonsterile coyotes. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
Zhang, L. and Wang, N. (2003). An initial study on habitat conservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), with a focus on human elephant conflict in Simao, China. Biological Conservation, 112, 453–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhivotchenko, V. I. (1977). A man-eating tiger in Primorskiy Krai. Priroda, 3, 123–124. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zimmermann, A. (2000). Jaguar–rancher conflict in the north Pantanal of Brazil. M.Sc. thesis, Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, UK.
Zubanova, S. D., Leshnevskaya, L. A., Panchenko, P. P.et al. (2001). The Relationship of Local People and Tigers in the Sikhote–Alin Mountains: A Sociological Study. Vladivostok, Russia: World Wildlife Fund.Google Scholar
Zube, C. H. and Busch, M. L. (1990). Park–people relationships: an international review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 19, 117–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Edited by Rosie Woodroffe, University of California, Davis, Simon Thirgood, Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Alan Rabinowitz, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York
  • Book: People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence?
  • Online publication: 23 November 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614774.026
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Edited by Rosie Woodroffe, University of California, Davis, Simon Thirgood, Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Alan Rabinowitz, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York
  • Book: People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence?
  • Online publication: 23 November 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614774.026
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Edited by Rosie Woodroffe, University of California, Davis, Simon Thirgood, Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Alan Rabinowitz, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York
  • Book: People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence?
  • Online publication: 23 November 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614774.026
Available formats
×