FROM NIETZSCHE TO FOUCAULT

Those who argue that we are now in a postmodernist age often cite Nietzsche's attack on the Enlightenment (a critique profoundly and disturbingly extended by Heidegger) as the origin of a new vision of the self. As already discussed, Nietzsche's mature position corresponds closely to the presentation of Metchnikoff's theory of immunity and the midpoint of James's writings of Principles. Thus Spoke Zarathustra (composed between 1883 and 1885) and The Will to Power (edited selections from his last notebooks, 1883-8) were written during this period. If Metchnikoff offered a biological formulation of the self, and James an epistemological definition, then Nietzsche is the metaphysician who proclaims self-affirmation and self-assertion as the process of returning to the self's essence and origins, as the process, that is, of becoming. Nietzsche makes no attempt to re-create a Kantian enlightenment ideal of critical self-consciousness based on assumed “values ” or an assumed epistemological foundation (Behler 1991, pp. 20ff). There is no traditional appeal to nature or any transcendental subject as a source of value: