INTRODUCTION

John Rutty, a Dublin apothecary, maintained a diary for some twenty years, beginning in 1753. Every day he reflected on the state of his soul and the religious significance of his various experiences. We know a great deal about the state of Rutty's soul because in 1776, the year after his death, a number of his fellow Quakers published his diary under the title A spiritual diary and soliloquies. The Spiritual diary is a fascinating document which provides the historian with an entrée into the intimate religious thoughts and feelings of an eighteenth-century Quaker. We also know that Rutty had a thriving medical practice and published works on gallstones, on mineral waters, on the weather, and on the natural history of Dublin, and he even wrote a materia medica. For the historian of science and religion what is most striking is the large number of entries in which Rutty exposed his deep ambivalence about his pursuit of medicine and science. The following three diary entries characterize his attitude to science and medicine:

In these and many similar passages, which are loaded with biblical resonances, we see Rutty assailed by inner conflict as he was repeatedly pulled between the opposing poles of the pursuit of science and of the pure spiritual life.