FRESH-WATER FORMATIONS.

In this chapter we shall treat of the fresh-water formations, and of the cave breccias and alluviums of the newer Pliocene period.

In regard to the first of these, they must have been formed, in greater or less quantity, in nearly all the existing lakes of the worlds in those, at least, of which the basins were formed before the earth was tenanted by man. If the great lakes of North America originated before that era, the sedimentary strata deposited therein, in the ages immediately antecedent, would, according to the terms of our definition, belong to the newer Pliocene period.

Valley of the Elsa—As an example of the strata of this age, which have been exposed to view in consequence of the drainage of a lake, we may mention those of the valley of the Elsa, in Tuscany, between Florence and Sienna, where we meet with fresh-water marls and travertins full of shells, belonging to species which now live in the lakes and rivers of Italy. Valleys several hundred feet deep have been excavated through the lacustrine beds, and the ancient town of Colle stands on a hill composed of them. The subjacent formation consists of marine Subapennine beds, in which more than half the shells are of recent species. The fresh-water shells which I collected near Colle are in a very perfect state, and the colours of the Neritinae are peculiarly brilliant. The following six species, all of which now inhabit Italy, were identified by M. Deshayes: Paludina impura, Neritina fluviatilis, Succinea amphibia, Limneus auricularis, L. pereger. and Planorbis carinatus.