Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-cnmwb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T21:19:27.894Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Servant-leadership, key to follower well-being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2010

Dean Tjosvold
Affiliation:
Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Barbara Wisse
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

The true test of a servant leader is this: Do those around the servant-leader become wiser, freer, more autonomous, healthier, and better able themselves to become servants?

Robert K. Greenleaf

For years, the general thinking on leadership was that the real leader was a person who had a vision, was highly practical and had an inspirational presence (Graham 1991). Charismatic leaders, recent examples being Lee Iacocca and Jack Welch, dominated our thinking of the ideal leader. These leaders used their power and influence to motivate people within the organization to turn a vision into reality. In recent years, however, there has been a shift in the managerial ideal type. Incidents such as at Enron have emphasized the importance of ethically responsive leaders for the long-term benefit of companies. Fortune magazine's yearly list of “The 100 Best Companies to Work For” emphasizes the importance of employees' needs and values for successful organizational leadership and performance. Moreover, Collins (2001) showed that building great companies for the long run takes a leader who combines strength with humility. Therefore, more than ever before, organizations are seeking to recruit leaders who use their power in a positive way.

Of course, leaders are only leaders if they are followed. Effective and successful leadership depends on a leader's ability to inspire, influence, and mobilize followers toward their and their organization's goals (Yukl 2006).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Avolio, B. J. and Gardner, W. L. (2005) Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbuto, J. E. Jr. and Wheeler, D. W. (2006) Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group and Organization Management, 31, 300–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, B. M. and Avolio, B. J. (1994) Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. and Leary, M. R. (1995) The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cartwright, S. and Cooper, C. L. (1994) No hassle: Taking the stress out of work, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. and Wills, T. A. (1985) Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, J. (2001) Good to Great, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Conger, J. A. (2000) Motivate performance through empowerment. In Locke, E. A. (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior (pp. 137–149), Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (2000) The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferch, S. (2005) Servant-leadership, forgiveness, and social justice. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 1, 97–113.Google Scholar
Frederickson, B. L. (1998) What good are positive emotions?Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieze, I. H. and Boneva, B. S. (2000) Power motivation and motivation to help others. In Lee-Chai, A. Y. and Bargh, J. A. (Eds.), The use and abuse of power (pp. 75–89), Philadelphia, Pa.: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Fulmer, I. S., Gerhart, B., and Scott, K. S. (2003) Are the 100 best better? An empirical investigation of the relationship between being a “great place to work” and firm performance. Personnel Psychology, 56, 965–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, J. M. (2000) Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human relations, 53, 1027–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., and McKee, A. (2002) Primal Leadership: Realizing the power of emotional intelligence, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Graham, J. W. (1991) Servant-leadership in organizations: Inspirational and moral. The Leadership Quarterly, 2, 105–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977) Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness, New York, N.Y.: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, R. K. (1991) The servant as leader. Indianapolis, Ind.: The Greenleaf Center.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, R. K. (1998) The power of servant-leadership, San Francisco, Calif.: Berret-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar
Halpin, A. and Croft, D. (1966) Organizational climate of schools. In Halpin, A. (Ed.), Theory and research in administration (pp. 131–249), New York, N.Y.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (2002) Authenticity. In Snyder, C. R. and Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 382–394), New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1962) Being and time, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row. (Originally published in 1927.)Google Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogarth, R. M. (2001) Educating intuition, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., and Nahrgang, J. D. (2005) Authentic leadership and eudaimonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 373–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, M. (1958) Current concepts of positive mental health, New York, N. Y.: Basic Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., and Schwarz, N. (1999) Well-being: The Foundations of hedonic psychology, New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Khatri, N. and Ng, H. A. (2000) The role of intuition in strategic decision making. Human Relations, 53, 57–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konczak, L. J., Stelly, D. J., and Trusty, M. L. (2000) Defining and measuring empowering leader behaviors: Development of an upward feedback instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 301–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laub, J. A. (1999) Assessing the servant organization: Development of the organizational leadership assessment (OLA) instrument, Boca Raton, Fla.: Dissertation.Google Scholar
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., and Sparrowe, R. T. (2000) An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment and the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthans, F. and Avolio, B. (2003) Authentic leadership development. In Cameron, K. S. and Dutton, J. E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241–254), San Francisco, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Marinho, R. (2006) The servant-leader and the team: Love without measure!The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 2, 261–285.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. (1975) Power: The inner experience, New York, N.Y.: Irvington Publishers.Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E., Hoyt, W. T., and Rachal, K. C. (2000) What we know (and need to know) about assessing forgiveness constructs. In McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., and Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 65–88), New York, N.Y.: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H., and Axelrod, B. (2001) The war for talent, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Page, D. and Wong, P. T. P. (2000) A conceptual framework for measuring servant leadership. In Adjibolosso, S. (Ed.), The human factor in shaping the course of history and development, Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Patterson, K. (2003) Servant leadership: A theoretical model. Servant Leadership Roundtable.
Patterson, K., Redmer, T. A. O., and Stone, G. A. (2003) Transformational leaders to servant leaders versus Level 4 leaders to Level 5 leaders: The move from good to great. Retrieved March 7, 2007, from www.cbfa.org/papers/2003conf/Patterson.pdf.
Richardson Gibson, L. M. and Parker, V. (2003) Inner resources as predictors of psychological well-being in middle-income African American breast cancer survivors. Cancer Control, 10, 52–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, R. F. and Stone, A. G. (2002) A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 23, 145–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R. M. and Deci, E. L. (2000) On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2004) An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33), Rochester, N.Y.: The University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M. and Frederick, C. (1997) On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryff, C. D. (1989) Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D. and Singer, B. (1998) The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez, R., and Bakker, A. B. (2002) The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sendjaya, S. (2003) Development and validation of servant leadership behavioral scale. Servant Leadership Roundtable.
Sosik, J. J. and Godshalk, V. M. (2000) Leadership, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress: A conceptual model and preliminary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 365–390.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spears, L. (1998) Introduction. In Greenleaf, R. K., The power of servant leadership (pp. 1–15), San Francisco, Calif.: Berret-Koehler.Google Scholar
Stone, A. G., Russell, R.F., and Patterson, K. (2004) Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 25, 349–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, K. W. and Velthouse, B. A. (1990) Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 4, 666–681.Google Scholar
Dierendonck, D., Haynes, C., Borrill, C., and Stride, C. (2004) Leadership behavior and subordinate well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 165–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dierendonck, D. and Heeren, I. (2006) Toward a research model of servant-leadership. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 2, 147–164.Google Scholar
Dierendonck, D. and Mohan, K. (2006) Some thoughts on spirituality and eudaimonic well-being. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 9, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warr, P. (1994) A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health. Work and Stress, 8, 84–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterman, A. S. (1993) Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, S. M. (1993) The self-empowerment index: A measure of internally and externally expresses teacher autonomy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 727–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yukl, G. (2006) Leadership in organizations, 6th edn, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×